diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 8984399c..be29bc0b 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -98,8 +98,10 @@ frontend (React/SSE) → backend (Fastify) → pi --mode rpc → tht/harness →
 - **`tht`'s `-c`/`--config` is a PER-COMMAND option** — it must follow the subcommand, never
   precede it (`ThtRunner.buildArgv` enforces this; prepending caused live 500s).
 - **`--json` output must be pristine** (only valid JSON on stdout) — used as a machine contract.
-- **UI strings are English; document *content* stays the workspace language** (Italian for
-  `psd`) because it's the real data. Only chrome/labels are English.
+- **Localization:** deterministic UI uses the EN/IT catalogs with English fallback;
+  model interaction uses the session manifest's immutable `interaction_language`.
+  Workspace content, SQL, and identifiers remain unchanged. For shell modes, portal
+  integration, or translations, read `docs/operations/shell-and-localization.md`.
 - **Workspace schema v4** defines workspace identity and optional Evidence only. PostgreSQL Metadata
   Catalog owns database identity, binding, schema, descriptions, sensitivity, and relationships;
   embedding/model facts come from the installation catalog. The legacy `harness/workspaces/*.yaml` runtime snapshots still use
diff --git a/CONTEXT.md b/CONTEXT.md
index 826e80cf..bf82e195 100644
--- a/CONTEXT.md
+++ b/CONTEXT.md
@@ -595,6 +595,35 @@ essere ripristinabile con refresh e cronologia e non contiene valori transitori
 un portale host. Conserva la propria gerarchia funzionale, ma deve rispettare la geometria,
 l'autenticazione e le regole responsive del portale host.
 
+**Full Thoth Shell** — L'esperienza Thoth autonoma che possiede il proprio header e il proprio
+layout di pagina. Non replica la navigazione amministrativa del portale host e non dipende dal suo
+template visuale.
+
+**Shell mode** — La scelta di installazione fra `embedded` e `full`. Determina chi possiede il
+chrome globale, i comandi di identità e le integrazioni visuali, ma non cambia il workflow o la
+persistenza delle sessioni.
+
+**Fullscreen state** — Lo stato temporaneo in cui il documento applicativo occupa il fullscreen
+del browser. È distinto da `Shell mode`: una Full Thoth Shell può essere aperta senza fullscreen;
+il passaggio è attivato da un comando esplicito e può essere annullato con la stessa azione o con
+il comando nativo del browser.
+
+**Portal Shell Adapter** — Il confine sostituibile che traduce lo stato e i comandi del chrome di
+un portale host nel modello semantico usato da Thoth. L'adapter non possiede autorizzazione,
+sessioni di workflow o contenuti del modello.
+
+**Host Shell State** — Il minimo stato visuale fornito dal portale host: locale UI, tema e stato
+fullscreen. In una Embedded Thoth Shell è la fonte autorevole per queste preferenze;
+non include identità, token o stato di autenticazione, che restano responsabilità dell'accesso.
+
+**UI locale** — La lingua delle label, dei messaggi, dei tooltip, degli stati e delle istruzioni
+non generate dal modello nell'interfaccia Thoth. È distinta dalla lingua dei contenuti di un
+workspace.
+
+**Interaction language** — La lingua in cui il modello presenta domande, spiegazioni e proposte
+al revisore durante una sessione. Viene fissata alla creazione della sessione e rimane invariata
+durante una ripresa, anche se la UI locale corrente cambia.
+
 **Administrative Page Family** — L'insieme delle cinque Administration Page che condividono shell,
 navigazione, tipografia e regole responsive, pur mantenendo contenuti e operazioni specifici:
 Workspace, Evidence, Memory, Database e Pi.
diff --git a/PROJECT_STATE.md b/PROJECT_STATE.md
index be947785..6c6d3a95 100644
--- a/PROJECT_STATE.md
+++ b/PROJECT_STATE.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # ThothII — Project State
 
-Last updated: 2026-09-12.
+Last updated: 2026-09-13.
 
 This file is the short operational snapshot. Stable commands and the architecture mental model
 live in `AGENTS.md`; current design and runtime contracts live under `docs/architecture/`,
@@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ Authentik, internal catalog/embedding services, and the PSD workspace repository
 `docs/operations/server-upgrade-gitea-workspace-v2.md`. Treat its operator gates and rollback
 requirements as mandatory; do not replace the running server stack in place.
 
+## Full/embedded shell and bilingual interface
+
+Full/embedded shell, EN/IT UI, immutable session interaction language, dark theme,
+fullscreen and full-mode logout are implemented. The local Mac descriptor explicitly
+sets `shell.mode: full` and `shell.defaultLocale: en`; the native `tht` and local
+core/frontend images were updated on 2026-09-13. Omics remains embedded and server
+verified, through the replaceable presentation-only PortalAdapter. Its changes are
+in local Omics commit `95154e1`; no production deployment or push was performed.
+See `docs/operations/shell-and-localization.md` for integration and installation
+instructions and `docs/reports/2026-09-13-full-shell-implementation.md` for tests,
+independent reviews, local browser checks and rollback details.
+
 ## Current product shape
 
 Gitea #28–#31 follow-up is implemented in this checkout: Workspace's four tabs,
diff --git a/backend/src/pi/pi-process-manager.ts b/backend/src/pi/pi-process-manager.ts
index 5712bcd6..ed370e4d 100644
--- a/backend/src/pi/pi-process-manager.ts
+++ b/backend/src/pi/pi-process-manager.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export interface SessionRuntime {
 }
 
 export interface RuntimeOptions {
+  interactionLanguage?: string | null;
   provider?: string;
   model?: string;
   thinking?: string;
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
   private spawnFn: (
     sessionId: string, author: string, provider: string | undefined, model: string | undefined,
     principal?: PrincipalContext, runtimeConfigPath?: string,
+    interactionLanguage?: string | null,
   ) => ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams;
   private loadAuthProviders: (agentDir: string) => ReadonlySet<string>;
   private modelCatalog: RuntimeModelCatalog;
@@ -67,11 +69,11 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
     this.loadAuthProviders = opts?.authProviders
       ?? ((agentDir) => loadPiAuthProviders({ agentDir }));
     if (opts?.spawnFn) {
-      this.spawnFn = (sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath) =>
-        this.spawnPi(opts.spawnFn!, sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath);
+      this.spawnFn = (sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath, language) =>
+        this.spawnPi(opts.spawnFn!, sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath, language);
     } else {
-      this.spawnFn = (sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath) =>
-        this.spawnPi(nodeSpawn, sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath);
+      this.spawnFn = (sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath, language) =>
+        this.spawnPi(nodeSpawn, sessionId, author, provider, model, principal, runtimeConfigPath, language);
     }
   }
 
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
   private spawnPi(
     spawnFn: SpawnFn, sessionId: string, author: string, provider: string | undefined,
     model: string | undefined, principal?: PrincipalContext, runtimeConfigPath?: string,
+    interactionLanguage?: string | null,
   ): ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams {
     // This is the final shared boundary for createFor(), spawnFor(), and resume(). Validate
     // before auth-provider inspection, then make Pi consume the exact copied bytes rather than
@@ -110,6 +113,9 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
         additions: { THT_SESSION: sessionId, THT_AUTHOR: author },
       });
       env.PI_CODING_AGENT_DIR = agent.agentDir;
+      // A launch hint only: the gate reads the authoritative manifest before each turn.
+      delete env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE;
+      if (interactionLanguage) env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE = interactionLanguage;
       env.PI_CODING_AGENT_SESSION_DIR = agent.sessionDir;
       clearPrincipalEnvironment(env);
       if (principal) Object.assign(env, principalEnvironment(principal));
@@ -187,7 +193,9 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
     const model = o.model ?? this.cfg.defaults.model;
     let child: ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams;
     try {
-      child = this.spawnFn(sessionId, author, provider, model, o.principal, o.runtimeConfig?.path);
+      child = this.spawnFn(
+        sessionId, author, provider, model, o.principal, o.runtimeConfig?.path, o.interactionLanguage,
+      );
     } catch (error) {
       o.runtimeConfig?.release();
       throw error;
@@ -296,8 +304,13 @@ export class PiProcessManager {
   }
 
   async resume(sessionId: string, tht: ThtRunner): Promise<SessionRuntime> {
-    const manifest = await tht.sessionShow(sessionId) as { provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string } | null;
+    const manifest = await tht.sessionShow(sessionId) as {
+      provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string; interaction_language?: string | null;
+    } | null;
+    const language = manifest?.interaction_language
+      ?? (await tht.ensureInteractionLanguage(sessionId)).interaction_language;
     return this.spawnFor(sessionId, {
+      interactionLanguage: language,
       provider: manifest?.provider,
       model: manifest?.model,
       thinking: manifest?.thinking,
diff --git a/backend/src/routes/sessions.ts b/backend/src/routes/sessions.ts
index 918c9c05..a9f3a224 100644
--- a/backend/src/routes/sessions.ts
+++ b/backend/src/routes/sessions.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type { MaintenanceBarrier } from "../runtime/maintenance-gate.js";
 import { hasPermission, isPrincipalContext, requirePermission } from "../auth/authorization.js";
 import { splitCanonicalModelId, type RuntimeModelCatalog } from "../models/runtime-model-catalog.js";
 import type { CatalogRepository } from "../catalog/types.js";
+import { interactionLanguage } from "../tht/interaction-language.js";
 
 const BOOTSTRAP_FAILURE_MESSAGE =
   "Session startup failed. Check configuration and connectivity, then Resume the session.";
@@ -381,8 +382,13 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
   app.post("/sessions", async (req, reply) => {
     const b = req.body as {
       question: string; name?: string; workspace?: string; workspaceId?: string;
-      provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string;
+      provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string; interactionLanguage?: unknown;
     };
+    const language = interactionLanguage(b?.interactionLanguage);
+    if (!language) return reply.code(400).send({
+      code: "invalid_interaction_language",
+      error: "interactionLanguage must be a well-formed BCP-47 language tag",
+    });
     if ((b.provider === undefined) !== (b.model === undefined)
       || (b.provider !== undefined && (typeof b.provider !== "string" || typeof b.model !== "string" || !b.provider || !b.model))) {
       return reply.code(400).send({ error: "provider and model must be supplied together" });
@@ -507,6 +513,7 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
         ({ id } = await runner.sessionNew({
           question: b.question, name: b.name, workspaceConfigPath,
           workspaceId, workspaceRevision, provider, model, thinking,
+          interactionLanguage: language,
         }));
         manifestPersisted = true;
         if (revisionLease) {
@@ -520,6 +527,7 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
       } catch { return storageFailure(reply); }
       const options = {
         provider, model, thinking,
+        interactionLanguage: language,
         author: principal.displayName ?? principal.subject,
         principal,
         question: b.question,
@@ -664,6 +672,13 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
   app.post("/sessions/:id/resume", async (req, reply) => {
     const id = (req.params as any).id;
     const principal = getPrincipal(req);
+    if (Object.hasOwn(req.body ?? {}, "interactionLanguage")
+      || Object.hasOwn(req.body ?? {}, "interaction_language")) {
+      return reply.code(400).send({
+        code: "interaction_language_pinned",
+        error: "Resume uses the session's persisted interaction language; overrides are not accepted",
+      });
+    }
     return withSessionLifecycle(id, async () => {
       let settings: Settings;
       let located: LocatedSession | undefined;
@@ -681,6 +696,7 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
       const saved = manifest as {
         provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string;
         workspace_id?: string; workspace_revision?: string;
+        interaction_language?: string | null;
       };
 	  const requested = (req.body ?? {}) as { provider?: string; model?: string; thinking?: string };
 	  if ((requested.provider === undefined) !== (requested.model === undefined)
@@ -719,6 +735,12 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
         });
       }
       try { settings = await d.getSettings(principal); } catch { return storageFailure(reply); }
+      let language = saved.interaction_language;
+      if (language == null) {
+        try {
+          language = (await runner.ensureInteractionLanguage(id, workspaceConfigPath)).interaction_language;
+        } catch { return reply.code(503).send({ error: RESUME_FAILURE_MESSAGE }); }
+      }
       // This check belongs inside the per-session lock: a preceding cold Resume may have
       // installed a running runtime while this request was waiting.
       const existing = d.mgr.get(id);
@@ -737,6 +759,7 @@ export function sessionRoutes(
       });
       const options = {
         provider: selected.provider,
+        interactionLanguage: language,
         model: selected.model,
         thinking: saved?.thinking ?? settings.thinking,
         author: principal.displayName ?? principal.subject,
diff --git a/backend/src/tht/interaction-language.ts b/backend/src/tht/interaction-language.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a91e6d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/src/tht/interaction-language.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/** Validate/canonicalize the tag; available translation catalogs belong to the UI. */
+export function interactionLanguage(value: unknown): string | undefined {
+  if (typeof value !== "string") return undefined;
+  try {
+    const [canonical] = Intl.getCanonicalLocales(value);
+    return canonical;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/backend/src/tht/tht-runner.ts b/backend/src/tht/tht-runner.ts
index a93624a9..8f5f7851 100644
--- a/backend/src/tht/tht-runner.ts
+++ b/backend/src/tht/tht-runner.ts
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export interface SessionRow {
   author: string | null;
   workspace_id?: string | null;
   workspace_revision?: string | null;
+  interaction_language?: string | null;
   archived?: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -482,6 +483,7 @@ export class ThtRunner {
 
   async sessionNew(o: {
     question: string;
+    interactionLanguage?: string;
     provider?: string;
     model?: string;
     thinking?: string;
@@ -497,6 +499,7 @@ export class ThtRunner {
       ["--provider", o.provider],
       ["--model", o.model],
       ["--thinking", o.thinking],
+      ["--interaction-language", o.interactionLanguage],
       ["--name", o.name],
       ["--workspace-id", o.workspaceId],
       ["--workspace-revision", o.workspaceRevision],
@@ -533,6 +536,12 @@ export class ThtRunner {
     return this.json<unknown>(["session", "show", id, "--json"], workspace);
   }
 
+  ensureInteractionLanguage(id: string, workspace?: string) {
+    return this.json<{ interaction_language: string }>(
+      ["session", "ensure-interaction-language", id, "--json"], workspace,
+    );
+  }
+
   sqlPreview(id: string, p: { limit?: number; offset?: number }, workspace?: string) {
     // No positional FILE: the harness resolves sql_final.sql from the session
     // via _session_sql_file(cfg, session_id), which respects the workspace path.
diff --git a/backend/test/e2e-f1.test.ts b/backend/test/e2e-f1.test.ts
index cf3df606..8298a24d 100644
--- a/backend/test/e2e-f1.test.ts
+++ b/backend/test/e2e-f1.test.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ test("loop F1: crea sessione → SSE riceve il widget → risponde → il modell
       ollamaEnsure: async () => ({ ok: true }),
       searchPack: async () => {},
       sessionNew: async () => ({ id: "s1" }),
-      sessionShow: async (_id: string) => ({ id: "s1", provider: undefined, model: undefined, thinking: undefined }),
+      sessionShow: async (_id: string) => ({ id: "s1", interaction_language: "en", provider: undefined, model: undefined, thinking: undefined }),
       sessionList: async () => [],
     } as any,
     spawnFn: () => spawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ test("loop F1: crea sessione → SSE riceve il widget → risponde → il modell
   const created = await fetch(`${base}/sessions`, {
     method: "POST",
     headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
-    body: JSON.stringify({ workspace: "w", question: "q" }),
+    body: JSON.stringify({ workspace: "w", question: "q", interactionLanguage: "en" }),
   });
   expect(created.status).toBe(200);
 
diff --git a/backend/test/pi-process-manager.test.ts b/backend/test/pi-process-manager.test.ts
index 7ceef352..e8e9ae9f 100644
--- a/backend/test/pi-process-manager.test.ts
+++ b/backend/test/pi-process-manager.test.ts
@@ -190,6 +190,29 @@ test("Pi receives the leased workspace runtime config and releases it on direct
   expect(release).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
 });
 
+test("Pi language launch hint comes from the session options and never ambient environment", () => {
+  const previous = process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE;
+  process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE = "it";
+  const environments: NodeJS.ProcessEnv[] = [];
+  const mgr = new PiProcessManager(loadConfig({}), {
+    spawnFn: (_command, _args, options) => {
+      environments.push(options.env);
+      return recordingChild() as any;
+    },
+  });
+  try {
+    mgr.createFor("explicit-language", { interactionLanguage: "en" });
+    mgr.teardown("explicit-language");
+    mgr.createFor("manifest-resolved-in-gate");
+    mgr.teardown("manifest-resolved-in-gate");
+    expect(environments[0].THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE).toBe("en");
+    expect(environments[1]).not.toHaveProperty("THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE");
+  } finally {
+    if (previous === undefined) delete process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE;
+    else process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE = previous;
+  }
+});
+
 test("a close-only child event releases its temporary Pi agent snapshot", () => {
   const child = recordingChild();
   let snapshotDir: string | undefined;
diff --git a/backend/test/routes-sessions.test.ts b/backend/test/routes-sessions.test.ts
index 973211ec..a24f882e 100644
--- a/backend/test/routes-sessions.test.ts
+++ b/backend/test/routes-sessions.test.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,11 @@ const defaultWorkspaceRegistry = {
 
 function buildApp(config: Parameters<typeof buildRealApp>[0], deps: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
   const thtRunner = deps.thtRunner
-    ? { qdrantEnsure: async () => ({ ok: true }), ...(deps.thtRunner as object) }
+    ? {
+      qdrantEnsure: async () => ({ ok: true }),
+      ensureInteractionLanguage: async () => ({ interaction_language: "en" }),
+      ...(deps.thtRunner as object),
+    }
     : undefined;
   return buildRealApp(config, {
     workspaceRuntimeSupport: () => true,
@@ -88,6 +92,129 @@ const aliceHeaders = {
   "x-thoth-is-admin": "0",
 };
 
+test.each([undefined, null, "", "en--US", "en_US", "en\nIGNORE", "en<script>", 42])(
+  "new sessions reject invalid interaction language %s before persistence", async (interactionLanguage) => {
+    const app = mutApp({ sessionNew: async () => { throw new Error("must not create"); } });
+    try {
+      const response = await app.inject({
+        method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "Pazienti", interactionLanguage },
+      });
+      expect(response.statusCode).toBe(400);
+      expect(response.json()).toMatchObject({ code: "invalid_interaction_language" });
+    } finally { await app.close(); }
+  },
+);
+
+test.each([["en", "en"], ["fr-FR", "fr-FR"], ["FR-fr", "fr-FR"]])(
+  "new session forwards canonical interaction language %s without changing the question", async (language, canonical) => {
+  let created: any;
+  const app = buildApp(loadConfig({ THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness" }), {
+    thtRunner: {
+      sessionNew: async (options: any) => { created = options; return { id: "language" }; },
+      searchPack: async () => {},
+    },
+    readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) },
+    mgr: {
+      get: () => undefined, createFor: () => ({ bridge: { onClientEvent: () => {} } }),
+      configure: async () => {}, start: () => {},
+    },
+    getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "default" }),
+  });
+  try {
+    const response = await app.inject({
+      method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "Pazienti", interactionLanguage: language },
+    });
+    expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+    expect(created).toMatchObject({ question: "Pazienti", interactionLanguage: canonical });
+  } finally { await app.close(); }
+});
+
+test("resume rejects browser interaction language overrides", async () => {
+  const app = mutApp({ sessionShow: async () => ({ status: "open", interaction_language: "it" }) });
+  try {
+    const response = await app.inject({
+      method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/resume", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en" },
+    });
+    expect(response.statusCode).toBe(400);
+    expect(response.json()).toMatchObject({ code: "interaction_language_pinned" });
+  } finally { await app.close(); }
+});
+
+test("resume pins legacy interaction language using the resolved harness workspace", async () => {
+  let pinnedWorkspace: string | undefined;
+  let runtime: any;
+  const app = buildApp(loadConfig({ THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness" }), {
+    thtRunner: {
+      sessionShow: async () => ({ id: "legacy", status: "closed" }),
+      ensureInteractionLanguage: async (_id: string, workspace: string) => {
+        pinnedWorkspace = workspace;
+        return { interaction_language: "it" };
+      },
+      reopenSession: async () => {},
+    },
+    readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) },
+    mgr: {
+      get: () => undefined,
+      createFor: (_id: string, options: any) => {
+        runtime = options;
+        return { bridge: { onClientEvent: () => {} } };
+      },
+      configure: async () => {}, start: () => {},
+    },
+    getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "other-browser-workspace" }),
+  });
+  try {
+    const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/legacy/resume" });
+    expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+    expect(pinnedWorkspace).toContain("/default.yaml");
+    expect(runtime).toMatchObject({ interactionLanguage: "it", mode: "resume" });
+  } finally { await app.close(); }
+});
+
+test("resume retains persisted interaction language despite different browser settings", async () => {
+  let options: any;
+  const app = buildApp(loadConfig({ THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness" }), {
+    thtRunner: {
+      sessionShow: async () => ({ id: "saved", status: "closed", interaction_language: "it" }),
+      ensureInteractionLanguage: async () => { throw new Error("language is already pinned"); },
+      reopenSession: async () => {},
+    },
+    readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) },
+    mgr: {
+      get: () => undefined,
+      createFor: (_id: string, value: any) => {
+        options = value;
+        return { bridge: { onClientEvent: () => {} } };
+      },
+      configure: async () => {}, start: () => {},
+    },
+    getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "english-workspace", locale: "en" }),
+  });
+  try {
+    const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/saved/resume" });
+    expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+    expect(options.interactionLanguage).toBe("it");
+  } finally { await app.close(); }
+});
+
+test("resume cannot start Pi if legacy interaction language cannot be persisted", async () => {
+  const app = buildApp(loadConfig({ THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness" }), {
+    thtRunner: {
+      sessionShow: async () => ({ id: "legacy", status: "closed" }),
+      ensureInteractionLanguage: async () => { throw new Error("private storage details"); },
+      reopenSession: async () => { throw new Error("must not reopen"); },
+    },
+    readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) },
+    mgr: { createFor: () => { throw new Error("must not spawn"); } },
+    getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "default" }),
+  });
+  try {
+    const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/legacy/resume" });
+    expect(response.statusCode).toBe(503);
+    expect(response.body).not.toContain("private storage details");
+  } finally { await app.close(); }
+});
+
 test("upstream requests without a principal fail before a Pi runtime can be created", async () => {
   let created = false;
   const app = buildApp(loadConfig({ AUTH_MODE: "upstream", THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness" }), {
@@ -95,7 +222,7 @@ test("upstream requests without a principal fail before a Pi runtime can be crea
     thtRunner: {} as any,
   });
 
-  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(401);
   expect(created).toBe(false);
@@ -133,7 +260,7 @@ test("maintenance rejects new and resumed session admission without interrupting
   });
 
   const create = await app.inject({
-    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", headers: aliceHeaders, payload: { question: "q" },
+    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", headers: aliceHeaders, payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" },
   });
   const resume = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/open/resume", headers: aliceHeaders });
 
@@ -154,7 +281,7 @@ test("a durable maintenance marker initializes admission closed after backend re
       AUTH_MODE: "upstream", THT_HARNESS_DIR: "../harness", THT_MAINTENANCE_FILE: marker,
     }), { thtRunner: {} as any });
     const response = await app.inject({
-      method: "POST", url: "/sessions", headers: aliceHeaders, payload: { question: "q" },
+      method: "POST", url: "/sessions", headers: aliceHeaders, payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" },
     });
     expect(response.statusCode).toBe(503);
     expect(response.json()).toMatchObject({ code: "maintenance" });
@@ -492,7 +619,7 @@ test("new sessions are created through the authenticated principal, not a client
 
   const response = await app.inject({
     method: "POST", url: "/sessions", headers: aliceHeaders,
-    payload: { question: "q", owner: "mallory" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", owner: "mallory" },
   });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
@@ -509,7 +636,7 @@ test("new sessions reject the client legacy workspace field unless local legacy
   });
 
   const response = await app.inject({
-    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q", workspace: "legacy" },
+    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", workspace: "legacy" },
   });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(409);
@@ -529,7 +656,7 @@ test("explicit local legacy mode permits the unpinned client workspace request",
   });
 
   const response = await app.inject({
-    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q", workspace: "legacy" },
+    method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", workspace: "legacy" },
   });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
@@ -567,7 +694,7 @@ test("creates a session from the active immutable workspace revision", async ()
 
   await app.inject({
     method: "POST", url: "/sessions",
-    payload: { question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low" },
   });
 
   expect(sessionNew).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({
@@ -611,7 +738,7 @@ test("hands one Catalog-backed runtime to both retrieval and Pi", async () => {
   const response = await app.inject({
     method: "POST",
     url: "/sessions",
-    payload: { question: "Which users placed orders?", workspaceId: "default" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "Which users placed orders?", workspaceId: "default" },
   });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
@@ -687,7 +814,7 @@ test("refuses core admission when the workspace preprocessing fingerprint is sta
   const response = await app.inject({
     method: "POST",
     url: "/sessions",
-    payload: { question: "q", workspaceId: "default" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", workspaceId: "default" },
   });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(409);
@@ -739,7 +866,7 @@ test("rejects an SSH-only Catalog binding before persisting or starting a sessio
     } as any,
   });
 
-  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(409);
   expect(response.json()).toMatchObject({ code: "workspace_not_activatable" });
@@ -779,7 +906,7 @@ test("hands a revision lease to retention only after the session manifest is dur
     workspaceRegistry: { acquireSessionRevision } as any,
   });
 
-  const request = app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const request = app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
   expect(markPersisted).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   expect(abort).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -810,7 +937,7 @@ test("creates a session from the configured default workspace revision when work
     workspaceRegistry: registry as any,
   });
 
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
   expect(registry.read).toHaveBeenCalledWith("psd-clinical");
   expect(sessionNew).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({
@@ -896,7 +1023,7 @@ test("session lifecycle locates a B session when installation default is A", asy
     } as any,
   });
 
-  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: {
+  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en",
     question: "B question", workspaceId: "b-workspace", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
   } })).statusCode).toBe(200);
   expect((await app.inject({ method: "GET", url: "/sessions" })).json()).toEqual([
@@ -939,7 +1066,7 @@ test("POST /sessions uses the catalog default with workspace/thinking settings a
     ],
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  const created = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const created = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(created.json()).toEqual({ id: "s1" });
   expect(sessionNewArg.workspaceConfigPath).toContain(`/snapshots/${"e".repeat(40)}/w.yaml`);
   expect(sessionNewArg.provider).toBe("zai");
@@ -1000,11 +1127,11 @@ test("POST /sessions stops the user's previous open Pi runtime before creating a
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
 
-  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "one" } })).statusCode)
+  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "one" } })).statusCode)
     .toBe(200);
   order.length = 0;
 
-  const second = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "two" } });
+  const second = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "two" } });
 
   expect(second.statusCode).toBe(200);
   expect(second.json()).toEqual({ id: "s2" });
@@ -1025,7 +1152,7 @@ test("POST /sessions refuses to create a session when the local DWH precheck fai
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "w" }) as any,
   });
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(503);
   expect(res.json()).toMatchObject({ code: "dwh_unreachable" });
   expect(pinged).toBe(1);
@@ -1046,7 +1173,7 @@ test("POST /sessions proceeds past a passing DWH precheck", async () => {
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "w" }) as any,
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
   expect(pinged).toBe(1);
   expect(created).toBe(1);
@@ -1065,7 +1192,7 @@ test("POST /sessions skips the DWH precheck when the flag is off (default)", asy
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "w" }) as any,
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
   expect(pinged).toBe(0); // probe never runs without the flag
 });
@@ -1099,7 +1226,7 @@ test("POST /sessions configura Pi con il thinking globale selezionato", async ()
     ],
   });
 
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
 
   expect(configured.thinking).toBe("high");
@@ -1427,7 +1554,7 @@ test("resuming a different session stops the user's previous Pi runtime", async
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
-  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "one" } })).statusCode)
+  expect((await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "one" } })).statusCode)
     .toBe(200);
 
   const resumed = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s2/resume" });
@@ -1815,13 +1942,13 @@ test.each([
       getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
     });
 
-    await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "old" } });
+    await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "old" } });
     if (lifecycle === "close") {
       await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/close" });
       await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/resume" });
     } else {
       await app.inject({ method: "DELETE", url: "/sessions/s1" });
-      await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "replacement" } });
+      await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "replacement" } });
     }
     await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
     expect(current).toBe(replacement);
@@ -1885,7 +2012,7 @@ test.each(["resolve", "reject"] as const)(
       getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
     });
 
-    await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "old" } });
+    await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "old" } });
     await app.inject({ method: "DELETE", url: "/sessions/s1" });
     published.length = 0;
 
@@ -2077,7 +2204,7 @@ test("Close suppresses a bootstrap that settles while close persistence is pendi
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
 
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   const closeResponse = app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/close" });
   await closeStarted;
   published.length = 0;
@@ -2151,7 +2278,7 @@ test("bootstrap failure persists once and keeps Resume serialized behind that pe
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
 
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   oldConfigure.reject(new Error("configure failed"));
   await failureStarted;
   const resumeResponse = app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/resume" })
@@ -2274,7 +2401,7 @@ test("a replaced runtime cannot publish or fail the newly resumed session", asyn
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
   oldBridge.setState("idle");
 
@@ -2334,7 +2461,7 @@ test("a deleted runtime cannot repopulate or fail the forgotten session", async
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
 
   const response = await app.inject({ method: "DELETE", url: "/sessions/s1" });
@@ -2379,7 +2506,7 @@ test("an unexpectedly exited runtime publishes its terminal sequence then releas
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
   published.length = 0;
 
@@ -2430,7 +2557,7 @@ test("agent_end releases the Pi runtime after the session was finalized", async
     readiness: { ensure: async () => ({ ok: true }) } as any,
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "local" }) as any,
   });
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
 
   bridge.emitClientEvent({ type: "system_event", event: "agent_end" });
@@ -2502,7 +2629,7 @@ test("POST /sessions/:id/response senza gate pendente risponde 409 (risposta sta
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "w" }),
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   // The fake Pi never emitted a ui_request: the bridge has no pending descriptor, so a
   // response (stale UI, double submit) must be rejected instead of forwarded to Pi.
   const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions/s1/response",
@@ -2643,7 +2770,7 @@ test("POST /sessions readiness failure returns one fixed public message without
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "psd" }) as any,
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(503);
   expect(res.json()).toEqual({
     error: "Session services are not ready. Check configuration and connectivity, then try again.",
@@ -2664,7 +2791,7 @@ test.each(["semantic_index_incompatible", "workspace_not_activatable"] as const)
     });
 
     const response = await app.inject({
-      method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" },
+      method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" },
     });
 
     expect(response.statusCode).toBe(503);
@@ -2687,7 +2814,7 @@ test("POST /sessions returns storage 503 before creating a Pi runtime when sessi
     mgr: { createFor: () => { piCreated = true; throw new Error("must not spawn"); } } as any,
   });
 
-  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
   expect(response.statusCode).toBe(503);
   expect(response.json()).toEqual({ error: "session storage is unavailable" });
@@ -2707,7 +2834,7 @@ test("POST /sessions proceeds when ollamaEnsure succeeds", async () => {
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "psd" }) as any,
     spawnFn: () => nodeSpawn("node", [FAKE, SCRIPT]) as any,
   });
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.json()).toEqual({ id: "s1" });
   expect(qdrantEnsure).toHaveBeenCalledWith(operationalWorkspace("psd"), 60, "self_heal");
   expect(ensureWs).toContain(`/snapshots/${"e".repeat(40)}/psd.yaml`);
@@ -2740,7 +2867,7 @@ test("POST /sessions rejects a stale requested model without silently using the
   const res = await app.inject({
     method: "POST",
     url: "/sessions",
-    payload: { question: "q", provider: "deepseek", model: "deepseek-v4-pro" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q", provider: "deepseek", model: "deepseek-v4-pro" },
   });
 
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(503);
@@ -2775,7 +2902,7 @@ test("POST /sessions marks a persisted session failed when runtime construction
     ],
   });
 
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
   expect(res.statusCode).toBe(503);
   expect(res.json()).toEqual({
@@ -2868,7 +2995,7 @@ test.each([
 
     try {
       const response = flow === "new"
-        ? await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } })
+        ? await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } })
         : await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: `/sessions/${sessionId}/resume` });
       const logs = consoleError.mock.calls.flat().map(String).join(" ");
 
@@ -2974,7 +3101,7 @@ test("POST /sessions returns after bridge attachment but starts only after retri
     getSettings: () => ({ workspace: "psd" }) as any,
   });
 
-  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+  const res = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
   expect(res.json()).toEqual({ id: "s-early" });
   expect(bridgeAttached).toBe(true);
   expect(started).toBe(false);
@@ -3021,7 +3148,7 @@ test("POST /sessions bootstrap failure emits only a fixed recovery message", asy
   const response = await app.inject({
     method: "POST",
     url: "/sessions",
-    payload: { question: "q" },
+    payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" },
   });
   await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
 
@@ -3117,7 +3244,7 @@ test.each([
         })),
       } as any,
     });
-    const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { question: "q" } });
+    const response = await app.inject({ method: "POST", url: "/sessions", payload: { interactionLanguage: "en", question: "q" } });
 
     expect(response.statusCode).toBe(expectedStatus);
     expect(ensure).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(reachesReadiness ? 1 : 0);
diff --git a/backend/test/tht-runner.test.ts b/backend/test/tht-runner.test.ts
index e5c9f1ec..b1ca3f5c 100644
--- a/backend/test/tht-runner.test.ts
+++ b/backend/test/tht-runner.test.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,19 @@ test("sessionNew parses id from JSON", async () => {
   expect(await r.sessionNew({ question: "q" })).toEqual({ id: "2026-06-27-100000-x" });
 });
 
+test("session language uses public per-command CLI flags and the selected config", async () => {
+  const runner = new ThtRunner({ thtBin: "tht", harnessDir: "/h", configPath: "config/tht.yaml" });
+  (spawn as any).mockClear();
+  await runner.sessionNew({ question: "Pazienti", interactionLanguage: "en" });
+  expect((spawn as any).mock.calls[0][1]).toEqual([
+    "session", "new", "Pazienti", "--interaction-language", "en", "--json", "-c", "config/tht.yaml",
+  ]);
+  await runner.ensureInteractionLanguage("s1");
+  expect((spawn as any).mock.calls[1][1]).toEqual([
+    "session", "ensure-interaction-language", "s1", "--json", "-c", "config/tht.yaml",
+  ]);
+});
+
 test("searchPack persists retrieval context with session and workspace", async () => {
   const calls: any[] = [];
   const r = new ThtRunner({ thtBin: "tht", harnessDir: "/h", configPath: "config/tht.yaml" });
diff --git a/docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh b/docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh
index 8b84d1db..45496759 100755
--- a/docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh
+++ b/docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,26 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 set -eu
 
-test "$(cat /usr/share/nginx/html/config.js)" = 'window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = {};'
+# The generic image contains an empty fallback; installed containers mount the generated
+# public projection over it. An optional path lets host projection tests use this same check.
+config_file=${1:-/usr/share/nginx/html/config.js}
+test -f "$config_file" && test -r "$config_file"
+config=$(tr -d '[:space:]' < "$config_file")
+case "$config" in
+  'window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__={};')
+    test -z "${THT_FRONTEND_CONFIG_REVISION:-}"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    # Installation Load validates BCP47 syntax. Here check only the public payload shape;
+    # catalog availability and fallback belong to the frontend, not the generic image.
+    locale='[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*(-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*'
+    full="\"mode\":\"full\",\"defaultLocale\":\"$locale\""
+    embedded="\"mode\":\"embedded\",\"defaultLocale\":\"$locale\",\"adapter\":\"omics-portal\""
+    if ! printf '%s\n' "$config" | LC_ALL=C grep -Eq "^window\.__THOTHII_CONFIG__=\{\"backendBaseUrl\":\"/api\",\"shell\":\{($full|$embedded)\}\};$"; then
+      echo "Invalid frontend public runtime configuration" >&2
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    ;;
+esac
 
 printf '%s\n' "frontend runtime config smoke: ok"
diff --git a/docs/adr/0021-separate-shell-modes-and-replaceable-portal-adapter.md b/docs/adr/0021-separate-shell-modes-and-replaceable-portal-adapter.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..729d507c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/adr/0021-separate-shell-modes-and-replaceable-portal-adapter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# ADR 0021 — Shell separati e adapter sostituibile per il portale
+
+- Stato: accettato
+- Data: 2026-09-13
+
+## Decisione
+
+ThothII espone due modalità di installazione, selezionate da `shell.mode`:
+
+- `embedded` (default): ThothII è ospitato da Omics Portal. Non renderizza alcun header e
+  riceve dal portale lingua, tema e fullscreen. L'accesso resta verificato dal server.
+- `full`: ThothII è autonomo. Renderizza il proprio header, con selettore lingua, tema,
+  fullscreen e nome utente. Il click sul nome apre il logout. Non mostra mai la rotellina o
+  altri comandi amministrativi del portale. Mantiene un rail vuoto a sinistra di almeno 20 px.
+
+Il fatto che la shell sia `full` è distinto dallo stato `fullscreen`: la prima decide quale
+contenitore viene renderizzato, il secondo indica se è attiva la Fullscreen API del browser.
+L'icona passa da “entra in fullscreen” a “torna alla modalità normale”; anche `Esc` aggiorna lo
+stato visualizzato.
+
+La configurazione installata resta semplice e retrocompatibile. Sul Mac di sviluppo il profilo
+locale userà:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: full
+  defaultLocale: en
+```
+
+Il deploy sul server userà invece:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: embedded
+  adapter: omics-portal
+```
+
+`defaultLocale` indica la lingua iniziale della shell full; in embedded la fonte autorevole resta
+il portale.
+
+L'adapter è l'unico confine tra ThothII e il portale. La sua interfaccia pubblica è volutamente
+profonda e minima: consegna solo snapshot dello stato, senza esporre comandi, token, identità o
+dettagli di trasporto.
+
+```ts
+export type HostShellState = {
+  locale: string; // BCP-47, inizialmente it/en
+  theme: "light" | "dark";
+  fullscreen: boolean;
+};
+
+export interface PortalAdapter {
+  subscribe(
+    onState: (state: HostShellState) => void,
+    onError: (error: Error) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+}
+```
+
+`OmicsPortalAdapter` è l'implementazione corrente. Un adapter per un altro portale potrà
+sostituirlo senza modificare shell, i18n o workflow. In `full` l'adapter non viene istanziato:
+lo stato è gestito internamente dalla shell.
+
+Per l'integrazione oggi operativa, che monta la SPA direttamente nel DOM di Omics Portal,
+l'adapter legge la lingua effettiva dal selettore Omics, osserva l'attributo del tema e ascolta
+il fullscreen del documento. Selettori e osservatori restano privati dell'implementazione Omics.
+La lingua segue il normale ricaricamento Django; tema e fullscreen cambiano nella pagina aperta.
+La revisione approvata del 2026-09-13 elimina il precedente handshake a eventi: non servono
+messaggi personalizzati, versioni di trasporto o timeout di avvio. Un futuro adapter potrà usare
+un diverso trasporto senza modificare l'interfaccia applicativa.
+
+Se `shell` o l'adapter embedded sono omessi, si usa `embedded` con `omics-portal`. Questo default
+supporta il documento Omics esistente; nomi adapter sconosciuti o dati host mancanti producono
+un errore esplicito, senza attivare la shell full.
+
+## Confini che restano invariati
+
+L'identità e l'autorizzazione del backend non vengono ricostruite nel browser. In embedded,
+Omics Portal continua a gestire login e logout e la catena server-side `auth_request` continua a
+fornire i principal header già previsti. Lo stato UI non dichiara l'utente autenticato: il modulo
+di accesso usa la verifica backend esistente anche alla riconnessione e al ritorno alla pagina.
+Un rifiuto su una singola operazione non equivale automaticamente alla perdita dell'accesso.
+
+La lingua UI e la lingua di interazione con il modello restano separate dalla lingua del
+workspace; il relativo contratto è in [ADR 0022](0022-separate-ui-locale-from-session-interaction-language.md).
+
+## Alternative scartate
+
+- Duplicare l'header di Omics in embedded: crea due fonti di stato e incompatibilità visive.
+- Spargere controlli `if embedded/full` nei componenti: lega ogni pagina al portale.
+- Trasmettere utente o token nel bridge: aumenta superficie e accoppia UI e autenticazione.
+- Introdurre un protocollo completo request/response: non aggiunge funzionalità richiesta.
+- Usare `profile` per distinguere le shell: `profile` descrive la topologia dell'installazione,
+  non la sua presentazione.
+
+## Conseguenze
+
+La soluzione richiede un adapter nel frontend che osserva il documento condiviso e mantiene la
+logica di shell locale a ThothII. Il backend non necessita di un nuovo protocollo di autenticazione
+o di una nuova sessione browser. Un nuovo portale deve soddisfare anche il contratto server di
+identità fidata: la sola sostituzione della classe UI non sostituisce quel contratto.
diff --git a/docs/adr/0022-separate-ui-locale-from-session-interaction-language.md b/docs/adr/0022-separate-ui-locale-from-session-interaction-language.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8763126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/adr/0022-separate-ui-locale-from-session-interaction-language.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Separate UI locale from session interaction language
+
+status: accepted
+
+ThothII distinguishes three language concepts:
+
+- `workspace.language` remains the language of workspace-owned documents, descriptions and Evidence;
+- `ui_locale` controls deterministic ThothII chrome such as labels, form help, placeholders, errors,
+  accessibility text and review-widget chrome;
+- `interaction_language` is persisted in a session and controls model-generated questions,
+  explanations and reviewer proposals.
+
+The initial locale catalog supports Italian and English and uses extensible BCP-47 language tags.
+Missing deterministic translations fall back to English. The selected UI locale supplies the default
+interaction language when a new session is created. A resumed session always uses its persisted
+interaction language; changing the host or full-shell UI locale must not silently rewrite an existing
+session or make its model output switch language mid-workflow.
+
+The distinction is required because the current workspace contract already uses `language` for
+content and the PSD workspace is Italian. Reusing that field for a browser preference would make a
+visual choice mutate domain content semantics. The model receives the session interaction language
+through the session/Pi workflow context. SQL, identifiers, database values and other technical
+artifacts remain governed by their existing contracts and are not translated as UI strings.
+
+In `full`, the local shell owns `ui_locale` and supplies it when starting a new session. In
+`embedded`, the host adapter is authoritative for `ui_locale`; ThothII applies host changes to
+deterministic UI immediately while preserving the interaction language of any active session.
+
+We considered using only `workspace.language`, using only a global browser locale, and translating
+the model output after generation. The first conflates domain content with UI preference; the second
+cannot preserve a session's language or follow the host portal; and the third would be unsafe for
+structured reviewer decisions and would not control the model's reasoning or proposal language.
+
+## Considered Options
+
+- One mutable `language` field for workspace, UI and session was rejected because the fields have
+  different owners and lifecycles.
+- Client-only translation of reviewer choices was rejected because choices can be generated by the
+  model and must be requested in the intended language.
+- An English-only deterministic chrome was rejected because embedded and full installations must
+  follow the selected host/user language.
+
+## Consequences
+
+- Session creation and the persisted manifest gain an explicit interaction-language value.
+- Legacy manifests without that value use the workspace language, pinned idempotently on first
+  resume; the browser locale must not determine this compatibility value.
+- Resume must read that value from the manifest and must not accept a new locale as an override.
+- The workflow prompt contract and deterministic reviewer-widget builders need a locale-aware input.
+- Frontend strings need a catalog and stable keys; backend events should expose stable codes where
+  the frontend is responsible for localization.
diff --git a/docs/contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md b/docs/contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65b99c6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Portal Shell Adapter v1
+
+Contratto minimo della presentazione embedded. La revisione approvata il 2026-09-13
+sostituisce il precedente trasporto a eventi personalizzati con l'osservazione del
+documento condiviso. Non trasferisce identità, token o stato di autenticazione.
+
+## Configurazione
+
+Sul Mac:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: full
+  defaultLocale: en
+```
+
+Sul server Omics:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: embedded
+  adapter: omics-portal
+```
+
+Se `shell` o `mode` sono omessi, la modalità è embedded. L'adapter embedded
+predefinito è `omics-portal`; un nome sconosciuto è un errore di configurazione.
+Full non istanzia adapter. `defaultLocale` inizializza full; in embedded il locale
+proviene dal portale. L'autenticazione si configura separatamente dalla shell.
+
+## API applicativa
+
+```ts
+export type PortalSnapshot = {
+  locale: string;
+  theme: "light" | "dark";
+  fullscreen: boolean;
+};
+
+export interface PortalAdapter {
+  subscribe(
+    onState: (state: PortalSnapshot) => void,
+    onError: (error: Error) => void,
+  ): () => void;
+}
+```
+
+Una sottoscrizione installa gli osservatori e consegna lo snapshot iniziale senza
+richiedere messaggi all'altro applicativo. Gli aggiornamenti contengono snapshot
+completi e validati. La disiscrizione elimina tutti i listener e osservatori.
+La lingua viene risolta tramite i cataloghi UI, con fallback inglese.
+
+## Implementazione Omics
+
+L'integrazione monta React nel documento Django, non in un iframe.
+
+| Dato | Fonte privata dell'adapter | Aggiornamento |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Locale | `data-lang` del selettore `.omics-language-select` | nuova pagina Django dopo `set_language` |
+| Tema | `data-bs-theme` su `html` | osservazione limitata a quell'attributo |
+| Fullscreen | stato effettivo del documento | evento del browser, inclusa uscita con Esc |
+
+L'attributo `lang` storicamente fisso a `en` nel template base non deve essere
+usato come surrogato della lingua selezionata. Leggere il valore renderizzato dal
+server evita anche di anticipare un cambio lingua prima che il form abbia successo.
+
+L'assenza del contesto host atteso produce un errore di integrazione; non abilita
+controlli locali. Non si introducono eventi `ready/state`, handshake, timeout,
+versioni dei messaggi o comandi duplicati. Selettori e dettagli Omics non devono
+essere letti dai componenti applicativi.
+
+## Proprietà per modalità
+
+| Funzione | Full | Embedded |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Header | ThothII | solo Omics |
+| Lingua | selettore locale | selettore Omics, normale reload Django |
+| Tema | toggle locale light/dark | stato Omics |
+| Fullscreen | controllo locale, stato reale | controllo Omics, stato reale |
+| Login/logout | autenticazione ThothII configurata | autenticazione Omics esistente |
+| Nome utente | header ThothII | header Omics |
+| Rotellina amministrativa | mai | eventuale comando del portale |
+
+## Accesso e continuità
+
+Il server Omics verifica l'accesso a Datamart Builder e il proxy trasmette i
+principal header normalizzati al backend ThothII. La UI usa `/me`; non effettua
+un secondo login. Un altro portale deve soddisfare anche questo contratto server,
+oltre a fornire una nuova implementazione dell'adapter UI.
+
+Il logout del portale segue la sua navigazione. Una perdita di accesso rilevata
+dal server chiude lo stato protetto; un 403 di una singola operazione non equivale
+automaticamente a logout. La riconnessione degli eventi e il ritorno alla pagina
+ricontrollano l'accesso. Non si garantisce revoca istantanea di una connessione
+aperta in un'altra scheda attraverso il solo controllo iniziale del proxy.
+
+Il cambio lingua può ricaricare la pagina: conservare la selezione della sessione,
+proteggere le modifiche non salvate e non avviare una nuova generazione al reload.
+Non si conserva una trascrizione integrale nel browser. La lingua della sessione
+rimane quella registrata nel manifest, secondo ADR 0022.
+
+## Sostituzione e verifiche
+
+Un nuovo adapter può usare un diverso documento o trasporto, ma deve rispettare
+la stessa sottoscrizione e mantenere la conoscenza del portale nella propria
+implementazione. Non occorre implementare ora iframe o un secondo portale.
+
+Verificare snapshot prima/dopo il montaggio, tema, fullscreen con Esc, cleanup,
+contesto host mancante, assenza di header ThothII embedded, accesso singolo,
+locale dopo reload e compatibilità del prefisso API. Full deve funzionare senza
+alcun elemento Omics presente.
diff --git a/docs/operations/shell-and-localization.md b/docs/operations/shell-and-localization.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7820a151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/operations/shell-and-localization.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# Shell, autenticazione e lingue
+
+Questa guida accompagna la [specifica approvata](../plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md)
+e il [contratto Portal Shell Adapter](../contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md).
+
+## Scegliere il contenitore
+
+La modalità della shell è indipendente dal profilo di distribuzione e dal metodo
+di autenticazione. Un server può ospitare full; un ambiente locale può ospitare
+embedded per provare un'integrazione.
+
+Per questo Mac, nel descrittore installato:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: full
+  defaultLocale: en
+```
+
+Per il server Omics:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: embedded
+  adapter: omics-portal
+```
+
+L'assenza di `shell` conserva embedded con adapter Omics. Un nome adapter
+sconosciuto è un errore, non una richiesta di fallback a full. Full ignora
+l'adapter Omics riconosciuto e non lo istanzia. Un locale ben formato per cui non
+esiste ancora un catalogo usa l'inglese nell'interfaccia.
+
+`defaultLocale` è il valore iniziale, non un vincolo che annulla ogni scelta
+dell'utente. Full ricorda lingua e tema nel browser; embedded segue soltanto
+Omics. Le preferenze non modificano il descrittore installato.
+
+## Applicare una modifica all'installazione
+
+Aggiornare prima il binario nativo `tht`: le versioni precedenti rifiutano la
+sezione `shell`. Modificare poi il descrittore e generare le proiezioni:
+
+```bash
+tht --installation /percorso/assoluto/thothii-installation.yaml installation generate
+```
+
+Il comando non avvia né arresta servizi. Genera anche
+`generated/frontend/config.js`, che contiene configurazione pubblica, e il
+relativo mount Compose. Non modificare a mano i file generati. `tht start`
+rigenera le proiezioni nel normale percorso di avvio.
+
+Applicare il normale processo di aggiornamento dei container dell'installazione.
+Se si usa un launcher Compose personalizzato, deve includere la proiezione
+Compose generata e ricreare il frontend quando cambia la configurazione. Il
+fingerprint della configurazione pubblica permette a Compose di rilevare il cambio.
+La stessa immagine frontend supporta entrambe le modalità.
+
+Controllare il `config.js` effettivamente servito, che non deve essere memorizzato
+in cache. In full la route API ordinaria è `/api`; Omics imposta nel template il
+prefisso same-origin `/datamart-builder/api`, mantenendo le altre impostazioni.
+
+## Accesso in parole semplici
+
+In Omics l'utente effettua l'accesso al portale come oggi. Quando sceglie
+Datamart Builder, il server controlla che possa usarlo e comunica a ThothII chi è.
+ThothII apre l'applicazione per quella persona: non presenta un altro login e non
+crea una seconda sessione browser. Le password non vengono trasmesse a ThothII.
+Il nome e il comando Esci rimangono nell'header del portale.
+
+Sul Mac full, ThothII presenta il proprio login locale. Dopo l'accesso mostra il
+nome nell'header; il menu del nome contiene il logout. Riutilizza gli utenti e
+la configurazione di accesso dell'installazione. Full supporta anche un'eventuale
+autenticazione OIDC configurata; il suo logout termina la sessione ThothII, non
+promette di disconnettere l'utente da tutti gli altri servizi OIDC.
+
+I controlli server restano autorevoli. Un errore su una singola operazione non
+deve cancellare automaticamente l'accesso all'intera applicazione. Un rifiuto
+della verifica dell'utente chiude invece lo stato protetto. L'accesso viene
+ricontrollato anche al ritorno alla pagina e quando il collegamento eventi deve
+riconnettersi. Questo non equivale a una revoca istantanea di ogni connessione
+già aperta in altre schede.
+
+## Contratto server Omics
+
+Il percorso corrente usa il controllo Django della capability
+`datamart_builder.access`, la subrequest nginx `auth_request` e gli header
+normalizzati `X-Thoth-Principal-Issuer`, `X-Thoth-Principal-Subject`,
+`X-Thoth-Principal-Display-Name` e `X-Thoth-Is-Admin`. Il browser non può
+scegliere queste identità: il proxy ricava gli header dal controllo server e
+sostituisce quelli eventualmente forniti dal client.
+
+Mantenere il backend configurato per l'autenticazione upstream e i suoi controlli
+di autorizzazione. Non esporre un percorso alternativo che permetta al browser
+di raggiungerlo aggirando quel controllo. Non introdurre token nel documento,
+negli eventi UI o nella configurazione pubblica.
+
+## Come funziona l'adapter
+
+`OmicsPortalAdapter` è il solo modulo frontend che conosce il documento Omics.
+Legge il `data-lang` del selettore lingua, osserva `data-bs-theme` e ascolta lo
+stato fullscreen del documento. Fornisce snapshot `{ locale, theme, fullscreen }`
+al controller di shell. Non invia comandi al portale e non usa un handshake.
+
+La pagina Omics deve continuare a esporre il selettore
+`select.omics-language-select` con la lingua renderizzata nel suo `data-lang`, e
+il tema light/dark nell'attributo di `html`. Il selettore lingua usa il normale
+form Django; non occorre convertirlo in una richiesta asincrona.
+
+Per un altro portale, implementare la stessa sottoscrizione e selezionare il
+nuovo adapter nel punto di composizione. Le pagine, l'i18n e il workflow non
+devono acquisire riferimenti al nuovo portale. Sul lato server, il nuovo
+contenitore deve anche fornire un'identità verificata conforme al contratto
+upstream. Cambiare una classe JavaScript non sostituisce quel requisito.
+
+## Lingue e sessioni
+
+Ci sono tre scelte distinte:
+
+| Scelta | Dove viene conservata | Cosa influenza |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Lingua UI | preferenza full o stato Omics | label, form, messaggi e controlli |
+| Lingua di interazione | `interaction_language` nel manifest | nuove domande, spiegazioni e scelte del modello |
+| Lingua workspace | configurazione del workspace | documenti, descrizioni e contenuti di dominio |
+
+La creazione web acquisisce la lingua UI prima delle operazioni asincrone e la
+invia come `interactionLanguage`. Un cambio successivo non modifica quella
+richiesta. La ripresa legge il manifest e non usa il locale del browser come
+override. SQL, identificatori, valori e citazioni dei contenuti rimangono invariati.
+
+Per sessioni precedenti senza `interaction_language`, la prima ripresa fissa la
+lingua del workspace in modo idempotente. Se il workspace era stato modificato
+nel frattempo, non esiste una registrazione da cui ricostruire con certezza la
+vecchia lingua: il criterio di compatibilità è quella disponibile alla ripresa.
+
+Il cambio lingua di Omics ricarica la pagina. ThothII ricorda soltanto l'identificatore
+della sessione per utente e pagina, senza salvare una trascrizione nel browser.
+Il recupero riapre il pannello dei documenti; la ripresa operativa è esplicita e
+non avvia una generazione soltanto perché la pagina è stata ricaricata. Le bozze
+non inviate e le modifiche amministrative richiedono protezione dalla navigazione.
+
+## Aggiungere e verificare traduzioni
+
+I messaggi inglesi fungono da identificatori gettext-style e fallback. I
+cataloghi italiani sono divisi per area per agevolarne la manutenzione. Usare
+`useI18n()` nei componenti e interpolazioni nominate, evitando concatenazioni
+che rendano impossibile cambiare l'ordine delle parole. Non chiamare il traduttore
+su SQL, testi del modello o descrizioni del workspace.
+
+Per una nuova lingua aggiungere il catalogo, registrarlo nel risolutore e renderlo
+disponibile nel selettore full. Il portale deve fornire il relativo locale. La
+lingua delle sessioni è già esplicita e non richiede una nuova struttura del manifest.
+Le traduzioni dei controlli della griglia provengono dal catalogo ufficiale della
+stessa versione di AG Grid.
+
+```bash
+cd frontend
+npm run check:i18n
+npx tsc -b
+npx vitest run
+```
+
+Il controllo dei cataloghi segnala messaggi statici mancanti, interpolazioni
+incompatibili e traduzioni discordanti. Non può provare da solo la copertura di
+tutti i messaggi dinamici: completarlo con i test delle pagine e la verifica visiva.
+
+La build verifica anche il CSS effettivamente generato: il reset Tailwind viene
+limitato al mount React e ai suoi popup con selettori ordinari, senza richiedere
+supporto browser a `@scope`. Mantenere letterali le classi dei due modi della shell
+per conservarle durante la rimozione del CSS inutilizzato. Le griglie usano il tema
+CSS esistente con i token light/dark; non mescolarlo con la nuova Theming API di AG Grid.
+
+## Verifica prima del deploy server
+
+Provare l'apertura dal menu Omics con un utente autorizzato e uno senza accesso;
+verificare assenza di un secondo login e di header ThothII, italiano/inglese già
+selezionati prima dell'apertura, tema, fullscreen e uscita con Esc. Ripetere con
+un menu o un form aperto, una bozza non inviata e una sessione esistente.
+
+Verificare perdita dell'accesso, ritorno alla scheda e riconnessione degli eventi;
+distinguere questi casi dal rifiuto di una sola operazione. Controllare che una
+ripresa conservi la lingua salvata e che il reload non avvii una nuova generazione.
+Eseguire i test Omics nel suo ambiente Docker e includere gli aggiornamenti
+dei template, degli asset e dei cataloghi Django nel suo normale rebuild.
+
+La verifica del codice e i test locali non costituiscono un deploy sul server
+di produzione. Usare il normale processo di rilascio per applicare entrambe le
+revisioni e annotare immagini, descrittore e revisioni realmente installate.
diff --git a/docs/plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-and-portal-integration.md b/docs/plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-and-portal-integration.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97730aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-and-portal-integration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# Piano — Full shell e integrazione con il portale
+
+Stato: implementazione completata e installata sul Mac; deploy server non eseguito.
+
+Esiti e limiti del collaudo: [rapporto di verifica](../reports/2026-09-13-full-shell-implementation.md).
+
+Specifica consolidata: [Full shell, integrazione Omics e interfaccia bilingue](2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md),
+pubblicata come [specifica su Gitea](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/32).
+Ticket approvati: [Full sul Mac](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/33),
+[Embedded Omics](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/34),
+[Sessioni bilingui](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/35),
+[Traduzione completa](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/36),
+[Consegna verificata](https://git.tylconsulting.it/mptyl/ThothII/issues/37).
+Le dipendenze sono registrate anche nativamente sul tracker.
+
+## Obiettivo
+
+Aggiungere una shell autonoma `full` mantenendo compatibile l'integrazione corrente `embedded`
+con Omics Portal. La complessità del portale deve restare confinata a un `PortalAdapter`.
+
+## Regole definitive
+
+- `embedded` è il default e non renderizza alcun header ThothII.
+- La configurazione installata su questo Mac imposta `shell.mode: full` e
+  `shell.defaultLocale: en`.
+- Il deploy server imposta `shell.mode: embedded` e `shell.adapter: omics-portal`.
+- `full` renderizza header, rail sinistro vuoto di almeno 20 px e logout locale.
+- Fullscreen è uno stato separato dalla shell: il pulsante entra/esce dalla Fullscreen API e
+  l'icona riflette anche l'uscita con `Esc`.
+- Full include lingua, tema `light/dark`, fullscreen e nome utente; non include la rotellina
+  amministrativa.
+- Embedded riceve dal portale solo `locale`, `theme` e `fullscreen`; il server verifica l'accesso.
+- Login e logout embedded restano responsabilità di Omics Portal.
+- La lingua UI è separata dalla lingua di interazione fissata nella sessione.
+
+## Sequenza di implementazione
+
+### 1. Configurazione e stato shell
+
+- Aggiungere `shell.mode`, `shell.defaultLocale` e `shell.adapter` al descrittore di
+  installazione, mantenendo `embedded` come default quando `shell` non è presente.
+- Proiettare nel runtime frontend solo configurazione non segreta.
+- Centralizzare lo stato shell in un controller; i componenti non devono leggere direttamente
+  il portale.
+
+### 2. Adapter e bridge Omics
+
+- Implementare `PortalAdapter` con la sola API `subscribe`.
+- Implementare `OmicsPortalAdapter` osservando il documento condiviso, secondo il contratto rivisto.
+- Leggere il locale dal selettore renderizzato da Django, osservare il tema e ascoltare il fullscreen.
+- Conservare il cambio lingua tramite reload Omics e il percorso server di autenticazione esistente.
+- Validare snapshot e cleanup; in caso di errore mostrare un messaggio di integrazione in
+  embedded, senza fallback a controlli locali.
+
+### 3. i18n e lingua del modello
+
+- Introdurre cataloghi UI estendibili, inizialmente `it` e `en`, con fallback inglese.
+- Usare il locale corrente per le nuove sessioni.
+- Persistire nel manifest la lingua di interazione e usarla per domande, spiegazioni e scelte
+  del revisore; una ripresa conserva quella lingua.
+- Non tradurre SQL, identificatori o contenuti del workspace.
+
+### 4. Shell full
+
+- Renderizzare header solo in `full`.
+- Collegare selettore lingua, tema, fullscreen, nome utente e logout alle funzioni già esistenti
+  o equivalenti del frontend/backend.
+- Implementare il cambio icona e la sincronizzazione con `fullscreenchange`.
+- Applicare il rail sinistro vuoto con larghezza base semplice e non inferiore a 20 px.
+
+### 5. Verifica
+
+- Unit test per validazione adapter, cambio stato, fallback locale e regole di sessione.
+- Test frontend per entrambe le shell, logout full e fullscreen con `Esc`.
+- Test backend per il passaggio della lingua nelle nuove sessioni e la conservazione in resume.
+- Test di integrazione Omics per preferenze iniziali, tema, fullscreen, locale dopo reload e accesso.
+- Build frontend/backend, suite harness e build documentale.
+
+## Fuori ambito
+
+- Cambiare il proxy/authentication chain già operativo.
+- Passare a iframe o introdurre `postMessage`.
+- Trasferire token o oggetti utente nel browser bridge.
+- Aggiungere una shell `system` per il tema o un terzo tema.
+- Implementare un adapter per un secondo portale: deve solo essere possibile sostituire quello
+  Omics tramite la stessa interfaccia.
+
+## Gate di approvazione
+
+L'implementazione è approvabile quando il codice rispetta il [contratto v1](../contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md),
+la modalità embedded non mostra header proprio e la modalità full non dipende da Omics Portal.
diff --git a/docs/plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md b/docs/plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md
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+# Full shell, integrazione Omics e interfaccia bilingue
+
+## Problem Statement
+
+ThothII è utilizzabile nel contenitore di Omics Portal, ma quando viene avviato
+autonomamente deve offrire i comandi generali che oggi appartengono al portale.
+Gli utenti devono poter scegliere italiano o inglese per l'interfaccia e per le
+nuove conversazioni con il modello, senza modificare la lingua dei contenuti del
+workspace. L'integrazione server deve conservare l'accesso già effettuato in Omics.
+
+## Solution
+
+Due modalità di installazione: Full Thoth Shell con header autonomo e Embedded
+Thoth Shell pilotata dall'header del portale. Sul Mac si installa full con inglese
+predefinito. Un Portal Shell Adapter sostituibile concentra le conoscenze Omics;
+l'autenticazione utilizza i percorsi già esistenti. La lingua di interazione
+rimane fissata per tutta la durata di una sessione, comprese le riprese.
+
+## User Stories
+
+1. As an operatore, I want scegliere full o embedded durante l'installazione, so that il contenitore corrisponda al luogo di utilizzo.
+2. As an operatore Mac, I want full con inglese predefinito, so that l'applicazione sia autonoma appena aperta.
+3. As an operatore di un'installazione precedente, I want mantenere embedded senza aggiungere configurazioni obbligatorie, so that un aggiornamento non interrompa l'integrazione Omics.
+4. As an utente full, I want un header con lingua, tema, fullscreen e nome utente, so that i comandi generali siano sempre raggiungibili.
+5. As an utente full, I want una fascia sinistra vuota di almeno 20 px bilanciata con lo spazio destro, so that il contenuto abbia margini coerenti.
+6. As an utente full, I want nessuna rotellina amministrativa del portale, so that il contenitore mostri solo i comandi richiesti.
+7. As an utente full, I want aprire il logout dal nome utente, so that possa terminare il mio accesso.
+8. As an utente locale, I want usare le credenziali ThothII esistenti, so that non debba configurare Omics.
+9. As an utente full con OIDC, I want terminare la sessione ThothII, so that il logout non sia limitato al login locale.
+10. As an utente Omics, I want aprire Datamart Builder già autenticato, so that non debba effettuare un secondo accesso.
+11. As an utente embedded, I want un solo header fornito da Omics, so that non compaiano comandi duplicati.
+12. As an utente embedded, I want che login e logout siano gestiti dal portale, so that l'accesso sia coerente con le altre pagine.
+13. As an utente embedded, I want che ThothII recepisca le preferenze già impostate prima dell'apertura, so that lingua e tema siano subito corretti.
+14. As an utente, I want scegliere light o dark, so that la leggibilità corrisponda alle condizioni ambientali.
+15. As an utente, I want leggere form, menu, errori e finestre anche in dark, so that il tema sia completo.
+16. As an utente full, I want entrare in fullscreen del browser, so that il browser lasci spazio all'applicazione.
+17. As an utente, I want vedere l'icona di uscita quando il fullscreen è attivo e l'icona iniziale dopo Esc, so that il comando rappresenti lo stato effettivo.
+18. As an utente, I want un messaggio comprensibile se il browser rifiuta il fullscreen, so that il controllo non mostri uno stato inesistente.
+19. As an utente, I want tutte le label e i testi non generati dal modello in italiano o inglese, so that possa usare l'applicazione nella lingua scelta.
+20. As an utente assistito da lettore di schermo, I want nomi accessibili e messaggi tradotti, so that i controlli siano utilizzabili quanto quelli visivi.
+21. As an utente embedded, I want il cambio lingua segua il normale ricaricamento Omics, so that tutta la pagina condivida la lingua.
+22. As an revisore, I want ritrovare la sessione dopo quel ricaricamento e proteggere le modifiche non salvate, so that non perda il lavoro.
+23. As an revisore, I want le nuove domande e scelte del modello nella lingua UI selezionata, so that l'interazione sia comprensibile.
+24. As an revisore, I want riprendere una sessione nella sua lingua originale, so that le preferenze del nuovo browser non cambino il workflow.
+25. As an revisore di sessioni precedenti, I want una regola stabile per i manifest privi della lingua di interazione, so that le riprese restino prevedibili.
+26. As an responsabile dei dati, I want conservare lingua e contenuto di workspace, SQL, identificatori e valori, so that una preferenza UI non alteri i dati.
+27. As an manutentore, I want aggiungere cataloghi per altre lingue con fallback inglese, so that l'i18n sia estendibile.
+28. As an integratore, I want sostituire OmicsPortalAdapter con un altro adapter della stessa interfaccia, so that un nuovo portale non richieda modifiche alle pagine o al workflow.
+29. As an utente il cui accesso scade, I want che lo stato protetto venga chiuso e il rientro segua il contenitore, so that non compaia un login ThothII in embedded.
+30. As an operatore, I want documentazione accurata di configurazione, autenticazione, adapter, migrazione e verifiche, so that il deploy server sia ripetibile.
+
+## Implementation Decisions
+
+- La configurazione installata distingue topologia, autenticazione e shell. Shell omessa significa embedded con adapter Omics predefinito; adapter sconosciuti sono errori espliciti. Full non istanzia adapter.
+- La configurazione frontend pubblica contiene soltanto dati non segreti e usa il meccanismo runtime esistente, compreso il prefisso API necessario al montaggio Omics.
+- Un controller di shell espone preferenze e stato; i componenti non accedono direttamente al portale.
+- L'interfaccia PortalAdapter offre una sottoscrizione con snapshot iniziale, aggiornamenti, errori e disiscrizione. Lo snapshot contiene locale, tema light/dark e fullscreen.
+- L'implementazione Omics legge la lingua effettivamente renderizzata dal selettore, osserva il tema sul documento e ascolta il fullscreen del browser. Non introduce handshake, eventi personalizzati o polling per le preferenze. Il contratto DOM è privato dell'adapter.
+- Il montaggio resta nello stesso documento. Nessun header o comando locale di autenticazione/presentazione viene introdotto in embedded.
+- Il server resta autorevole per identità e autorizzazioni. Il bridge UI non trasmette token, utente o flag authenticated. La catena di identità fidata esistente viene conservata.
+- I rifiuti di accesso all'applicazione devono essere distinti dai 403 relativi a una singola operazione. Ricontrollare l'accesso alla riconnessione e al ritorno alla pagina; non promettere revoca istantanea di altre schede tramite il solo proxy.
+- Full riutilizza login e logout esistenti, preserva le protezioni dalle modifiche non salvate e abilita il logout anche per sessioni ThothII OIDC. Il logout globale dall'identity provider non è implicito.
+- Fullscreen è indipendente dalla modalità full. L'icona segue lo stato effettivo e le richieste rifiutate sono gestite. I token dark esistenti vengono completati, con verifica dei contenuti sovrapposti e dell'isolamento degli stili embedded.
+- L'i18n utilizza cataloghi estendibili EN/IT con fallback inglese, comprese label, aiuti, placeholder, accessibilità, errori e widget deterministici. I payload tecnici restano stabili.
+- La lingua di interazione viene scelta dal locale UI risolto, salvata nel manifest e propagata al contesto del modello. Resume non accetta override dal browser.
+- Le sessioni precedenti prive del campo usano la lingua del workspace come compatibilità; il valore viene fissato alla prima ripresa mediante aggiornamento idempotente. Non si pretende di ricostruire una lingua storica non registrata.
+- Il cambio lingua Omics mantiene la navigazione Django. La selezione della sessione deve sopravvivere alla navigazione; le modifiche non salvate devono essere protette, senza avviare una nuova generazione implicitamente.
+
+## Testing Decisions
+
+I punti di verifica erano già approvati nel piano: comportamento della shell e
+dell'accesso dall'interfaccia, contratto pubblico dell'adapter, creazione/ripresa
+tramite API e CLI del workflow, configurazione d'installazione e integrazione
+Omics. Non si richiede una nuova approvazione degli stessi punti.
+
+- Test comportamentali: stato osservabile, testo e controlli accessibili, permessi e lingua persistita; evitare metodi privati o asserzioni sull'organizzazione interna.
+- Riutilizzare i test AuthGate/AppShell con API simulate al confine HTTP, quelli delle route sessioni e quelli pubblici del repository/CLI del workflow.
+- Verificare adapter con un documento equivalente al template reale, preferenze iniziali, aggiornamenti e cleanup; includere montaggio ripetuto.
+- Verificare nuova sessione, resume con lingua UI diversa, manifest precedente e input locale invalido; il contesto fornito al modello deve contenere la lingua persistita.
+- Verificare fullscreen con ingresso, uscita, Esc e rifiuto; entrambe le modalità con dark, form e menu aperti.
+- Verificare accesso embedded senza secondo login, scadenza/403, riconnessione degli eventi e ritorno a una scheda; verificare logout full e protezione dei dati di un utente precedente.
+- Typecheck e test mirati durante lo sviluppo; suite complete alla fine, build documentale e prova browser proporzionata. Non usare chiamate reali al modello per i test deterministici.
+
+## Out of Scope
+
+- Deploy sul server di produzione o modifica delle credenziali.
+- Seconda implementazione per un portale futuro, iframe e protocollo postMessage.
+- Nuovo sistema di autenticazione, propagazione di token nel browser o logout globale OIDC.
+- Tema system, ingresso automatico in fullscreen, rotellina amministrativa nell'header full.
+- Traduzione di SQL, dati, identificatori o contenuti del workspace; traduzione a posteriori delle decisioni generate dal modello.
+- Persistenza di una trascrizione integrale delle conversazioni.
+
+## Further Notes
+
+La revisione della semplificazione del 2026-09-13 è stata approvata dall'utente e
+prevale sui dettagli superati del primo contratto a eventi. La specifica consolida
+le decisioni senza riaprire l'intervista. Le modifiche vengono revisionate sui due
+assi Standards/Spec e committate sul branch corrente, preservando i cambiamenti
+preesistenti estranei a questa funzionalità.
diff --git a/docs/reports/2026-09-13-full-shell-implementation.md b/docs/reports/2026-09-13-full-shell-implementation.md
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+# Full shell, Omics e interfaccia bilingue — verifica
+
+Data: 2026-09-13. Specifica: [Full shell, integrazione Omics e interfaccia bilingue](../plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md).
+I cinque ticket e le loro dipendenze sono elencati nel [piano](../plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-and-portal-integration.md).
+
+## Risultato
+
+- Configurazione pubblica generata dal descrittore installato; full ed embedded
+  usano la stessa immagine frontend. Sul Mac: `full`, locale iniziale `en`.
+- Header full con lingua, tema, fullscreen reale e menu utente/logout; rail sinistro
+  vuoto di almeno 20 px. Nessuna rotellina amministrativa.
+- Embedded senza header locale; `OmicsPortalAdapter` incapsula l'osservazione del
+  portale. Identità e autorizzazioni rimangono verificate dal server.
+- Cataloghi EN/IT, traduzioni dei controlli delle griglie, grafici e SQL adattati
+  al tema. I contenuti di dominio rimangono invariati.
+- `interaction_language` fissata nel manifest: cattura alla creazione, mantenimento
+  alla ripresa e assegnazione atomica del valore workspace per sessioni precedenti.
+- Continuità della selezione al reload, nessuna ripresa automatica del modello e
+  protezione delle bozze non inviate.
+
+La [guida operativa](../operations/shell-and-localization.md) descrive configurazione,
+accesso, estensione ad altri portali/lingue e checklist di deploy.
+
+## Verifiche automatiche
+
+| Livello | Esito |
+| --- | --- |
+| CLI nativa Go | `go test ./...`: 21 package verificati |
+| Harness Python | 1290 passati, 1 saltato, 6 L2 esclusi |
+| Gate Pi JavaScript | 205 passati |
+| Frontend | suite completa: 755 passati in 90 file; regressione CSS prebuild superata |
+| Backend | suite completa Node 24: 1397 passati, 40 saltati |
+| Omics Docker isolato | 15 test Django/integrazione passati; controlli JavaScript del browser inclusi |
+| Cataloghi | 1666 messaggi italiani, 1701 riferimenti statici; conflitti e interpolazioni verificati |
+| Build | frontend, backend/typecheck e documentazione MkDocs strict verificati; regressione CSS eseguita automaticamente prima della build frontend |
+
+La suite backend richiede Node 24. Sul Mac il percorso Homebrew `node@24`
+risolveva a Node 25; è stato usato esplicitamente Node 24.16.0 già presente in NVM,
+senza modificare il runtime globale. Un test preesistente sul timeout di arresto
+di un processo è fallito sotto carico parallelo ed è passato isolatamente;
+la verifica finale usa un solo worker.
+
+I test coprono comportamenti pubblici e confini approvati: manifest filesystem e
+PostgreSQL, CLI, Fastify, processo Pi simulato, stream SSE, shell e widget React,
+template/autorizzazione Omics. Non è stata avviata una nuova generazione L2 contro
+il modello remoto o il DWH operativo. Il controllo statico dei cataloghi non è
+una prova di traduzione di ogni possibile messaggio diagnostico esterno.
+
+## Standards
+
+Revisione indipendente rispetto al punto iniziale ThothII
+`2d1b714ebe31419d712e9c3324a5e171d5f0317d` e Omics `aff7581`.
+Due violazioni concrete del contratto: bozze dei gate non protette dal reload e
+selezione di sessioni altrui persa per gli amministratori. Entrambe corrette e
+riesaminate dal revisore indipendente. La protezione resta attiva anche durante
+un invio e dopo un errore HTTP, fino all'accettazione e allo smontaggio del widget.
+Nessun ulteriore rilievo concreto sul codice Omics o sulle euristiche di manutenibilità.
+Esito finale del revisore: approvato, zero rilievi aperti.
+
+## Spec
+
+Quattro rilievi: i due precedenti, più verifica dell'identità mancante dopo una
+riconnessione SSE riuscita ed errori deterministici dello stream non tradotti.
+Le correzioni includono test di regressione e sono state riesaminate dal revisore
+indipendente. Sono tradotti anche gli errori sanitizzati di avvio e le notifiche
+deterministiche dei gate già localizzate nella lingua fissata della sessione.
+Esito finale del revisore: tutti e quattro i rilievi chiusi, nessun nuovo rilievo
+o ampliamento ingiustificato dell'ambito.
+
+Riepilogo iniziale: Standards 2 rilievi P2; Spec 4 rilievi P2. Gli assi restano
+separati; i rilievi comuni non rappresentano ulteriori difetti distinti.
+Riepilogo finale: Standards 0 aperti; Spec 0 aperti.
+
+## Collaudo visivo
+
+Il collaudo con l'account locale autenticato ha trovato tre difetti non visibili
+nei test DOM dei componenti:
+
+1. Il contenitore CSS `@scope` includeva l'intero livello base Tailwind e nel browser
+   integrato non applicava i token. Il CSS era servito con HTTP 200, ma il font
+   effettivo era Times e `--background` risultava vuoto. L'isolamento del reset
+   è ora compilato in selettori ordinari, senza modificare gli stili del portale.
+   Il browser applica Manrope e i token light/dark corretti. Revisione indipendente
+   del CSS compilato: nessuna perdita di isolamento individuata.
+2. La classe full costruita per interpolazione faceva eliminare il token del
+   margine dalla build Tailwind. Nomi di classe letterali e una regressione sulla
+   presenza di `--thot-shell-gutter` rendono il requisito verificabile nella build.
+3. Le griglie amministrative caricavano il tema CSS preesistente insieme al nuovo
+   tema automatico della libreria. Griglie amministrative e anteprime ora usano
+   un solo sistema CSS con i token della shell, eliminando il conflitto. I token
+   vengono applicati anche ai contenitori di tema interni creati da AG Grid,
+   che altrimenti sovrascriverebbero i colori ereditati.
+
+Questi controlli sono stati eseguiti prima del commit di consegna. Il nuovo test
+`scripts/scoped-base.test.mjs` viene eseguito dal comando `prebuild` anche in Docker.
+Le prove di lingua/tema non hanno modificato dati del catalogo o avviato sessioni.
+
+## Installazione locale e recupero
+
+Il binario nativo aggiornato è installato in `/usr/local/bin/tht`.
+Il descrittore locale, non versionato, è
+`deploy/psd/thothii-installation.yaml`; `installation generate` ha prodotto:
+
+```javascript
+window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = {"backendBaseUrl":"/api","shell":{"mode":"full","defaultLocale":"en"}};
+```
+
+Il progetto Docker locale è `thothii-18998cca7b0a`; l'aggiornamento riguarda soltanto
+core/frontend. Database, Qdrant, embedding e volumi persistenti restano invariati.
+Le immagini precedenti sono conservate come
+`thothii-core:before-full-shell-20260913` e
+`thothii-frontend:before-full-shell-20260913`.
+Binario e descrittore precedenti sono in `/private/tmp/thothii-shell-install.8idNoC`
+(copia temporanea locale, non backup permanente).
+
+Il sorgente Omics aggiornato è registrato nel commit locale `95154e1`.
+Nessun push o deploy sul server di produzione è stato eseguito. Il collaudo
+operativo sul server resta una fase del normale rilascio, seguendo la guida.
+
+Core/frontend locali aggiornati e healthy; `/api/health` restituisce 200,
+`/config.js` espone full/en e `/api/auth/config` conferma l'accesso locale.
+Con l'account locale autenticato sono stati controllati header, cambio EN/IT,
+light/dark, menu utente/logout, ingresso/uscita fullscreen tramite pulsante e
+margini effettivi di 24 px. I test automatici coprono logout e sincronizzazione
+con `fullscreenchange`, compreso il ritorno allo stato normale. L'uscita tramite
+tasto Esc nativo resta da provare in un browser desktop ordinario: il comando
+di tastiera automatizzato del browser integrato non l'ha riprodotta. Nessuna
+promessa di collaudo completo del browser del server è implicita in queste prove.
+Le preferenze locali sono state riportate a inglese e tema chiaro.
diff --git a/docs/reports/2026-09-13-shell-simplification-review.md b/docs/reports/2026-09-13-shell-simplification-review.md
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+# Revisione della semplificazione della shell
+
+Data: 2026-09-13. Oggetto: piano full/embedded, ADR 0021–0022 e contratto
+Portal Shell Adapter v1. Questa è una revisione con raccomandazioni: non modifica il
+codice applicativo né sostituisce automaticamente i contratti accettati.
+
+## Valutazione
+
+La separazione tra shell, autenticazione e lingua delle sessioni è corretta. La
+semplificazione precedente ha però mantenuto un protocollo di comunicazione non
+necessario per il montaggio corrente e ha lasciato ambigue alcune condizioni di
+compatibilità. Raccomando un adapter che osservi il documento già condiviso con
+Omics, riutilizzi l'autenticazione esistente e non imponga un nuovo bridge al portale.
+
+La revisione considera il sorgente locale di ThothII e Omics Portal al commit
+`aff7581`, già ottenuto con il pull richiesto. Non certifica quali immagini,
+configurazioni o modifiche siano attualmente attive sul server.
+
+## Problemi individuati e correzioni raccomandate
+
+### 1. Il cambio lingua senza ricaricamento non corrisponde a Omics
+
+In `templates/partials/topbar.html:74–87`, Omics usa il form Django `set_language`
+con `onchange="this.form.submit()"`. La lingua cambia attraverso una nuova pagina
+renderizzata dal server. Il criterio 2 del contratto v1 promette invece aggiornamenti
+senza ricaricamento per tutte le preferenze.
+
+Raccomandazione: rispettare il comportamento del portale. In full, lingua e tema
+cambiano immediatamente. In embedded, il tema cambia immediatamente e la lingua
+segue il normale ricaricamento Omics. Evitare di intercettare il form per cambiare
+solo ThothII: lascerebbe header, sidebar e testi Django nella lingua precedente.
+
+Il ricaricamento va verificato durante una sessione attiva e con modifiche non
+salvate: deve essere possibile ritrovare la sessione senza avviare una nuova
+generazione; eventuali bozze richiedono una protezione dalla navigazione. Lo stato
+persistito del workflow non equivale alla conservazione automatica della bozza UI
+o del flusso di messaggi in memoria. Questa verifica è necessaria anche mantenendo
+il protocollo a eventi del piano precedente.
+
+### 2. Un protocollo ready/state non è necessario nello stesso documento
+
+`templates/kokoro/datamart_builder.html` monta React in `#root`, nello stesso
+documento dell'header. L'adapter può ottenere direttamente:
+
+- lingua effettivamente renderizzata: `data-lang` del selettore
+  `.omics-language-select`;
+- tema: attributo `data-bs-theme` sull'elemento `html`;
+- fullscreen: stato del documento e relativo evento del browser.
+
+Un'osservazione limitata all'attributo del tema e un listener del fullscreen
+coprono gli aggiornamenti attuali. La lingua viene riletta quando Django restituisce
+la pagina. Questi selettori e dettagli devono comparire soltanto dentro
+`OmicsPortalAdapter`, con test basati sul template reale.
+
+Attenzione: `templates/base.html:3` contiene oggi `lang="en"` fisso; quell'attributo
+non è una fonte attendibile per la lingua Omics. Se in futuro il portale espone la
+lingua su un attributo dedicato del punto di montaggio, si modifica soltanto l'adapter.
+
+La proposta elimina due eventi personalizzati, la versione del protocollo, il
+timeout di avvio e il rischio che il messaggio iniziale parta prima del listener.
+L'osservazione va installata prima di consegnare lo snapshot iniziale; la funzione
+di disiscrizione rimuove tutte le risorse. L'assenza dei dati Omics attesi produce
+un errore di integrazione comprensibile, senza attivare la shell full.
+
+Il costo accettato è una dipendenza esplicita dal piccolo contratto DOM Omics,
+confinata nell'adapter. Un secondo portale potrà fornire gli stessi dati usando
+un'altra implementazione, anche con un diverso trasporto. Non occorre costruirla ora.
+
+### 3. `authenticated` duplica uno stato che il server già verifica
+
+`kokoro/datamart_catalog_views.py:49` e `nginx/nginx.conf:69` verificano l'accesso
+Omics e trasmettono al backend identità e autorizzazioni normalizzate. ThothII
+ottiene già l'utente tramite `/me`. Non serve un ulteriore login né un flag nel
+documento che dichiari l'utente autenticato.
+
+Il logout Omics attuale è una navigazione (`topbar.html:118`), non un evento di
+revoca. Un click sul link non prova che il logout sia stato completato; inoltre,
+un flag inviato una volta non rileva la scadenza della sessione o un logout in
+un'altra scheda.
+
+Raccomandazione: togliere `authenticated` dallo snapshot visivo. La verifica
+dell'accesso rimane nel percorso di autenticazione esistente. In embedded,
+perdita dell'accesso significa chiudere i dati protetti e demandare il rientro
+al portale, senza mostrare il form di login ThothII.
+
+Serve verificare la gestione dei rifiuti Omics: l'endpoint di autorizzazione
+restituisce attualmente 403 anche quando l'accesso non è disponibile, mentre
+`frontend/src/api/client.ts` pulisce automaticamente lo stato su 401. Un 403
+ordinario può anche significare che manca il permesso per una sola operazione;
+non va trasformato indiscriminatamente in logout. La verifica `/me` deve
+distinguere la perdita di accesso all'applicazione dal rifiuto di una sua funzione.
+
+`frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.ts` esegue già un controllo di autenticazione
+quando il collegamento eventi fallisce: riutilizzare quel percorso. Non promettere
+revoca istantanea di una connessione già aperta in un'altra scheda sulla sola base
+di `auth_request` o di un evento nella pagina corrente. Il contratto deve dichiarare
+quando l'accesso viene ricontrollato e verificare anche il ritorno a una scheda
+rimasta aperta.
+
+In full sul Mac resta il login locale esistente. Il logout backend esiste già
+(`backend/src/auth/routes.ts:355`): il lavoro riguarda il collegamento all'header
+e la pulizia della UI. Per installazioni full con OIDC va consentito anche quel
+logout; oggi `AuthGate` lo espone soltanto per `mode === "local"`. La revoca della
+sessione ThothII non va descritta come logout globale dal fornitore d'identità.
+
+### 4. Il default embedded contraddice l'adapter obbligatorio
+
+Il piano dichiara compatibilità con descrittori senza `shell`, ma il contratto
+richiede `adapter` in embedded. Inoltre, pretendere un nuovo bridge renderebbe
+inutilizzabile la vecchia pagina Omics finché non fosse aggiornata.
+
+Raccomandazione: risolvere i valori in un unico punto di configurazione:
+
+- assenza di `shell`: embedded con adapter Omics predefinito;
+- embedded senza `adapter`: `omics-portal`;
+- full: nessun adapter istanziato;
+- nome adapter sconosciuto: errore esplicito di configurazione.
+
+L'adapter che legge lo stato già esistente rende questa compatibilità concreta.
+Sul Mac rimangono espliciti `mode: full` e `defaultLocale: en`. La proiezione
+pubblica può usare il `config.js` già presente; non serve un nuovo servizio di
+configurazione. Va verificato anche il prefisso API `/datamart-builder/api` nel
+montaggio Omics: il default frontend `/api` non basta a dimostrare che il deploy
+funzioni. Prima si aggiorna il lettore del descrittore, poi il file installato,
+poiché il lettore corrente rifiuta chiavi sconosciute.
+
+### 5. Fullscreen e dark mode hanno già elementi riutilizzabili
+
+ThothII possiede già token scuri in `frontend/src/index.css:67`, attivati anche da
+`data-bs-theme="dark"`. Il lavoro è completarne la copertura e verificare contrasto,
+form, menu e finestre, riutilizzando questi token.
+
+Omics cambia la classe `fullscreen-enable` al click (`static/js/app.js:702`)
+prima di conoscere il risultato. Il ramo di uscita usa metodi storici e non
+contiene `document.exitFullscreen()`. Non va copiato nella shell full: l'icona
+deve seguire lo stato effettivo, compresi Esc e richieste rifiutate. La correzione
+equivalente dell'header Omics appartiene al suo modulo UI, non a un secondo
+controllo fullscreen dentro ThothII embedded.
+
+La fascia vuota sinistra si realizza con una misura CSS condivisa, almeno 20 px,
+bilanciata con lo spazio destro. Non richiede un modulo di navigazione vuoto.
+Poiché il documento è condiviso, verificare anche che stili globali ThothII e
+contenuti sovrapposti non alterino header e sidebar del portale: il template Omics
+contiene già correzioni per reset CSS e altezza `100vh`.
+
+## Elementi da conservare
+
+La lingua dell'interfaccia, quella delle domande al revisore e quella dei contenuti
+del workspace hanno proprietari e durate diverse. Conservare la separazione di
+ADR 0022: semplificarla in un'unica preferenza globale introdurrebbe errori in
+ripresa e nei workspace italiani.
+
+Precisare tre regole d'implementazione:
+
+- una nuova sessione salva il locale UI effettivamente risolto, dopo il fallback
+  delle traduzioni;
+- una sessione esistente conserva la propria lingua anche se un altro revisore
+  usa un'interfaccia diversa;
+- per manifest precedenti senza campo lingua, usare la lingua del workspace come
+  criterio di compatibilità e fissarla alla prima ripresa con un aggiornamento
+  idempotente. Non dedurla dalla lingua del browser del nuovo revisore. La lingua
+  storica esatta non è ricostruibile se il workspace è stato cambiato nel frattempo.
+
+L'i18n resta il lavoro trasversale principale: include pagine amministrative,
+errori, accessibilità e testi deterministici dei widget, anche quelli costruiti
+fuori da React. Aggiungere soltanto i cataloghi dell'header non soddisfa la richiesta.
+Il modello deve ricevere la lingua dal manifest autorevole, senza tradurre a
+posteriori payload delle decisioni, SQL o contenuti del workspace.
+
+## Struttura raccomandata
+
+Un solo controller di shell alimenta l'interfaccia. In full gestisce preferenze
+locali e header; in embedded riceve `{ locale, theme, fullscreen }` da un
+`PortalAdapter.subscribe(...)`. I componenti applicativi usano quello stato e
+non conoscono Omics. Nessun registro dinamico di plugin, protocollo di comandi o
+controller separato per ciascun pulsante.
+
+L'autenticazione continua a usare il modulo esistente, con presentazione dell'accesso
+coerente con la shell. L'integrazione con un futuro portale richiede anche che il
+suo lato server soddisfi il contratto di identità verificata: sostituire una classe
+JavaScript non può da solo sostituire l'autenticazione server. Documentare insieme
+l'adapter UI e la configurazione server Omics, senza introdurre nuove dipendenze
+Omics nel workflow o nelle pagine ThothII.
+
+## Verifiche necessarie prima della consegna
+
+Verificare full sul Mac con default inglese, accesso/logout, tema e fullscreen;
+embedded sul template Omics, con preferenze già impostate prima del montaggio,
+cambio tema e lingua, Esc, assenza di header ThothII e descrittore precedente.
+Verificare nuova sessione, ripresa, manifest precedente, ricaricamento durante
+la revisione e perdita dell'accesso con collegamento eventi attivo.
+
+Sono verifiche del comportamento, non motivi per costruire un'infrastruttura
+generica. Questa revisione si basa sull'ispezione del sorgente; non sono stati
+eseguiti test runtime né modificati i due applicativi.
diff --git a/frontend/package-lock.json b/frontend/package-lock.json
index 11350db1..ea95bad0 100644
--- a/frontend/package-lock.json
+++ b/frontend/package-lock.json
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     "": {
       "name": "thothii-frontend",
       "dependencies": {
+        "@ag-grid-community/locale": "36.0.0",
         "@base-ui/react": "^1.6.0",
         "@fontsource-variable/geist": "^5.2.9",
         "@tanstack/react-query": "^5.59.0",
@@ -52,6 +53,12 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/@ag-grid-community/locale": {
+      "version": "36.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ag-grid-community/locale/-/locale-36.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zMgk4xrTvAHRVr9V1DHi4pEO56bdXxqDfTD6qZOebaP7pL9KZ4Pioc7HZu4dV3FHAYWct9seg6AsbP9rCiQIPQ==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/@alloc/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@alloc/quick-lru/-/quick-lru-5.2.0.tgz",
diff --git a/frontend/package.json b/frontend/package.json
index 76e3c892..e94c4bc7 100644
--- a/frontend/package.json
+++ b/frontend/package.json
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
+    "prebuild": "node --test scripts/scoped-base.test.mjs",
     "dev": "vite",
     "prototype:database-management": "vite --config vite.database-management-prototype.config.ts",
     "prototype:administration-pages": "vite --config vite.administration-pages-prototype.config.ts",
@@ -13,9 +14,11 @@
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "test": "vitest run",
     "test:watch": "vitest",
+    "check:i18n": "node scripts/check-i18n.mjs",
     "e2e": "playwright test"
   },
   "dependencies": {
+    "@ag-grid-community/locale": "36.0.0",
     "@base-ui/react": "^1.6.0",
     "@fontsource-variable/geist": "^5.2.9",
     "@tanstack/react-query": "^5.59.0",
diff --git a/frontend/postcss.config.js b/frontend/postcss.config.js
index 2aa7205d..e0c87e2a 100644
--- a/frontend/postcss.config.js
+++ b/frontend/postcss.config.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-export default {
-  plugins: {
-    tailwindcss: {},
-    autoprefixer: {},
-  },
-};
+import tailwindcss from "tailwindcss";
+import autoprefixer from "autoprefixer";
+import scopedBase from "./scripts/scoped-base.mjs";
+
+export default { plugins: [tailwindcss(), autoprefixer(), scopedBase()] };
diff --git a/frontend/scripts/check-i18n.mjs b/frontend/scripts/check-i18n.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ed2b585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/scripts/check-i18n.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+import ts from "typescript";
+
+const root = fileURLToPath(new URL("../src/", import.meta.url));
+const files = (directory) => fs.readdirSync(directory, { withFileTypes: true }).flatMap((entry) =>
+  entry.isDirectory() ? files(path.join(directory, entry.name)) : [path.join(directory, entry.name)],
+);
+const source = (file) => ts.createSourceFile(file, fs.readFileSync(file, "utf8"), ts.ScriptTarget.Latest, true, ts.ScriptKind.TSX);
+const catalog = new Map();
+const problems = [];
+const slots = (value) => [...value.matchAll(/\{([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\}/g)].map((match) => match[1]).sort().join(",");
+
+for (const file of files(path.join(root, "i18n/locales"))) {
+  if (!/it.*\.ts$/.test(file)) continue;
+  function visit(node) {
+    if (ts.isPropertyAssignment(node) && ts.isStringLiteral(node.name) && ts.isStringLiteral(node.initializer)) {
+      const key = node.name.text;
+      const value = node.initializer.text;
+      if (slots(key) !== slots(value)) problems.push(`${path.relative(root, file)}: interpolation mismatch for ${key}`);
+      // Shared gettext messages may appear in multiple feature catalogues.
+      // Their meaning and translation must agree regardless of merge order.
+      if (catalog.has(key) && catalog.get(key) !== value) problems.push(`${path.relative(root, file)}: conflicting translation for ${key}`);
+      catalog.set(key, value);
+    }
+    ts.forEachChild(node, visit);
+  }
+  visit(source(file));
+}
+
+let references = 0;
+for (const file of files(root)) {
+  if (!/\.tsx?$/.test(file) || /(?:\.test\.|\/test\/|\/i18n\/|prototype)/i.test(file)) continue;
+  const tree = source(file);
+  function visit(node) {
+    if (ts.isCallExpression(node) && /^(t|translate)$/.test(node.expression.getText(tree))) {
+      const arg = node.arguments[0];
+      if (arg && ts.isStringLiteral(arg)) {
+        references++;
+        if (!catalog.has(arg.text)) {
+          const line = tree.getLineAndCharacterOfPosition(arg.getStart(tree)).line + 1;
+          problems.push(`${path.relative(root, file)}:${line}: missing Italian message ${JSON.stringify(arg.text)}`);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ts.forEachChild(node, visit);
+  }
+  visit(tree);
+}
+
+console.log(`${catalog.size} Italian messages; ${references} static translation references checked.`);
+if (problems.length) {
+  console.error(problems.join("\n"));
+  process.exitCode = 1;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.mjs b/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46bb01b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import postcss from "postcss";
+
+const mount = ":where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal])";
+
+/** Compile our Tailwind base into ordinary selectors, without native @scope. */
+export default function scopedBase() {
+  return {
+    postcssPlugin: "thoth-scoped-base",
+    OnceExit(root) {
+      root.walkAtRules("thoth-base", boundary => {
+        boundary.walkRules(rule => {
+          // Keyframe selectors are animation offsets, not document selectors.
+          if (rule.parent.type === "atrule" && /keyframes$/.test(rule.parent.name)) return;
+          rule.selector = postcss.list.comma(rule.selector).map(selector => {
+            // Authored tokens already target the mount, including host dark ancestors.
+            if (selector.includes("#root") || selector.includes("[data-base-ui-portal]")) return selector;
+            if (["html", ":host", "body", ":root"].includes(selector)) return mount;
+            if (selector === "*") return `${mount}, ${mount} *`;
+            if (/^::?(?:before|after|backdrop)$/.test(selector)) return `${mount}${selector}, ${mount} ${selector}`;
+            return `${mount} ${selector}`;
+          }).join(", ");
+        });
+        boundary.replaceWith(...boundary.nodes);
+      });
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.test.mjs b/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06dce476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/scripts/scoped-base.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import test from "node:test";
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import postcss from "postcss";
+import tailwindcss from "tailwindcss";
+
+test("compiled application tokens are usable without native CSS scope support", async () => {
+  const source = await readFile(new URL("../src/index.css", import.meta.url), "utf8");
+  const config = (await import("../postcss.config.js")).default;
+  const plugins = Array.isArray(config.plugins) ? config.plugins : [tailwindcss()];
+  const result = await postcss(plugins).process(source, { from: "src/index.css" });
+  let tokens = 0;
+  result.root.walkDecls("--background", declaration => {
+    tokens++;
+    let parent = declaration.parent;
+    while (parent.type !== "root") {
+      assert.notEqual(parent.name, "scope", "native @scope hides the theme on unsupported browsers");
+      assert.notEqual(parent.name, "thoth-base", "the build must expand the scoped reset");
+      parent = parent.parent;
+    }
+  });
+  assert.ok(tokens >= 2, "light and dark root tokens must be emitted");
+  let gutter = false;
+  result.root.walkDecls("--thot-shell-gutter", () => { gutter = true; });
+  assert.ok(gutter, "full shell gutter must survive Tailwind content pruning");
+  let nestedGridTheme = false;
+  result.root.walkDecls("--ag-background-color", declaration => {
+    const selector = declaration.parent.selector;
+    if (selector.includes(".thot-database-grid") && selector.includes(".ag-theme-alpine")) nestedGridTheme = true;
+  });
+  assert.ok(nestedGridTheme, "AG Grid nested theme roots must receive shell colors directly");
+  result.root.walkDecls("box-sizing", declaration => {
+    assert.match(declaration.parent.selector, /#root|data-base-ui-portal/, "reset must not change the host portal");
+  });
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.test.tsx b/frontend/src/App.test.tsx
index 9cf308af..2ccbc0a8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.test.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { cleanup, render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { server } from "./test/msw";
 import { App } from "./App";
 
+beforeEach(() => { window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } }; });
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+  document.querySelector(".omics-language-select")?.remove();
+  document.documentElement.removeAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+});
+
 function registerAuthenticatedShell(mode: "local" | "upstream") {
   server.use(
     http.get("/api/auth/config", () => HttpResponse.json({
@@ -40,10 +48,17 @@ test("local authentication renders the standalone logout control", async () => {
 
   expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "New session" })).toBeInTheDocument();
   expect(screen.getByText("Portal user")).toBeInTheDocument();
-  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Log out" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  await userEvent.click(within(screen.getByRole("banner", { name: "Application header" })).getByRole("button", { name: "Portal user" }));
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("menuitem", { name: "Log out" })).toBeInTheDocument();
 });
 
 test("trusted upstream authentication keeps identity but omits ThothII logout", async () => {
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+  const select = document.createElement("select");
+  select.className = "omics-language-select";
+  select.dataset.lang = "en";
+  document.body.append(select);
+  document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "light");
   registerAuthenticatedShell("upstream");
 
   render(<App />);
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.tsx b/frontend/src/App.tsx
index 3ac9b56c..4126f202 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { queryClient } from "./app/queryClient";
 import { AuthGate } from "./auth/AuthGate";
+import { ShellProvider } from "./shell/host/ShellProvider";
 
 export function App() {
   return (
     <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
-      <AuthGate />
+      <ShellProvider><AuthGate /></ShellProvider>
     </QueryClientProvider>
   );
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.test.ts b/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.test.ts
index b646d6ef..4c5d31a8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.test.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 
-import { backendBaseUrl, joinBackendPath, resolveBackendUrl } from "./runtime-config";
+import { backendBaseUrl, joinBackendPath, resolveBackendUrl, resolveShellConfig, type RuntimeConfig } from "./runtime-config";
+
+describe("resolveShellConfig", () => {
+  it("preserves legacy embedded Omics configuration", () => {
+    expect(resolveShellConfig({})).toEqual({ mode: "embedded", defaultLocale: "en", adapter: "omics-portal" });
+    expect(resolveShellConfig({ shell: { mode: "embedded", defaultLocale: "it" } }).adapter).toBe("omics-portal");
+  });
+  it("full does not use an adapter", () => {
+    expect(resolveShellConfig({ shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en", adapter: "omics-portal" } })).toEqual({ mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" });
+  });
+  it.each([
+    { mode: "other", defaultLocale: "en" },
+    { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "" },
+    { mode: "embedded", defaultLocale: "en", adapter: "unknown" },
+  ])("rejects invalid shell configuration %j", shell => {
+    expect(() => resolveShellConfig({ shell } as RuntimeConfig)).toThrow();
+  });
+});
 
 describe("resolveBackendUrl", () => {
   it("uses same-origin /api by default", () => {
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.ts b/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.ts
index f4f95639..82fca678 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/runtime-config.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,29 @@
 export interface RuntimeConfig {
   backendBaseUrl?: string;
+  shell?: ShellConfig;
+}
+
+export interface ShellConfig {
+  mode: "full" | "embedded";
+  defaultLocale: string;
+  adapter?: "omics-portal";
+}
+
+export function resolveShellConfig(config: RuntimeConfig | undefined = window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__): ShellConfig {
+  const shell = config?.shell;
+  if (shell === undefined) return { mode: "embedded", defaultLocale: "en", adapter: "omics-portal" };
+  if (!shell || (shell.mode !== "full" && shell.mode !== "embedded")) {
+    throw new Error("Invalid shell mode. Use full or embedded.");
+  }
+  if (typeof shell.defaultLocale !== "string" || !shell.defaultLocale.trim()) {
+    throw new Error("A default interface language is required.");
+  }
+  if (shell.adapter !== undefined && shell.adapter !== "omics-portal") {
+    throw new Error("Unknown portal adapter. Check the installation configuration.");
+  }
+  return shell.mode === "full"
+    ? { mode: "full", defaultLocale: shell.defaultLocale }
+    : { ...shell, adapter: "omics-portal" };
 }
 
 declare global {
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/sessions.test.ts b/frontend/src/api/sessions.test.ts
index ff64fb09..ad5699ce 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/sessions.test.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/sessions.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,30 @@ import {
   deleteSession, getSessionDocuments,
 } from "./sessions";
 import { workspacePreferences } from "../workspaces/preferences";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => setLocale("en"));
+
+test("new sessions capture the selected interaction language before asynchronous preparation", async () => {
+  workspacePreferences.save({
+    workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
+  });
+  let body: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+  server.use(
+    http.get("/api/workspaces", () => HttpResponse.json([
+      workspaceSummaryFixture("psd-clinical", { revision: workspaceRevisionFixture("psd-clinical") }),
+    ])),
+    http.post("/api/sessions", async ({ request }) => {
+      body = await request.json() as Record<string, unknown>;
+      return HttpResponse.json({ id: "italian-session" });
+    }),
+  );
+  setLocale("it-IT");
+  const creation = createSession({ question: "Pazienti con fibrillazione" });
+  setLocale("en");
+  await creation;
+  expect(body?.interactionLanguage).toBe("it");
+});
 
 test("createSession seeds ephemeral selections and posts them", async () => {
   localStorage.clear();
@@ -33,6 +57,7 @@ test("createSession seeds ephemeral selections and posts them", async () => {
   expect(await createSession({ question: "q" })).toEqual({ id: "s1" });
   expect(body).toEqual({
     question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
+    interactionLanguage: "en",
   });
   expect(workspacePreferences.load()).toEqual({
     workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
@@ -138,6 +163,7 @@ test("createSession replaces a stale ephemeral workspace with the current instal
   expect(body).toEqual({
     question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical",
     provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
+    interactionLanguage: "en",
   });
   expect(workspacePreferences.load()).toEqual({
     workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
@@ -161,6 +187,7 @@ test("createSession preserves a local legacy selection when the registry is empt
   expect(body).toEqual({
     question: "q", workspaceId: "legacy-workspace",
     provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "low",
+    interactionLanguage: "en",
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/sessions.ts b/frontend/src/api/sessions.ts
index 03dfcfe5..9c9bb8b9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/sessions.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/sessions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { apiFetch } from "./client";
+import { getLocale } from "../i18n";
 import {
   captureAuthOperation,
   isAuthOperationCurrent,
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ async function ensureWorkspaceSelectionPolicy(precondition?: AuthOperationPrecon
 }
 
 export async function createSession(i: NewSessionInput, precondition?: AuthOperationPrecondition) {
+  const interactionLanguage = getLocale();
   const initiatingOperation = captureAuthOperation();
   const effectivePrecondition = precondition ?? (initiatingOperation ? {
     operation: initiatingOperation,
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ export async function createSession(i: NewSessionInput, precondition?: AuthOpera
   requireAuthOperationPrecondition(effectivePrecondition);
   return apiFetch<{ id: string }>("/sessions", {
     method: "POST",
-    body: JSON.stringify({ ...i, ...selection }),
+    body: JSON.stringify({ ...i, ...selection, interactionLanguage }),
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/api/types.ts b/frontend/src/api/types.ts
index cdc1eaf2..df4b742d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/api/types.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 export interface WidgetOption {
   id: string;
   label: string;
+  /** Present only for harness-authored deterministic chrome; model prose has no key. */
+  label_i18n?: string;
   detail?: string;
   rationale?: string;
   meta?: Record<string, unknown>;
diff --git a/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.test.tsx b/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.test.tsx
index 7e8cd05c..d5180dd2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { http, HttpResponse, delay } from "msw";
 import { beforeEach, afterEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ import { StrictMode } from "react";
 import { AuthGate } from "./AuthGate";
 import { clearAuthState, getAuthGeneration, getAuthState, setAuthState } from "./authState";
 import { server } from "../test/msw";
+import { apiFetch } from "../api/client";
+import { queryClient } from "../app/queryClient";
+import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
+import { checkAccess } from "./checkAccess";
 
 vi.mock("../shell/AppShell", () => ({
-  AppShell: () => (
+  AppShell: ({ canLogout }: { canLogout: boolean }) => (
     <div data-testid="authenticated-shell">
       Authenticated shell
-      <button type="button" onClick={() => { window.dispatchEvent(new Event("test-logout")); }}>Log out</button>
+      {canLogout && <button type="button" onClick={() => { window.dispatchEvent(new Event("test-logout")); }}>Log out</button>}
     </div>
   ),
 }));
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@ const user = {
 const localConfig = { mode: "local", localLogin: true, oidcLogin: false };
 
 beforeEach(() => {
+  window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } };
   clearAuthState();
   server.use(
     http.get("/api/auth/config", () => HttpResponse.json(localConfig)),
@@ -45,9 +50,63 @@ beforeEach(() => {
 afterEach(() => {
   cleanup();
   clearAuthState();
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
 });
 
 describe("AuthGate", () => {
+  test("embedded uses only /me and never offers a second login", async () => {
+    delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+    const configRequest = vi.fn();
+    server.use(http.get("/api/auth/config", () => { configRequest(); return HttpResponse.json(localConfig); }));
+    const view = render(<AuthGate />);
+    await screen.findByTestId("authenticated-shell");
+    expect(screen.queryByRole("button", { name: "Log out" })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(configRequest).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    view.unmount();
+    server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 401 })));
+    render(<AuthGate />);
+    await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Portal access required" });
+    expect(screen.queryByLabelText("Password")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  test("full OIDC exposes the existing session logout", async () => {
+    server.use(http.get("/api/auth/config", () => HttpResponse.json({ mode: "oidc", localLogin: false, oidcLogin: true })));
+    render(<AuthGate />);
+    expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Log out" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  test("an operation 403 retains access, while a page-return /me 403 scrubs protected data", async () => {
+    delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+    server.use(http.get("/api/denied-operation", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 403 })));
+    render(<AuthGate />);
+    await screen.findByTestId("authenticated-shell");
+    queryClient.setQueryData(["protected"], { secret: "previous user data" });
+    useSessionStore.getState().applyEvent({ type: "text_delta", text: "Private transcript" });
+    await expect(apiFetch("/denied-operation")).rejects.toMatchObject({ status: 403 });
+    expect(getAuthState()).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(screen.getByTestId("authenticated-shell")).toBeInTheDocument();
+    server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 403 })));
+    act(() => { window.dispatchEvent(new Event("focus")); });
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByTestId("authenticated-shell")).not.toBeInTheDocument());
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(["protected"])).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(useSessionStore.getState().transcript).toEqual([]);
+    expect(screen.queryByLabelText("Password")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  test("the reconnect probe revokes /me denial and preserves work when only expiry changes", async () => {
+    setAuthState(user);
+    const generation = getAuthGeneration();
+    queryClient.setQueryData(["protected"], "kept");
+    server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => HttpResponse.json({ ...user, session: { ...user.session, idleExpiresAt: "2026-09-13T12:00:00.000Z" } })));
+    await checkAccess();
+    expect(getAuthGeneration()).toBe(generation);
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(["protected"])).toBe("kept");
+    server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 403 })));
+    await expect(checkAccess()).rejects.toMatchObject({ status: 403 });
+    expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull();
+    expect(queryClient.getQueryData(["protected"])).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
   test("shows a loading state while /me is unresolved", async () => {
     server.use(http.get("/api/me", async () => {
       await delay(100);
@@ -88,8 +147,8 @@ describe("AuthGate", () => {
 
     expect(await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: /access not permitted/i })).toBeInTheDocument();
     expect(screen.getByText(/signed in without permission/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
-    expect(getAuthState()).toMatchObject({ subject: "user-1", csrfToken: "c".repeat(43) });
-    expect(getAuthGeneration()).toBe(generation);
+    expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull();
+    expect(getAuthGeneration()).toBeGreaterThan(generation);
   });
 
   test("offers retry when the authentication provider is unavailable", async () => {
diff --git a/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.tsx b/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.tsx
index a8469c17..8fd4d321 100644
--- a/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/auth/AuthGate.tsx
@@ -1,122 +1,117 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
-import { ApiError } from "../api/client";
 import { authErrorStatus, getAuthConfig, getMe } from "../api/auth";
-import type { AuthenticatedUser, AuthPublicConfig } from "../api/types";
+import type { AuthPublicConfig } from "../api/types";
+import { resolveShellConfig } from "../api/runtime-config";
 import { AppShell } from "../shell/AppShell";
+import { FullHeader } from "../shell/host/FullHeader";
+import { useShell } from "../shell/host/ShellProvider";
 import {
-  clearAuthStateIfCurrent,
-  getAuthGeneration,
-  getAuthState,
-  isAuthGenerationCurrent,
-  setAuthState,
-  useAuthGeneration,
-  useAuthUser,
+  clearAuthStateIfCurrent, getAuthGeneration, getAuthState,
+  isAuthGenerationCurrent, setAuthState, useAuthGeneration, useAuthUser,
 } from "./authState";
+import { checkAccess } from "./checkAccess";
 import { LoginPage } from "./LoginPage";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 
 type GateStatus = "loading" | "login" | "authenticated" | "forbidden" | "unavailable";
 
-function AuthenticatedContent({
-  canLogout,
-  onExpired,
-}: {
-  canLogout: boolean;
-  onExpired: () => void;
-}) {
+function AuthenticatedContent({ canLogout, onExpired }: { canLogout: boolean; onExpired: () => void }) {
   const user = useAuthUser();
   const authGeneration = useAuthGeneration();
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!user) onExpired();
-  }, [onExpired, user]);
-  return user
-    ? <AppShell key={`${user.issuer}:${user.subject}:${authGeneration}`} canLogout={canLogout} />
-    : null;
+  useEffect(() => { if (!user) onExpired(); }, [onExpired, user]);
+  return user ? <AppShell key={`${user.issuer}:${user.subject}:${authGeneration}`} canLogout={canLogout} /> : null;
 }
 
 export function AuthGate() {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const shell = useShell();
+  const embedded = (shell?.mode ?? resolveShellConfig().mode) === "embedded";
   const [status, setStatus] = useState<GateStatus>("loading");
   const [config, setConfig] = useState<AuthPublicConfig>();
   const [attempt, setAttempt] = useState(0);
-
-  const retry = useCallback(() => setAttempt((value) => value + 1), []);
+  const retry = useCallback(() => setAttempt(value => value + 1), []);
+  const onExpired = useCallback(() => setStatus("login"), []);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     let cancelled = false;
     const load = async () => {
       setStatus("loading");
-      const loadGeneration = getAuthGeneration();
+      const generation = getAuthGeneration();
       try {
-        const publicConfig = await getAuthConfig();
-        if (cancelled || !isAuthGenerationCurrent(loadGeneration)) return;
-        setConfig(publicConfig);
-        try {
-          const authenticated = await getMe();
-          if (cancelled || !isAuthGenerationCurrent(loadGeneration)) return;
-          setAuthState(authenticated);
-          setStatus("authenticated");
-        } catch (error) {
-          if (cancelled) return;
-          const statusCode = authErrorStatus(error);
-          if (statusCode === 401) {
-            if (isAuthGenerationCurrent(loadGeneration)) clearAuthStateIfCurrent(loadGeneration);
-            if (getAuthState() === null) setStatus("login");
-            return;
-          }
-          if (!isAuthGenerationCurrent(loadGeneration)) return;
-          if (statusCode === 403) setStatus("forbidden");
-          else if (statusCode === 503) setStatus("unavailable");
-          else setStatus("login");
+        // Embedded authentication is already established by the portal.
+        if (!embedded) {
+          const publicConfig = await getAuthConfig();
+          if (cancelled || !isAuthGenerationCurrent(generation)) return;
+          setConfig(publicConfig);
         }
+        const user = await getMe();
+        if (cancelled || !isAuthGenerationCurrent(generation)) return;
+        setAuthState(user);
+        setStatus("authenticated");
       } catch (error) {
-        if (cancelled || !isAuthGenerationCurrent(loadGeneration)) return;
-        if (error instanceof ApiError && error.status === 503) setStatus("unavailable");
-        else setStatus("unavailable");
+        if (cancelled) return;
+        const code = authErrorStatus(error);
+        if (code === 401 || code === 403) {
+          clearAuthStateIfCurrent(generation);
+          if (!getAuthState()) setStatus(code === 403 ? "forbidden" : "login");
+        } else if (isAuthGenerationCurrent(generation)) setStatus("unavailable");
       }
     };
     void load();
     return () => { cancelled = true; };
-  }, [attempt]);
+  }, [attempt, embedded]);
 
-  if (status === "loading") {
-    return <main className="grid min-h-screen place-items-center bg-background" role="status" aria-label="Checking access"><p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Checking access…</p></main>;
-  }
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let disposed = false;
+    let pending = false;
+    const recheck = async () => {
+      if (pending || document.visibilityState === "hidden" || status !== "authenticated") return;
+      pending = true;
+      try { await checkAccess(); }
+      catch (error) {
+        if (!disposed && !getAuthState()) {
+          const code = authErrorStatus(error);
+          if (code === 401 || code === 403) setStatus(code === 403 ? "forbidden" : "login");
+        }
+      } finally { pending = false; }
+    };
+    window.addEventListener("focus", recheck);
+    window.addEventListener("pageshow", recheck);
+    document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", recheck);
+    return () => {
+      disposed = true;
+      window.removeEventListener("focus", recheck);
+      window.removeEventListener("pageshow", recheck);
+      document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange", recheck);
+    };
+  }, [status]);
 
   if (status === "authenticated") {
-    return (
-      <AuthenticatedContent
-        canLogout={config?.mode === "local"}
-        onExpired={() => setStatus("login")}
-      />
-    );
+    return <AuthenticatedContent canLogout={!embedded && (config?.mode === "local" || config?.mode === "oidc")} onExpired={onExpired} />;
   }
-
-  if (status === "unavailable") {
-    return (
-      <main className="grid min-h-screen place-items-center bg-background px-5" role="status" aria-label="Authentication unavailable">
-        <section className="w-full max-w-md rounded-2xl border border-border bg-card p-7 text-center shadow-md">
-          <p className="thot-label text-primary">ThothII access</p>
-          <h1 className="mt-3 font-heading text-3xl font-semibold">Authentication unavailable</h1>
-          <p className="mt-3 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">The authentication provider could not be reached. Try again in a moment.</p>
-          <Button className="mt-6" onClick={retry}>Retry</Button>
+  if (status === "loading") {
+    return <main className="thot-access-state" role="status" aria-label={t("Checking access")}><p>{t("Checking access…")}</p></main>;
+  }
+  const unavailable = status === "unavailable";
+  const forbidden = status === "forbidden";
+  const title = unavailable ? "Authentication unavailable" : forbidden ? "Access not permitted" : "Portal access required";
+  const description = unavailable
+    ? "The authentication provider could not be reached. Try again in a moment."
+    : embedded
+      ? "Your portal access is no longer available. Return to the portal to sign in or request access, then reopen ThothII."
+      : "You are signed in without permission to use this workspace. Contact the installation administrator.";
+  return <>
+    {!embedded && <FullHeader />}
+    {status === "login" && !embedded && config
+      ? <LoginPage config={config} onAuthenticated={() => setStatus("authenticated")} onRetry={retry} />
+      : <main className="thot-access-state" role="status" aria-label={t(title)}>
+        <section className="w-full max-w-md text-center">
+          <p className="thot-label text-primary">{t("ThothII access")}</p>
+          <h1 className="mt-3 font-heading text-3xl font-semibold">{t(title)}</h1>
+          <p className="mt-3 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{t(description)}</p>
+          <Button className="mt-6" onClick={retry}>{t("Retry")}</Button>
         </section>
-      </main>
-    );
-  }
-
-  if (status === "forbidden") {
-    return (
-      <main className="grid min-h-screen place-items-center bg-background px-5">
-        <section className="w-full max-w-md rounded-2xl border border-border bg-card p-7 text-center shadow-md">
-          <p className="thot-label text-primary">ThothII access</p>
-          <h1 className="mt-3 font-heading text-3xl font-semibold">Access not permitted</h1>
-          <p className="mt-3 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">You are signed in without permission to use this workspace. Contact the installation administrator.</p>
-        </section>
-      </main>
-    );
-  }
-
-  return config ? <LoginPage config={config} onAuthenticated={(_authenticated: AuthenticatedUser) => {
-    setStatus("authenticated");
-  }} onRetry={retry} /> : null;
+      </main>}
+  </>;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/auth/LoginPage.tsx b/frontend/src/auth/LoginPage.tsx
index bac18dbf..3f55b22f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/auth/LoginPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/auth/LoginPage.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import type { FormEvent } from "react";
 import { AlertTriangle, ArrowRight, Eye, EyeOff, LockKeyhole } from "lucide-react";
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ function loginError(error: unknown): { message: string; retry: boolean } {
 }
 
 export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const localLogin = config.mode === "local" && config.localLogin;
   const oidcLogin = config.mode === "oidc" && config.oidcLogin;
   const formRef = useRef<HTMLFormElement>(null);
@@ -77,27 +79,25 @@ export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps)
     <main className="min-h-screen bg-background px-5 py-8 text-foreground sm:px-8 sm:py-12">
       <div className="mx-auto grid min-h-[calc(100vh-4rem)] max-w-5xl items-center gap-12 lg:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_26rem]">
         <section className="hidden max-w-xl lg:block">
-          <h1 className="max-w-lg font-heading text-5xl font-semibold leading-[1.03] tracking-tight sm:text-6xl">
-            From intent to SQL, with a human in the loop
-          </h1>
-          <p className="mt-6 max-w-md text-base leading-7 text-muted-foreground">AI generates, you guide and approve.</p>
+          <h1 className="max-w-lg font-heading text-5xl font-semibold leading-[1.03] tracking-tight sm:text-6xl">{t("From intent to SQL, with a human in the loop")}</h1>
+          <p className="mt-6 max-w-md text-base leading-7 text-muted-foreground">{t("AI generates, you guide and approve.")}</p>
         </section>
 
         <section className="mx-auto w-full max-w-md rounded-2xl border border-border/80 bg-card p-6 shadow-md sm:p-8">
           <div className="mb-7">
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-primary" aria-hidden="true">
               <LockKeyhole className="size-4" />
-              <span className="thot-label text-primary">ThothII access</span>
+              <span className="thot-label text-primary">{t("ThothII access")}</span>
             </div>
-            <h2 className="mt-3 font-heading text-3xl font-semibold tracking-tight">Sign in to ThothII</h2>
-            <p className="mt-2 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">Use your installation account to continue.</p>
+            <h2 className="mt-3 font-heading text-3xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{t("Sign in to ThothII")}</h2>
+            <p className="mt-2 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{t("Use your installation account to continue.")}</p>
           </div>
 
           {error && (
             <div role="alert" aria-live="assertive" className="mb-5 grid gap-3 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-3 text-sm">
-              <p className="flex items-start gap-2 leading-5"><AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-destructive" />{error.message}</p>
+              <p className="flex items-start gap-2 leading-5"><AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-destructive" />{t(error.message)}</p>
               {error.retry && onRetry && (
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="w-fit" onClick={onRetry}>Retry</Button>
+                <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="w-fit" onClick={onRetry}>{t("Retry")}</Button>
               )}
             </div>
           )}
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps)
           {localLogin && (
             <form ref={formRef} onSubmit={submit} className="grid gap-4">
               <div className="grid gap-1.5">
-                <label htmlFor="thothii-username" className="text-sm font-semibold">Username</label>
+                <label htmlFor="thothii-username" className="text-sm font-semibold">{t("Username")}</label>
                 <input
                   id="thothii-username"
                   name="username"
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps)
                 />
               </div>
               <div className="grid gap-1.5">
-                <label htmlFor="thothii-password" className="text-sm font-semibold">Password</label>
+                <label htmlFor="thothii-password" className="text-sm font-semibold">{t("Password")}</label>
                 <div className="relative">
                   <input
                     ref={passwordRef}
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps)
                     variant="ghost"
                     size="icon"
                     className="absolute right-1 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
-                    aria-label={showPassword ? "Hide password" : "Show password"}
+                    aria-label={showPassword ? t("Hide password") : t("Show password")}
                     aria-controls="thothii-password"
-                    title={showPassword ? "Hide password" : "Show password"}
+                    title={showPassword ? t("Hide password") : t("Show password")}
                     disabled={submitting}
                     onClick={() => setShowPassword((visible) => !visible)}
                   >
@@ -148,25 +148,21 @@ export function LoginPage({ config, onAuthenticated, onRetry }: LoginPageProps)
               </div>
               <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                 <input name="remember" type="checkbox" className="size-4 accent-[oklch(var(--primary))]" />
-                <span>Remember me for 30 days</span>
+                <span>{t("Remember me for 30 days")}</span>
               </label>
               <Button type="submit" size="lg" className="mt-1 w-full" disabled={submitting}>
-                {submitting ? "Signing in…" : "Sign in"}
+                {submitting ? t("Signing in…") : t("Sign in")}
                 {!submitting && <ArrowRight aria-hidden="true" />}
               </Button>
             </form>
           )}
           {oidcLogin && (
-            <Button type="button" size="lg" className="w-full" onClick={startOidcLogin}>
-              Continue with single sign-on
-              <ArrowRight aria-hidden="true" />
+            <Button type="button" size="lg" className="w-full" onClick={startOidcLogin}>{t("Continue with single sign-on")}<ArrowRight aria-hidden="true" />
             </Button>
           )}
 
           {!localLogin && !config.oidcLogin && (
-            <p role="status" className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/40 p-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-              No browser sign-in method is enabled for this installation.
-            </p>
+            <p role="status" className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/40 p-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No browser sign-in method is enabled for this installation.")}</p>
           )}
         </section>
       </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/auth/authState.ts b/frontend/src/auth/authState.ts
index fb46a65e..231cd576 100644
--- a/frontend/src/auth/authState.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/auth/authState.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
 import type { AuthenticatedUser } from "../api/types";
 import { queryClient } from "../app/queryClient";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
+import { rememberSession } from "../shell/host/rememberedSession";
 
 let current: AuthenticatedUser | null = null;
 let generation = 0;
@@ -22,13 +23,28 @@ export function getAuthState(): AuthenticatedUser | null {
 }
 
 export function setAuthState(user: AuthenticatedUser): void {
+  if (current && (current.issuer !== user.issuer || current.subject !== user.subject)) rememberSession(current, null);
   scrubUserBoundState();
   current = user;
   generation += 1;
   notify();
 }
 
+/** Refresh expiry/CSRF metadata without discarding the current user's work. */
+export function refreshAuthState(user: AuthenticatedUser): void {
+  if (!current || current.issuer !== user.issuer || current.subject !== user.subject
+    || current.isAdmin !== user.isAdmin
+    || JSON.stringify([...current.permissions].sort()) !== JSON.stringify([...user.permissions].sort())
+    || JSON.stringify([...current.roles].sort()) !== JSON.stringify([...user.roles].sort())) {
+    setAuthState(user);
+    return;
+  }
+  current = user;
+  notify();
+}
+
 export function clearAuthState(): void {
+  if (current) rememberSession(current, null);
   scrubUserBoundState();
   current = null;
   generation += 1;
diff --git a/frontend/src/auth/checkAccess.ts b/frontend/src/auth/checkAccess.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..531591f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/auth/checkAccess.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { authErrorStatus, getMe } from "../api/auth";
+import { clearAuthStateIfCurrent, getAuthGeneration, getAuthState, isAuthGenerationCurrent, refreshAuthState } from "./authState";
+
+/** Shared by page-return and stream-reconnection probes. Only /me denial revokes app access. */
+export async function checkAccess() {
+  const generation = getAuthGeneration();
+  try {
+    const user = await getMe();
+    if (getAuthState() && isAuthGenerationCurrent(generation)) refreshAuthState(user);
+    return user;
+  } catch (error) {
+    const status = authErrorStatus(error);
+    if (status === 401 || status === 403) clearAuthStateIfCurrent(generation);
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.test.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.test.tsx
index eed10af5..e28448fd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { ErrorBoundary } from "./ErrorBoundary";
@@ -16,9 +17,18 @@ beforeEach(() => {
   errorSpy = vi.spyOn(console, "error").mockImplementation(() => {});
 });
 afterEach(() => {
+  act(() => setLocale("en"));
   errorSpy.mockRestore();
 });
 
+test("updates an already displayed error boundary when the locale changes", () => {
+  render(<ErrorBoundary label="document"><Boom boom label="SELECT * malformed" /></ErrorBoundary>);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Impossibile visualizzare questo elemento (documento).");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Riprova" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("SELECT * malformed")).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
+
 test("renders children when nothing throws", () => {
   render(
     <ErrorBoundary>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.tsx
index bdc216cc..f1e816b3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ErrorBoundary.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { Component, type ErrorInfo, type ReactNode } from "react";
 
 interface Props {
@@ -67,29 +68,28 @@ function DefaultFallback({
   label?: string;
   onRetry: () => void;
 }) {
-  const subject = label ? `${label} ` : "";
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div
       role="alert"
       className="rounded-xl border border-destructive/25 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm"
     >
-      <p className="font-medium text-foreground">This {subject}couldn't be displayed.</p>
+      <p className="font-medium text-foreground">{label
+        ? translate("This {subject} couldn't be displayed.", { subject: label === "step" || label === "document" ? translate(label) : label })
+        : translate("This couldn't be displayed.")}</p>
       <p className="mt-1 leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
-        Something went wrong while rendering it. The rest of the session is unaffected.
-      </p>
+        {translate("Something went wrong while rendering it. The rest of the session is unaffected.")}</p>
       <div className="mt-3 flex items-center gap-3">
         <button
           type="button"
           onClick={onRetry}
           className="rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-card px-2.5 py-1 text-xs font-semibold shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-muted"
         >
-          Try again
-        </button>
+          {translate("Try again")}</button>
         {error.message && (
           <details className="min-w-0">
             <summary className="cursor-pointer text-xs text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground">
-              Details
-            </summary>
+              {translate("Details")}</summary>
             <pre className="mt-1.5 max-w-full overflow-x-auto rounded-md bg-muted px-2.5 py-1.5 font-mono text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">
               {error.message}
             </pre>
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
index 62162b80..3a189157 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ui/dialog.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 "use client"
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 
 import * as React from "react"
 import { Dialog as DialogPrimitive } from "@base-ui/react/dialog"
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ function DialogContent({
 }: DialogPrimitive.Popup.Props & {
   showCloseButton?: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <DialogPortal>
       <DialogOverlay />
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ function DialogContent({
           >
             <XIcon
             />
-            <span className="sr-only">Close</span>
+            <span className="sr-only">{translate("Close")}</span>
           </DialogPrimitive.Close>
         )}
       </DialogPrimitive.Popup>
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ function DialogFooter({
 }: React.ComponentProps<"div"> & {
   showCloseButton?: boolean
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div
       data-slot="dialog-footer"
@@ -112,8 +115,7 @@ function DialogFooter({
       {children}
       {showCloseButton && (
         <DialogPrimitive.Close render={<Button variant="outline" />}>
-          Close
-        </DialogPrimitive.Close>
+          {translate("Close")}</DialogPrimitive.Close>
       )}
     </div>
   )
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx b/frontend/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
index d69d13d5..e4fe3816 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 import { useTheme } from "next-themes"
 import { Toaster as Sonner, type ToasterProps } from "sonner"
 import { CircleCheckIcon, InfoIcon, TriangleAlertIcon, OctagonXIcon, Loader2Icon } from "lucide-react"
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n"
 
 const Toaster = ({ ...props }: ToasterProps) => {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const { theme = "system" } = useTheme()
 
   return (
     <Sonner
       theme={theme as ToasterProps["theme"]}
       className="toaster group"
+      containerAriaLabel={t("Notifications")}
       icons={{
         success: (
           <CircleCheckIcon className="size-4" />
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ const Toaster = ({ ...props }: ToasterProps) => {
         } as React.CSSProperties
       }
       toastOptions={{
+        closeButtonAriaLabel: t("Close notification"),
         classNames: {
           toast: "cn-toast",
         },
diff --git a/frontend/src/hooks/useUnsavedDraft.ts b/frontend/src/hooks/useUnsavedDraft.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7886f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/hooks/useUnsavedDraft.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
+
+/** Protect edits until reverted or unmounted after the host accepts the response. */
+export function useUnsavedDraft(draft: string, active = true) {
+  const [initialDraft] = useState(draft);
+  const dirty = active && draft !== initialDraft;
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!dirty) return;
+    const protectDraft = (event: BeforeUnloadEvent) => {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      // The browser supplies its own localized warning.
+      event.returnValue = "";
+    };
+    window.addEventListener("beforeunload", protectDraft);
+    return () => window.removeEventListener("beforeunload", protectDraft);
+  }, [dirty]);
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/index.test.tsx b/frontend/src/i18n/index.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c97f9b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/index.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { afterEach, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { resolveLocale, setLocale, translate, useI18n } from "./index";
+
+afterEach(() => setLocale("en"));
+
+test("Italian regional preferences translate controls and a missing message falls back to English", () => {
+  setLocale("it-IT");
+  expect(translate("Language")).toBe("Lingua");
+  expect(translate("Unknown message {name}", { name: "Ada" })).toBe("Unknown message Ada");
+  expect(resolveLocale("fr-FR")).toBe("en");
+});
+
+test("changing locale updates an already mounted form", () => {
+  function Form() {
+    const { t } = useI18n();
+    return <button>{t("Save")}</button>;
+  }
+  render(<Form />);
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Salva" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/index.tsx b/frontend/src/i18n/index.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..464466a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/index.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { useCallback, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
+import { itCore } from "./locales/it-core";
+import { itAdmin } from "./locales/it-admin";
+import { itWorkflow } from "./locales/it-workflow";
+import { itViewers } from "./locales/it-viewers";
+import { itGate } from "./locales/it-gate";
+
+type Messages = Readonly<Record<string, string>>;
+export type TranslationParams = Readonly<Record<string, string | number>>;
+
+// English source messages are stable gettext-style identifiers and the fallback.
+// A new language only needs a catalogue entry here; consumers stay unchanged.
+const catalogs: Readonly<Record<string, Messages>> = {
+  en: {},
+  it: { ...itCore, ...itAdmin, ...itWorkflow, ...itViewers, ...itGate },
+};
+
+export const availableLocales = Object.freeze(Object.keys(catalogs).map((code) => {
+  const nativeName = new Intl.DisplayNames([code], { type: "language" }).of(code) ?? code;
+  return { code, name: nativeName.charAt(0).toLocaleUpperCase(code) + nativeName.slice(1) };
+}));
+
+export function resolveLocale(value: string | undefined): string {
+  if (!value) return "en";
+  try {
+    const tag = Intl.getCanonicalLocales(value)[0].toLowerCase();
+    if (Object.hasOwn(catalogs, tag)) return tag;
+    const language = tag.split("-")[0];
+    return Object.hasOwn(catalogs, language) ? language : "en";
+  } catch {
+    return "en";
+  }
+}
+
+let locale = "en";
+const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+
+export function getLocale(): string {
+  return locale;
+}
+
+export function setLocale(value: string): void {
+  const next = resolveLocale(value);
+  if (next === locale) return;
+  locale = next;
+  listeners.forEach((listener) => listener());
+}
+
+function subscribe(listener: () => void): () => void {
+  listeners.add(listener);
+  return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+}
+
+function translateIn(language: string, message: string, params?: TranslationParams): string {
+  const translated = catalogs[language]?.[message] ?? message;
+  return translated.replace(/\{([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\}/g, (placeholder, name: string) =>
+    params && Object.hasOwn(params, name) ? String(params[name]) : placeholder,
+  );
+}
+
+/** For deterministic messages outside React; never use on model or workspace content. */
+export function translate(message: string, params?: TranslationParams): string {
+  return translateIn(locale, message, params);
+}
+
+export function useI18n() {
+  const current = useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getLocale, () => "en");
+  const t = useCallback(
+    (message: string, params?: TranslationParams) => translateIn(current, message, params),
+    [current],
+  );
+  return { locale: current, t };
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-admin.ts b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-admin.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83fe03c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-admin.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1230 @@
+// English gettext message IDs. Workspace content, SQL and identifiers are never translated.
+export const itAdmin: Record<string, string> = {
+  "{database}: {diagnostic}": "{database}: {diagnostic}",
+  "{succeeded} succeeded. Failed: {databases}.": "{succeeded} riuscite. Non riuscite: {databases}.",
+  "{count} of {total}": "{count} di {total}",
+  "{source} to {target}": "da {source} a {target}",
+  "{count} workspace": "{count} workspace",
+  "{count} workspaces": "{count} workspace",
+  "{title} form": "Modulo {title}",
+  "{origin} relationship": "Relazione {origin}",
+  "schema_name": "schema",
+  "Column": "Colonna",
+  "Table": "Tabella",
+  "Data warehouse password": "Password del data warehouse",
+  "Password used by the selected data warehouse connection.": "Password usata dalla connessione selezionata al data warehouse.",
+  "Data warehouse API key": "Chiave API del data warehouse",
+  "API key sent to the configured data warehouse REST endpoint.": "Chiave API inviata all'endpoint REST configurato del data warehouse.",
+  "Private key used to open the configured SSH tunnel to the data warehouse.": "Chiave privata usata per aprire il tunnel SSH configurato verso il data warehouse.",
+  "Evidence signed URLs": "URL firmati delle Evidence",
+  "Signed URLs that authorize ThothII to retrieve the workspace Evidence sources.": "URL firmati che autorizzano ThothII a recuperare le fonti Evidence del workspace.",
+  "Evidence access key": "Chiave di accesso Evidence",
+  "Access-key identifier used for the configured S3 Evidence source.": "Identificatore della chiave di accesso usata per la fonte Evidence S3 configurata.",
+  "Evidence secret key": "Chiave segreta Evidence",
+  "Secret access key used for the configured S3 Evidence source.": "Chiave di accesso segreta usata per la fonte Evidence S3 configurata.",
+  "Evidence session token": "Token di sessione Evidence",
+  "Optional temporary session token used with the S3 Evidence credentials.": "Token di sessione temporaneo facoltativo usato con le credenziali Evidence S3.",
+  "Authentication is ready.": "L'autenticazione è pronta.",
+  "Source decision activated locally.": "Decisione sulla fonte attivata localmente.",
+  "Source decision saved, but indexing failed. Retry the same decision.": "Decisione sulla fonte salvata, ma indicizzazione non riuscita. Riprova la stessa decisione.",
+  "{count} source comparison to review": "{count} confronto tra fonti da esaminare",
+  "{count} source comparisons to review": "{count} confronti tra fonti da esaminare",
+  "{count} card": "{count} scheda",
+  "{count} cards": "{count} schede",
+  "Sanitized Pi diagnostics": "Diagnostica Pi filtrata",
+  "No diagnostic lines are available.": "Nessuna riga di diagnostica disponibile.",
+  "{count} selected": "{count} selezionati",
+  ", unavailable: {reason}": ", non disponibile: {reason}",
+  "{count} change": "{count} modifica",
+  "{count} changes": "{count} modifiche",
+  "Evidence archive is unavailable. Check the local files and installation configuration.": "L'archivio Evidence non è disponibile. Controlla i file locali e la configurazione dell'installazione.",
+  "Evidence was not found. Refresh the file list.": "Evidence non trovata. Aggiorna l'elenco dei file.",
+  "Check the card fields, family requirements and schema dependencies.": "Controlla i campi della scheda, i requisiti della famiglia e le dipendenze dello schema.",
+  "This Memory card or pending update no longer exists in the workspace.": "Questa scheda Memory o l'aggiornamento in attesa non esiste più nel workspace.",
+  "A linked card is missing or invalid. Review the links and retry.": "Una scheda collegata è mancante o non valida. Esamina i collegamenti e riprova.",
+  "The Memory archive is unavailable. Check the installation connection and migrations, then retry.": "L'archivio Memory non è disponibile. Controlla la connessione e le migrazioni dell'installazione, poi riprova.",
+  "The workspace configuration is invalid.": "La configurazione del workspace non è valida.",
+  "The workspace is missing a required binding.": "Al workspace manca una connessione richiesta.",
+  "The workspace cannot be activated.": "Il workspace non può essere attivato.",
+  "The workspace has changed. Refresh and try again.": "Il workspace è cambiato. Aggiorna e riprova.",
+  "The workspace repository is unavailable.": "Il repository dei workspace non è disponibile.",
+  "The workspace repository could not be authenticated.": "Impossibile autenticarsi al repository dei workspace.",
+  "The workspace repository has moved. Refresh and try again.": "Il repository dei workspace è cambiato. Aggiorna e riprova.",
+  "A workspace connector is unavailable.": "Un connettore del workspace non è disponibile.",
+  "The workspace semantic index is incompatible.": "L'indice semantico del workspace non è compatibile.",
+  "Pi management is unavailable.": "La gestione Pi non è disponibile.",
+  "The Pi configuration is invalid.": "La configurazione Pi non è valida.",
+  "The Pi configuration could not be saved.": "Impossibile salvare la configurazione Pi.",
+  "This workspace already has a database configuration.": "Questo workspace ha già una configurazione database.",
+  "The database configuration is invalid.": "La configurazione database non è valida.",
+  "The database configuration was not found.": "La configurazione database non è stata trovata.",
+  "The database configuration changed. Reload and try again.": "La configurazione database è cambiata. Ricarica e riprova.",
+  "The database operation failed.": "L'operazione sul database non è riuscita.",
+  "A database operation is already in progress.": "Un'operazione sul database è già in corso.",
+  "One or more selected catalog targets were not found.": "Uno o più elementi del catalogo selezionati non sono stati trovati.",
+  "The description consolidation request is invalid.": "La richiesta di consolidamento delle descrizioni non è valida.",
+  "Description consolidation failed.": "Consolidamento delle descrizioni non riuscito.",
+  "The description generation request is invalid.": "La richiesta di generazione delle descrizioni non è valida.",
+  "A description generation run is already active.": "Una generazione delle descrizioni è già in corso.",
+  "Description generation failed.": "Generazione delle descrizioni non riuscita.",
+  "The description generation run was not found.": "L'esecuzione della generazione descrizioni non è stata trovata.",
+  "No eligible catalog tables or columns need description generation.": "Nessuna tabella o colonna idonea del catalogo richiede la generazione di descrizioni.",
+  "Description generation target IDs must be unique.": "Gli ID degli elementi per la generazione descrizioni devono essere univoci.",
+  "The selected description model is unavailable.": "Il modello selezionato per le descrizioni non è disponibile.",
+  "The selected catalog column was not found.": "La colonna selezionata del catalogo non è stata trovata.",
+  "One or more selected catalog tables were not found.": "Una o più tabelle selezionate del catalogo non sono state trovate.",
+  "The database workspace configuration is unavailable.": "La configurazione del workspace del database non è disponibile.",
+  "Select a database, one or more tables, or one or more columns before running sensitivity analysis.": "Seleziona un database, una o più tabelle oppure una o più colonne prima di eseguire l'analisi di sensibilità.",
+  "Each selected table or column can be included only once.": "Ogni tabella o colonna selezionata può essere inclusa una sola volta.",
+  "The selected scope contains no catalog columns to assess.": "L'ambito selezionato non contiene colonne del catalogo da valutare.",
+  "The database content could not be read for sensitivity analysis. No assessments were applied.": "Impossibile leggere il contenuto del database per l'analisi di sensibilità. Nessuna valutazione applicata.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis reached its time limit. No assessments were applied.": "L'analisi di sensibilità ha raggiunto il limite di tempo. Nessuna valutazione applicata.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis was interrupted before completion. No assessments were applied.": "L'analisi di sensibilità è stata interrotta prima del completamento. Nessuna valutazione applicata.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis failed before review. No changes were applied.": "L'analisi di sensibilità non è riuscita prima della revisione. Nessuna modifica applicata.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis history parameters are invalid.": "I parametri della cronologia analisi di sensibilità non sono validi.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis history could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare la cronologia analisi di sensibilità.",
+  "The sensitivity analysis run was not found.": "L'esecuzione dell'analisi di sensibilità non è stata trovata.",
+  "A schema synchronization is already active or no longer current.": "Una sincronizzazione dello schema è già attiva o non è più corrente.",
+  "The database schema could not be read. Check the connection and credentials, then try again.": "Impossibile leggere lo schema del database. Controlla connessione e credenziali, poi riprova.",
+  "The schema request is invalid.": "La richiesta sullo schema non è valida.",
+  "The schema operation failed.": "L'operazione sullo schema non è riuscita.",
+  "The synchronization run was not found.": "La sincronizzazione non è stata trovata.",
+  "Table metadata changed. Reload and try again.": "I metadati della tabella sono cambiati. Ricarica e riprova.",
+  "Column metadata changed. Reload and try again.": "I metadati della colonna sono cambiati. Ricarica e riprova.",
+  "The relationship no longer exists. Refresh and try again.": "La relazione non esiste più. Aggiorna e riprova.",
+  "Physical relationships are read-only.": "Le relazioni fisiche sono di sola lettura.",
+  "The relationship request is invalid.": "La richiesta sulla relazione non è valida.",
+  "The relationship operation failed.": "L'operazione sulla relazione non è riuscita.",
+  "Synchronize the current database schema before managing logical relationships.": "Sincronizza lo schema corrente del database prima di gestire le relazioni logiche.",
+  "The selected catalog column was not found. Refresh and try again.": "La colonna selezionata del catalogo non è stata trovata. Aggiorna e riprova.",
+  "Edit metadata for {name}": "Modifica metadati di {name}",
+  "Sensitive data for {name}": "Dati sensibili di {name}",
+  "Copied {copied} description; skipped {skipped}": "Copiata {copied} descrizione; saltate {skipped}",
+  "Copied {copied} descriptions; skipped {skipped}": "Copiate {copied} descrizioni; saltate {skipped}",
+  "Description generation started for {count} column": "Generazione descrizioni avviata per {count} colonna",
+  "Description generation started for {count} columns": "Generazione descrizioni avviata per {count} colonne",
+  "{count} selected column in {name}": "{count} colonna selezionata in {name}",
+  "{count} selected columns in {name}": "{count} colonne selezionate in {name}",
+  "{count} sensitive flag could not be saved: {error}": "Impossibile salvare {count} contrassegno di sensibilità: {error}",
+  "{count} sensitive flags could not be saved: {error}": "Impossibile salvare {count} contrassegni di sensibilità: {error}",
+  "Descriptions · {detail}": "Descrizioni · {detail}",
+  "Sensitive · {detail}": "Sensibili · {detail}",
+  "View {workspaceName}": "Visualizza {workspaceName}",
+  "Configure catalog for {workspaceName}": "Configura catalogo di {workspaceName}",
+  "Edit {workspaceName}": "Modifica {workspaceName}",
+  "View tables for {workspaceName}": "Visualizza tabelle di {workspaceName}",
+  "View relationships for {workspaceName}": "Visualizza relazioni di {workspaceName}",
+  "Delete {workspaceName}": "Elimina {workspaceName}",
+  "Replace generated descriptions for {workspaceName}?": "Sostituire le descrizioni generate per {workspaceName}?",
+  "Generate missing descriptions for {workspaceName}?": "Generare le descrizioni mancanti per {workspaceName}?",
+  "{value} catalog tables for {count} database?": "{value} tabelle del catalogo per {count} database?",
+  "{value} catalog tables for {count} databases?": "{value} tabelle del catalogo per {count} database?",
+  "{value} relationships for {count} database?": "{value} relazioni per {count} database?",
+  "{value} relationships for {count} databases?": "{value} relazioni per {count} database?",
+  "View relationship {relationship}": "Visualizza relazione {relationship}",
+  "Build complete: {added} added, {alreadyPresent} already present, {excluded} excluded, {ambiguous} ambiguous.": "Generazione completata: {added} aggiunte, {alreadyPresent} già presenti, {excluded} escluse, {ambiguous} ambigue.",
+  "Relationships for {workspaceName}": "Relazioni di {workspaceName}",
+  "View columns for {name}": "Visualizza colonne di {name}",
+  "Edit description for {name}": "Modifica descrizione di {name}",
+  "{value} {columns} catalog columns": "{value} {columns} colonne del catalogo",
+  "{value} {relationships} catalog relationships": "{value} {relationships} relazioni del catalogo",
+  "Description generation started for {count} table": "Generazione descrizioni avviata per {count} tabella",
+  "Description generation started for {count} tables": "Generazione descrizioni avviata per {count} tabelle",
+  "Column description generation started for {count} column": "Generazione descrizioni delle colonne avviata per {count} colonna",
+  "Column description generation started for {count} columns": "Generazione descrizioni delle colonne avviata per {count} colonne",
+  "{count} selected table": "{count} tabella selezionata",
+  "{count} selected tables": "{count} tabelle selezionate",
+  "Columns for {name}": "Colonne di {name}",
+  "Tables for {workspaceName}": "Tabelle di {workspaceName}",
+  "Table {name}": "Tabella {name}",
+  "Remove synchronized columns for {count} table?": "Rimuovere le colonne sincronizzate per {count} tabella?",
+  "Remove synchronized columns for {count} tables?": "Rimuovere le colonne sincronizzate per {count} tabelle?",
+  "Saved {count} sensitive flag": "Salvato {count} contrassegno di sensibilità",
+  "Saved {count} sensitive flags": "Salvati {count} contrassegni di sensibilità",
+  "{scopeLabel}. Local rules proposed values, but only your save changes the catalog.": "{scopeLabel}. Le regole locali hanno proposto dei valori, ma solo il salvataggio modifica il catalogo.",
+  "Save all {count} change": "Salva {count} modifica",
+  "Save all {count} changes": "Salva tutte le {count} modifiche",
+  "Protect {tableName}.{columnName}": "Proteggi {tableName}.{columnName}",
+  "Local rules ({policy})": "Regole locali ({policy})",
+  "Legacy LLM ({model})": "LLM precedente ({model})",
+  "{database} is reachable.": "{database} è raggiungibile.",
+  "{count} databases are reachable.": "{count} database sono raggiungibili.",
+  "{count} of {total} connection tests failed": "{count} verifiche di connessione su {total} non riuscite",
+  "{count} schema synchronization started": "Avviata {count} sincronizzazione dello schema",
+  "{count} schema synchronizations started": "Avviate {count} sincronizzazioni dello schema",
+  "{value} started for {workspaceName}": "{value} avviata per {workspaceName}",
+  "Prepared {count} local sensitivity assessment for review": "Preparata {count} valutazione locale di sensibilità da esaminare",
+  "Prepared {count} local sensitivity assessments for review": "Preparate {count} valutazioni locali di sensibilità da esaminare",
+  "Entire database {workspaceName}": "Intero database {workspaceName}",
+  "Cleared {tables} catalog tables, {columns} columns, and {relationships} relationships. The source database was not changed.": "Svuotate {tables} tabelle del catalogo, {columns} colonne e {relationships} relazioni. Il database di origine non è stato modificato.",
+  "Cleared {relationships} catalog relationships. The source database was not changed.": "Svuotate {relationships} relazioni del catalogo. Il database di origine non è stato modificato.",
+  "Forget stored {label}": "Rimuovi valore memorizzato: {label}",
+  "Copy {label}": "Copia {label}",
+  "Manual declaration by {author}.": "Dichiarazione manuale di {author}.",
+  "Show {count} unchanged or decided sources": "Mostra {count} fonti invariate o già decise",
+  "Manual declaration by {author}. Original excerpts:": "Dichiarazione manuale di {author}. Estratti originali:",
+  "Workflow session {session}": "Sessione workflow {session}",
+  "Dependency {number} {key}": "Dipendenza {number}: {key}",
+  "Catalog default test failed.{message}": "Verifica del modello predefinito del catalogo non riuscita.{message}",
+  "Database management permission is required to inspect or run preprocessing.": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione database per esaminare o eseguire il preprocessing.",
+  "Workspace readiness": "Disponibilità workspace",
+  "Ready for analysis": "Pronto per l'analisi",
+  "Preprocessing prepares this workspace's schema, value lookup and Evidence indexes from the Database catalog. Memory remains separate.": "Il preprocessing prepara lo schema, la ricerca dei valori e gli indici Evidence di questo workspace dal catalogo dei database. Memory rimane separata.",
+  "Open Database configuration and schema": "Apri configurazione e schema del database",
+  "Catalog revision": "Revisione del catalogo",
+  "Prepared revision": "Revisione preparata",
+  "Not prepared": "Non preparato",
+  "Retry readiness": "Riprova disponibilità",
+  "Runtime ready": "Runtime pronto",
+  "Runtime needs attention": "Il runtime richiede attenzione",
+  "Defaults ready": "Valori predefiniti pronti",
+  "Defaults incomplete": "Valori predefiniti incompleti",
+  "Credentials present": "Credenziali presenti",
+  "Credentials missing": "Credenziali mancanti",
+  "Saved configuration test passed": "Verifica configurazione salvata superata",
+  "Saved configuration test failed": "Verifica configurazione salvata non riuscita",
+  "Saved configuration test not run": "Verifica configurazione salvata non eseguita",
+  " Optional.": " Facoltativo.",
+  "Workspace list failed": "Caricamento elenco workspace non riuscito",
+  "Workspace configuration failed": "Caricamento configurazione workspace non riuscito",
+  "Repository status failed": "Caricamento stato repository non riuscito",
+  "medium": "medio",
+  "high": "alto",
+  "low": "basso",
+  "off": "disattivato",
+  "minimal": "minimo",
+  "xhigh": "molto alto",
+  "domain": "dominio",
+  "glossary": "glossario",
+  "enum": "enumerazione",
+  "example": "esempio",
+  "mapping": "mappatura",
+  "normalization": "normalizzazione",
+  "formula": "formula",
+  "reference": "riferimento",
+  "disambiguation": "disambiguazione",
+  "rewriting": "riformulazione",
+  "schema linking": "collegamento allo schema",
+  "sql generation": "generazione SQL",
+  "concept": "concetto",
+  "concepts": "concetti",
+  "database": "database",
+  "table": "tabella",
+  "tables": "tabelle",
+  "column": "colonna",
+  "columns": "colonne",
+  "relationships": "relazioni",
+  "source": "origine",
+  "title": "titolo",
+  "id": "ID",
+  "kind": "tipo",
+  "status": "stato",
+  "rule": "regola",
+  "definition": "definizione",
+  "synonyms": "sinonimi",
+  "variants": "varianti",
+  "values": "valori",
+  "question": "domanda",
+  "interpretation": "interpretazione",
+  "input": "ingresso",
+  "output": "uscita",
+  "sql": "SQL",
+  "url": "URL",
+  "label": "etichetta",
+  "description": "descrizione",
+  "scope": "ambito",
+  "rationale": "motivazione",
+  "card": "scheda",
+  "cards": "schede",
+  "protected": "protetto",
+  "allowed": "consentito",
+  "pending": "in attesa",
+  "queued": "in coda",
+  "running": "in corso",
+  "completed": "completato",
+  "completed with errors": "completato con errori",
+  "Completed with errors": "Completato con errori",
+  "succeeded": "riuscito",
+  "failed": "non riuscita",
+  "cancelled": "annullato",
+  "Cancelled": "Annullato",
+  "interrupted": "interrotto",
+  "Interrupted": "Interrotto",
+  "awaiting confirmation": "in attesa di conferma",
+  "all": "tutto",
+  "missing": "mancanti",
+  "selected tables": "tabelle selezionate",
+  "selected columns": "colonne selezionate",
+  "selected table": "tabella selezionata",
+  "selected column": "colonna selezionata",
+  "unknown": "sconosciuto",
+  "Unknown": "Sconosciuto",
+  "sensitive": "sensibile",
+  "not sensitive": "non sensibile",
+  "non sensitive": "non sensibile",
+  "Physical": "Fisica",
+  "Logical": "Logica",
+  "physical": "fisica",
+  "generated": "generato",
+  "manual": "manuale",
+  "full": "completa",
+  "sampled": "campionata",
+  "empty": "vuota",
+  "unavailable": "non disponibile",
+  "Queue": "Coda",
+  "Queued": "In coda",
+  "Connect": "Connetti",
+  "Connecting": "Connessione in corso",
+  "Connected": "Connesso",
+  "Read tables": "Leggi tabelle",
+  "Reading tables": "Lettura tabelle",
+  "Tables read": "Tabelle lette",
+  "Read columns": "Leggi colonne",
+  "Reading columns": "Lettura colonne",
+  "Columns read": "Colonne lette",
+  "Read relationships": "Leggi relazioni",
+  "Reading relationships": "Lettura relazioni",
+  "Relationships read": "Relazioni lette",
+  "Plan changes": "Pianifica modifiche",
+  "Planning changes": "Pianificazione modifiche",
+  "Changes planned": "Modifiche pianificate",
+  "Confirm changes if needed": "Conferma modifiche se necessario",
+  "Confirmation required": "Conferma richiesta",
+  "Changes confirmed": "Modifiche confermate",
+  "Apply changes": "Applica modifiche",
+  "Applying changes": "Applicazione modifiche",
+  "Changes applied": "Modifiche applicate",
+  "Clean dependent Memory": "Pulisci Memory dipendenti",
+  "Cleaning dependent Memory": "Pulizia Memory dipendenti",
+  "Memory updated": "Memory aggiornate",
+  "Complete": "Completa",
+  "Completing": "Completamento in corso",
+  "Completed": "Completato",
+  "Synchronization history": "Cronologia sincronizzazioni",
+  "Recent runs": "Esecuzioni recenti",
+  "Loading recent runs…": "Caricamento esecuzioni recenti…",
+  "Synchronization history could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare la cronologia delle sincronizzazioni.",
+  "Retry history": "Riprova a caricare la cronologia",
+  "No synchronization runs yet.": "Nessuna sincronizzazione eseguita.",
+  "Confirm removals": "Conferma rimozioni",
+  "Cancel": "Annulla",
+  "Retry": "Riprova",
+  "Schema synchronization": "Sincronizzazione schema",
+  "Close synchronization drawer": "Chiudi pannello sincronizzazione",
+  "Loading synchronization…": "Caricamento sincronizzazione…",
+  "Synchronization steps": "Passaggi della sincronizzazione",
+  "Confirmation not required": "Conferma non richiesta",
+  "Checking confirmation": "Verifica conferma",
+  "not required": "non richiesta",
+  "in progress": "in corso",
+  "Destructive changes": "Modifiche distruttive",
+  "Confirm": "Conferma",
+  "removals": "rimozioni",
+  "The database will be scanned again before anything is removed.": "Il database verrà analizzato nuovamente prima di qualsiasi rimozione.",
+  "Memory cards that depend on removed tables or columns will also be deleted, including their links and search entries.": "Verranno eliminate anche le schede Memory che dipendono dalle tabelle o colonne rimosse, inclusi i collegamenti e le voci di ricerca.",
+  "table ·": "tabella ·",
+  "column ·": "colonna ·",
+  "relationship ·": "relazione ·",
+  "Dependent Memory cards removed:": "Schede Memory dipendenti rimosse:",
+  "Synchronization log": "Log di sincronizzazione",
+  "Live log": "Log in tempo reale",
+  "Jump to latest": "Vai agli ultimi eventi",
+  "Synchronization events": "Eventi di sincronizzazione",
+  "Waiting for events…": "In attesa di eventi…",
+  "This synchronization run could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare questa sincronizzazione.",
+  "Loading synchronization history…": "Caricamento cronologia sincronizzazioni…",
+  "No run selected.": "Nessuna esecuzione selezionata.",
+  "Choose a recent run to inspect its steps and event log.": "Scegli un'esecuzione recente per esaminarne i passaggi e il log degli eventi.",
+  "Retry run": "Riprova esecuzione",
+  "Edit metadata": "Modifica metadati",
+  "Mark this column as sensitive; this does not select it for actions.": "Contrassegna questa colonna come sensibile; questo non la seleziona per le azioni.",
+  "Column metadata fields": "Campi dei metadati della colonna",
+  "Source comment": "Commento originale",
+  "Description": "Descrizione",
+  "Generated description": "Descrizione generata",
+  "Sensitive motivation": "Motivazione della sensibilità",
+  "No sensitivity motivation recorded.": "Nessuna motivazione della sensibilità registrata.",
+  "Discard unsaved column metadata?": "Scartare i metadati della colonna non salvati?",
+  "Column metadata saved": "Metadati della colonna salvati",
+  "Sensitive fields saved": "Campi sensibili salvati",
+  "Synchronize columns for this table": "Sincronizza colonne di questa tabella",
+  "Synchronization": "Sincronizzazione",
+  "Selected table": "Tabella selezionata",
+  "Synchronize": "Sincronizza",
+  "You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog.": "Non hai il permesso di sincronizzare il catalogo.",
+  "Select at least one column.": "Seleziona almeno una colonna.",
+  "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.": "Attendi il completamento dell'operazione sul catalogo in corso.",
+  "Another action is running.": "Un'altra azione è in corso.",
+  "Generate column descriptions": "Genera descrizioni delle colonne",
+  "Descriptions": "Descrizioni",
+  "Generate": "Genera",
+  "You do not have permission to generate descriptions.": "Non hai il permesso di generare descrizioni.",
+  "Copy generated descriptions to Description": "Copia le descrizioni generate in Descrizione",
+  "Move": "Sposta",
+  "You do not have permission to update metadata.": "Non hai il permesso di aggiornare i metadati.",
+  "Analyze sensitive fields": "Analizza campi sensibili",
+  "Sensitive data": "Dati sensibili",
+  "Analyze": "Analizza",
+  "You do not have permission to review sensitive data.": "Non hai il permesso di esaminare i dati sensibili.",
+  "Column synchronization started": "Sincronizzazione colonne avviata",
+  "Sensitive": "Sensibile",
+  "Name": "Nome",
+  "Type": "Tipo",
+  "Keys": "Chiavi",
+  "Nullable": "Ammette valori null",
+  "Yes": "Sì",
+  "No": "No",
+  "Actions": "Azioni",
+  "Catalog columns could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare le colonne del catalogo.",
+  "Retry loading columns": "Riprova a caricare le colonne",
+  "← Back to columns": "← Torna alle colonne",
+  "· column": "· colonna",
+  "Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited.": "I campi dello schema fisico sono di sola lettura. I campi di revisione sono modificabili.",
+  "Newer column metadata is available.": "Sono disponibili metadati più recenti per la colonna.",
+  "Your draft is preserved until you reload.": "La bozza viene conservata fino al ricaricamento.",
+  "Reload latest": "Ricarica ultima versione",
+  "Keep editing": "Continua a modificare",
+  "Reload the latest value before this metadata can be saved.": "Ricarica il valore più recente prima di salvare questi metadati.",
+  "Saving…": "Salvataggio…",
+  "Save metadata": "Salva metadati",
+  "Suggesting…": "Suggerimento in corso…",
+  "Running…": "Esecuzione…",
+  "Column action": "Azione sulle colonne",
+  "Save sensitive fields": "Salva campi sensibili",
+  "selected": "selezionati",
+  "column description": "descrizione della colonna",
+  "column descriptions": "descrizioni delle colonne",
+  "Wait for the active description generation to finish": "Attendi il completamento della generazione delle descrizioni in corso",
+  "Analyzing…": "Analisi…",
+  "Clear": "Svuota",
+  "Search columns": "Cerca colonne",
+  "Search": "Cerca",
+  "Refresh": "Aggiorna",
+  "Catalog columns": "Colonne del catalogo",
+  "Select": "Seleziona",
+  "Select columns for actions": "Seleziona colonne per le azioni",
+  "No columns synchronized for this table.": "Nessuna colonna sincronizzata per questa tabella.",
+  "Catalog metadata": "Metadati del catalogo",
+  "Review column description": "Esamina descrizione della colonna",
+  "Close column metadata": "Chiudi metadati della colonna",
+  "Secret values are never displayed.": "I valori segreti non vengono mai mostrati.",
+  "You do not have permission to replace secret values.": "Non hai il permesso di sostituire i valori segreti.",
+  "Configured; leave blank to keep": "Configurato; lascia vuoto per mantenere",
+  "Paste value": "Incolla valore",
+  "Not configured": "Non configurato",
+  "Configure catalog": "Configura catalogo",
+  "Edit database": "Modifica database",
+  "Remove configuration": "Rimuovi configurazione",
+  "Delete database": "Elimina database",
+  "Database details": "Dettagli database",
+  "This removes the local database configuration.": "Questa operazione rimuove la configurazione locale del database.",
+  "The repository workspace remains available and will return to the list as Not configured. ": "Il workspace del repository rimane disponibile e tornerà nell'elenco come Non configurato. ",
+  "This orphaned catalog row will disappear from the list. ": "Questa voce orfana del catalogo scomparirà dall'elenco. ",
+  "Secret references associated with this configuration are removed too. The source database is not modified.": "Vengono rimossi anche i riferimenti ai segreti associati a questa configurazione. Il database di origine non viene modificato.",
+  "A newer database configuration is available.": "È disponibile una configurazione del database più recente.",
+  "Reload the latest values before saving, testing, or deleting. Your draft is still intact.": "Ricarica i valori più recenti prima di salvare, verificare o eliminare. La bozza è ancora intatta.",
+  "Reload the latest values before this configuration can be changed.": "Ricarica i valori più recenti prima di modificare questa configurazione.",
+  "Database configuration saved; secret update could not be confirmed.": "Configurazione del database salvata; impossibile confermare l'aggiornamento dei segreti.",
+  "The values you entered are retained in this form.": "I valori inseriti vengono conservati in questo modulo.",
+  "Retrying…": "Nuovo tentativo…",
+  "Retry secrets": "Riprova segreti",
+  "Secret status is visible, but replacing secret values requires the workspace.secrets.manage permission.": "Lo stato dei segreti è visibile, ma la sostituzione dei valori richiede il permesso workspace.secrets.manage.",
+  "This configuration references a workspace that is no longer present in the repository YAML.": "Questa configurazione fa riferimento a un workspace non più presente nello YAML del repository.",
+  "Workspace": "Workspace",
+  "Workspace ID": "ID workspace",
+  "Database engine": "Motore database",
+  "Transport": "Trasporto",
+  "Direct PostgreSQL connection": "Connessione PostgreSQL diretta",
+  "REST API": "API REST",
+  "SSH tunnel": "Tunnel SSH",
+  "Database name": "Nome database",
+  "Schema": "Schema",
+  "Installation binding": "Connessione dell'installazione",
+  "Host": "Host",
+  "Port": "Porta",
+  "Username": "Nome utente",
+  "TLS server name": "Nome server TLS",
+  "Password": "Password",
+  "TLS CA certificate": "Certificato CA TLS",
+  "Base URL": "URL di base",
+  "Diagnostic endpoint": "Endpoint diagnostico",
+  "This relative path is fixed by the runtime contract.": "Questo percorso relativo è fissato dal contratto runtime.",
+  "Authentication": "Autenticazione",
+  "Bearer token": "Token Bearer",
+  "None": "Nessuno",
+  "API key": "Chiave API",
+  "SSH host verification is strict. Provide the trusted known_hosts entry before testing this binding.": "La verifica dell'host SSH è rigorosa. Fornisci la voce known_hosts attendibile prima di verificare questa connessione.",
+  "Database username": "Nome utente database",
+  "Database password": "Password database",
+  "SSH host": "Host SSH",
+  "SSH port": "Porta SSH",
+  "SSH username": "Nome utente SSH",
+  "SSH private key": "Chiave privata SSH",
+  "Private key passphrase": "Passphrase della chiave privata",
+  "SSH known hosts": "Host SSH conosciuti",
+  "Target host": "Host di destinazione",
+  "Target port": "Porta di destinazione",
+  "Last connection error:": "Ultimo errore di connessione:",
+  "Testing…": "Verifica…",
+  "Test connection": "Verifica connessione",
+  "Save catalog configuration": "Salva configurazione catalogo",
+  "Save changes": "Salva modifiche",
+  "Removing…": "Rimozione…",
+  "Sync history": "Cronologia sincronizzazioni",
+  "Description history": "Cronologia descrizioni",
+  "Sensitive history": "Cronologia dati sensibili",
+  "Last tested": "Ultima verifica",
+  "Back to list": "Torna all'elenco",
+  "Database management": "Gestione database",
+  "View sync": "Visualizza sincronizzazione",
+  "Database sections": "Sezioni database",
+  "Overview": "Panoramica",
+  "Tables": "Tabelle",
+  "Relationships": "Relazioni",
+  "Endpoint not configured": "Endpoint non configurato",
+  "Not started": "Non avviato",
+  "No catalog objects": "Nessun oggetto nel catalogo",
+  "Partial": "Parziale",
+  "Not synchronized": "Non sincronizzato",
+  "Schema not synchronized": "Schema non sincronizzato",
+  "Synchronized": "Sincronizzato",
+  "Current schema": "Schema corrente",
+  "Schema revision changed": "Revisione dello schema modificata",
+  "No analysis has been run": "Nessuna analisi eseguita",
+  "Incomplete": "Incompleto",
+  "Details": "Dettagli",
+  "Database management permission is required.": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione database.",
+  "Save this database configuration before managing relationships.": "Salva questa configurazione del database prima di gestire le relazioni.",
+  "Edit configuration": "Modifica configurazione",
+  "This database configuration cannot be changed": "Questa configurazione del database non può essere modificata",
+  "This database configuration cannot be changed.": "Questa configurazione del database non può essere modificata.",
+  "Save this database configuration before deleting it": "Salva questa configurazione del database prima di eliminarla",
+  "Save this database configuration before deleting it.": "Salva questa configurazione del database prima di eliminarla.",
+  "Catalog status": "Stato catalogo",
+  "Database management permission is required": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione dei database",
+  "Every selected workspace must be configured": "Tutti i workspace selezionati devono essere configurati",
+  "Wait for active synchronization": "Attendi la sincronizzazione in corso",
+  "Select exactly one database": "Seleziona un solo database",
+  "Wait for active description generation": "Attendi la generazione delle descrizioni in corso",
+  "The selected database must be configured and idle": "Il database selezionato deve essere configurato e inattivo",
+  "Wait for the active metadata operation": "Attendi l'operazione sui metadati in corso",
+  "Every selected database must be configured and idle": "Tutti i database selezionati devono essere configurati e inattivi",
+  "Test connections": "Verifica connessioni",
+  "Connection": "Connessione",
+  "Synchronize tables": "Sincronizza tabelle",
+  "Synchronize relationships": "Sincronizza relazioni",
+  "Synchronize all": "Sincronizza tutto",
+  "Generate missing descriptions": "Genera descrizioni mancanti",
+  "Generate all descriptions": "Genera tutte le descrizioni",
+  "Review generation": "Esamina generazione",
+  "Copy generated description to descriptions": "Copia la descrizione generata nelle descrizioni",
+  "Review copy": "Esamina copia",
+  "Open review": "Apri revisione",
+  "Clear catalog tables and relationships": "Svuota tabelle e relazioni del catalogo",
+  "Cleanup": "Pulizia",
+  "Review cleanup": "Esamina pulizia",
+  "Clear catalog relationships": "Svuota relazioni del catalogo",
+  "Workspace databases": "Database dei workspace",
+  "Existing generated descriptions for eligible tables and columns will be replaced.": "Le descrizioni generate esistenti per le tabelle e le colonne idonee verranno sostituite.",
+  "Metadata generation source data disclosure": "Informativa sui dati di origine per la generazione dei metadati",
+  "When available, up to five real source rows and five representative values from columns not marked sensitive are sent to the selected provider.": "Se disponibili, fino a cinque righe reali di origine e cinque valori rappresentativi delle colonne non contrassegnate come sensibili vengono inviati al provider selezionato.",
+  "Copy generated descriptions to Description fields in": "Copia le descrizioni generate nei campi Descrizione in",
+  "Every non-empty AI-generated table and column description will replace its current Description value. Generated descriptions are retained.": "Ogni descrizione di tabella e colonna generata dall'IA e non vuota sostituirà il valore corrente di Descrizione. Le descrizioni generate vengono conservate.",
+  "Copy to descriptions": "Copia nelle descrizioni",
+  "Delete all": "Elimina tutto",
+  "Clear catalog": "Svuota catalogo",
+  "Columns and relationships will also be removed. Database configurations and source databases are unchanged.": "Verranno rimosse anche colonne e relazioni. Le configurazioni dei database e i database di origine rimangono invariati.",
+  "Catalog tables, columns, database configurations, and source databases are unchanged.": "Tabelle, colonne, configurazioni dei database e database di origine rimangono invariati.",
+  "Clear catalog tables": "Svuota tabelle del catalogo",
+  "Delete catalog tables": "Elimina tabelle del catalogo",
+  "Delete relationships": "Elimina relazioni",
+  "hidden by filter": "nascosti dal filtro",
+  "Delete all tables": "Elimina tutte le tabelle",
+  "Delete all relationships": "Elimina tutte le relazioni",
+  "Search databases": "Cerca database",
+  "catalogs configured": "cataloghi configurati",
+  "Refreshing": "Aggiornamento",
+  "Loading database configurations…": "Caricamento configurazioni database…",
+  "No repository workspaces are available for database configuration.": "Nessun workspace del repository disponibile per la configurazione del database.",
+  "You do not have permission to manage catalog relationships.": "Non hai il permesso di gestire le relazioni del catalogo.",
+  "Wait for the active synchronization to finish.": "Attendi il completamento della sincronizzazione in corso.",
+  "You do not have permission to add catalog relationships.": "Non hai il permesso di aggiungere relazioni al catalogo.",
+  "Wait for the current relationship operation to finish.": "Attendi il completamento dell'operazione sulle relazioni in corso.",
+  "Relationship synchronization started": "Sincronizzazione relazioni avviata",
+  "Relationship excluded. Future builds will leave it excluded.": "Relazione esclusa. Le generazioni future la manterranno esclusa.",
+  "Relationship restored.": "Relazione ripristinata.",
+  "Relationship deleted permanently. A future build may infer it again.": "Relazione eliminata definitivamente. Una generazione futura potrebbe dedurla nuovamente.",
+  "Relationship added.": "Relazione aggiunta.",
+  "The target column must be the only primary-key column of its table.": "La colonna di destinazione deve essere l'unica colonna chiave primaria della sua tabella.",
+  "Source and target column types are not compatible.": "I tipi delle colonne di origine e destinazione non sono compatibili.",
+  "This relationship already exists.": "Questa relazione esiste già.",
+  "Build complete: no new relationships found.": "Generazione completata: nessuna nuova relazione trovata.",
+  "Constraint": "Vincolo",
+  "Source table": "Tabella di origine",
+  "Source column": "Colonna di origine",
+  "Target table": "Tabella di destinazione",
+  "Target column": "Colonna di destinazione",
+  "Origin": "Origine",
+  "Status": "Stato",
+  "On update": "All'aggiornamento",
+  "On delete": "All'eliminazione",
+  "Catalog relationships could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare le relazioni del catalogo.",
+  "Retry relationships": "Riprova relazioni",
+  "Back to databases": "Torna ai database",
+  "Relationship map": "Mappa delle relazioni",
+  "Relationship status": "Stato relazione",
+  "Active": "Attivo",
+  "Excluded": "Escluso",
+  "All": "Tutti",
+  "Search relationships": "Cerca relazioni",
+  "Physical relationships in this database": "Relazioni fisiche in questo database",
+  "This database": "Questo database",
+  "Action scope": "Ambito dell'azione",
+  "Relationship action": "Azione sulle relazioni",
+  "Choose an action…": "Scegli un'azione…",
+  "Logical relationships": "Relazioni logiche",
+  "Build generated relationships": "Genera relazioni dedotte",
+  "Synchronize physical relationships": "Sincronizza relazioni fisiche",
+  "Building…": "Generazione…",
+  "Run action": "Esegui azione",
+  "Add relationship": "Aggiungi relazione",
+  "No relationships yet. Build from column names or add one manually.": "Nessuna relazione presente. Generale dai nomi delle colonne o aggiungine una manualmente.",
+  "No excluded relationships.": "Nessuna relazione esclusa.",
+  "No relationships for this database.": "Nessuna relazione per questo database.",
+  "Logical relationship": "Relazione logica",
+  "Connect one source column to one primary-key target column.": "Collega una colonna di origine a una colonna chiave primaria di destinazione.",
+  "Close relationship form": "Chiudi modulo relazione",
+  "Adding…": "Aggiunta…",
+  "Select source table…": "Seleziona tabella di origine…",
+  "Select source column…": "Seleziona colonna di origine…",
+  "Select target table…": "Seleziona tabella di destinazione…",
+  "Select target column…": "Seleziona colonna di destinazione…",
+  "Catalog tables or columns could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare le tabelle o le colonne del catalogo.",
+  "Relationship details": "Dettagli relazione",
+  "This information is synchronized from the source schema and is read-only.": "Queste informazioni sono sincronizzate dallo schema di origine e sono di sola lettura.",
+  "This relationship was inferred from catalog column names.": "Questa relazione è stata dedotta dai nomi delle colonne del catalogo.",
+  "This relationship was added manually.": "Questa relazione è stata aggiunta manualmente.",
+  "Close relationship details": "Chiudi dettagli relazione",
+  "The relationship will move to Excluded. Builds will not recreate it, and you can restore it later.": "La relazione verrà spostata in Escluse. Le generazioni non la ricreeranno e potrai ripristinarla in seguito.",
+  "The relationship record will be erased. A future build may infer it again.": "Il record della relazione verrà cancellato. Una generazione futura potrebbe dedurla nuovamente.",
+  "Exclude relationship": "Escludi relazione",
+  "Delete permanently": "Elimina definitivamente",
+  "Close": "Chiudi",
+  "Exclude": "Escludi",
+  "Restore": "Ripristina",
+  "Not specified": "Non specificato",
+  "Column mapping": "Mappatura colonne",
+  "Source": "Origine",
+  "Target": "Destinazione",
+  "Synchronize database schema": "Sincronizza schema database",
+  "Columns": "Colonne",
+  "Clear all catalog tables, columns, and relationships for this database? The source database will not be changed.": "Svuotare tutte le tabelle, colonne e relazioni del catalogo per questo database? Il database di origine non verrà modificato.",
+  "Discard unsaved metadata?": "Scartare i metadati non salvati?",
+  "Table metadata saved": "Metadati della tabella salvati",
+  "Full schema synchronization started": "Sincronizzazione completa dello schema avviata",
+  "Table synchronization started": "Sincronizzazione tabelle avviata",
+  "Cleared": "Svuotato",
+  "Deleted": "Eliminato",
+  "The selected tables have no synchronized catalog columns.": "Le tabelle selezionate non hanno colonne sincronizzate nel catalogo.",
+  "Generate table description": "Genera descrizione della tabella",
+  "Select at least one table.": "Seleziona almeno una tabella.",
+  "Synchronize database tables": "Sincronizza tabelle del database",
+  "Selected database": "Database selezionato",
+  "Synchronize columns for selected tables": "Sincronizza colonne delle tabelle selezionate",
+  "Remove synchronized columns": "Rimuovi colonne sincronizzate",
+  "Catalog cleanup": "Pulizia catalogo",
+  "You do not have permission to clear catalog metadata.": "Non hai il permesso di svuotare i metadati del catalogo.",
+  "Catalog tables could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare le tabelle del catalogo.",
+  "Retry tables": "Riprova tabelle",
+  "Sync all": "Sincronizza tutto",
+  "Physical table": "Tabella fisica",
+  "Catalog tables": "Tabelle del catalogo",
+  "Search tables": "Cerca tabelle",
+  "No catalog tables. Synchronize the schema from the database view.": "Nessuna tabella nel catalogo. Sincronizza lo schema dalla vista database.",
+  "Review table description": "Esamina descrizione della tabella",
+  "Close table metadata": "Chiudi metadati della tabella",
+  "A newer table description is available.": "È disponibile una descrizione della tabella più recente.",
+  "Your draft is preserved until you reload the current metadata.": "La bozza viene conservata fino al ricaricamento dei metadati correnti.",
+  "Reload the latest value before this description can be saved.": "Ricarica il valore più recente prima di salvare questa descrizione.",
+  "Physical table name": "Nome fisico della tabella",
+  "Leave blank to keep the curated description empty.": "Lascia vuoto per mantenere vuota la descrizione curata.",
+  "Back to tables": "Torna alle tabelle",
+  "Table sections": "Sezioni tabella",
+  "Only review metadata can be changed.": "È possibile modificare solo i metadati di revisione.",
+  "Only synchronized catalog columns for these tables will be removed. The source database is not modified.": "Verranno rimosse solo le colonne del catalogo sincronizzate per queste tabelle. Il database di origine non viene modificato.",
+  "Generating…": "Generazione…",
+  "Table action": "Azione sulle tabelle",
+  "Generate descriptions for all columns": "Genera descrizioni per tutte le colonne",
+  "The run ended before all targets were processed. Review the event log for safe details.": "L'esecuzione è terminata prima di elaborare tutti gli elementi. Consulta il log degli eventi per i dettagli disponibili.",
+  "Not available": "Non disponibile",
+  "Unlock was refused because a live description worker is still running.": "Sblocco rifiutato perché un processo di generazione delle descrizioni è ancora in esecuzione.",
+  "Description generation": "Generazione descrizioni",
+  "Run history": "Cronologia esecuzioni",
+  "Close description generation": "Chiudi generazione descrizioni",
+  "Loading run history…": "Caricamento cronologia esecuzioni…",
+  "No description generation runs yet.": "Nessuna generazione di descrizioni eseguita.",
+  "Start a description generation to create the first history entry.": "Avvia una generazione di descrizioni per creare la prima voce nella cronologia.",
+  "Total": "Totale",
+  "Processed": "Elaborati",
+  "Generated": "Generati",
+  "Not generated": "Non generati",
+  "Failed": "Non riuscito",
+  "Unlock interrupts apparently stale work and marks the run interrupted. A live worker will prevent it.": "Lo sblocco interrompe il lavoro apparentemente bloccato e contrassegna l'esecuzione come interrotta. Un processo attivo impedirà l'operazione.",
+  "Unlock stale run": "Sblocca esecuzione bloccata",
+  "Unlocking…": "Sblocco…",
+  "Unlock": "Sblocca",
+  "Stopping…": "Arresto…",
+  "Stop": "Arresta",
+  "AI usage": "Utilizzo IA",
+  "Model": "Modello",
+  "Input tokens": "Token in ingresso",
+  "Cache tokens": "Token in cache",
+  "Output tokens": "Token in uscita",
+  "Description generation timestamps": "Date della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Timestamps": "Date",
+  "Created": "Creato",
+  "Started": "Avviato",
+  "Updated": "Aggiornato",
+  "Finished": "Terminato",
+  "Description generation counters": "Contatori della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Progress": "Avanzamento",
+  "Description generation progress": "Avanzamento della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Description generation log": "Log della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Events": "Eventi",
+  "Description generation events": "Eventi della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Description generation history": "Cronologia della generazione descrizioni",
+  "Batch action": "Azione in blocco",
+  "This action is not available for the current selection.": "Questa azione non è disponibile per la selezione corrente.",
+  "Selected rows": "Righe selezionate",
+  "Database fleet inventory": "Inventario database",
+  "Database management actions": "Azioni di gestione database",
+  "Configure database connections, synchronize schema and curate the catalog.": "Configura le connessioni ai database, sincronizza lo schema e cura il catalogo.",
+  "Live catalog status": "Stato del catalogo in tempo reale",
+  "Fleet summary": "Riepilogo database",
+  "Database hierarchy": "Gerarchia database",
+  "Fleet commands": "Comandi database",
+  "Fleet inventory results": "Risultati dell'inventario database",
+  "No metadata-generation LLM model is configured for this installation.": "Nessun modello LLM per la generazione dei metadati è configurato per questa installazione.",
+  "Global LLM model choices are unavailable.": "Le opzioni del modello LLM globale non sono disponibili.",
+  "The global LLM model is unavailable. Choose a configured model; no fallback is applied.": "Il modello LLM globale non è disponibile. Scegli un modello configurato; non viene applicata alcuna alternativa automatica.",
+  "Global LLM model": "Modello LLM globale",
+  "(unavailable)": "(non disponibile)",
+  "Loading models…": "Caricamento modelli…",
+  "Model choices unavailable": "Opzioni modello non disponibili",
+  "No model configured": "Nessun modello configurato",
+  "No usable model configured": "Nessun modello utilizzabile configurato",
+  "Shared with Core and all workspaces.": "Condiviso con Core e tutti i workspace.",
+  "policy match": "corrispondenza con la policy",
+  "Discard the sensitive-field review?": "Scartare la revisione dei campi sensibili?",
+  "Sensitive field review": "Revisione campi sensibili",
+  "Review local assessments": "Esamina valutazioni locali",
+  "Close sensitive field review": "Chiudi revisione campi sensibili",
+  "Unsaved assessments never change the catalog.": "Le valutazioni non salvate non modificano mai il catalogo.",
+  "Search sensitivity assessments": "Cerca valutazioni di sensibilità",
+  "Search table or column": "Cerca tabella o colonna",
+  "change": "modifica",
+  "Show all": "Mostra tutto",
+  "assessed columns": "colonne valutate",
+  "No proposed changes in this view.": "Nessuna modifica proposta in questa vista.",
+  "Show all classified columns to inspect unchanged flags, or close this review.": "Mostra tutte le colonne classificate per esaminare i contrassegni invariati, oppure chiudi questa revisione.",
+  "Sensitivity assessments": "Valutazioni di sensibilità",
+  "Current:": "Attuale:",
+  ". Proposed:": ". Proposto:",
+  "Assessment:": "Valutazione:",
+  ". Evidence:": ". Evidenza:",
+  "no sensitive match": "nessuna corrispondenza sensibile",
+  ". Coverage:": ". Copertura:",
+  ". Observed values:": ". Valori osservati:",
+  "Change": "Modifica",
+  "No change": "Nessuna modifica",
+  "The run ended before all columns were classified. Review the event log for safe details.": "L'esecuzione è terminata prima di classificare tutte le colonne. Consulta il log degli eventi per i dettagli disponibili.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis history": "Cronologia analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis": "Analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Starting sensitivity analysis": "Avvio analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Preparing the local policy and source scan.": "Preparazione della policy locale e della scansione dell'origine.",
+  "Close sensitivity analysis history": "Chiudi cronologia analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis startup progress": "Avanzamento avvio analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis is starting": "L'analisi di sensibilità si sta avviando",
+  "Preparing analysis run": "Preparazione esecuzione analisi",
+  "Sensitivity analysis log": "Log dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis events": "Eventi dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Preparing sensitivity analysis…": "Preparazione analisi di sensibilità…",
+  "Analysis run history": "Cronologia esecuzioni analisi",
+  "Starting sensitivity analysis…": "Avvio analisi di sensibilità…",
+  "Loading analysis history…": "Caricamento cronologia analisi…",
+  "No sensitivity analysis runs yet.": "Nessuna analisi di sensibilità eseguita.",
+  "Analyze sensitive fields to create the first history entry.": "Analizza i campi sensibili per creare la prima voce nella cronologia.",
+  "unknown policy": "policy sconosciuta",
+  "unknown model": "modello sconosciuto",
+  "Total columns": "Totale colonne",
+  "Not sensitive": "Non sensibile",
+  "Unprocessed": "Non elaborati",
+  "Analysis engine": "Motore di analisi",
+  "Engine": "Motore",
+  "Sensitivity analysis timestamps": "Date dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis counters": "Contatori dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Results": "Risultati",
+  "Sensitivity analysis progress": "Avanzamento dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis run history": "Cronologia esecuzioni dell'analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Workspace missing": "Workspace mancante",
+  "Reachable": "Raggiungibile",
+  "Untested": "Non verificato",
+  "This database configuration is no longer available": "Questa configurazione del database non è più disponibile",
+  "Save the database configuration before managing tables": "Salva la configurazione del database prima di gestire le tabelle",
+  "Discard unsaved database changes?": "Scartare le modifiche al database non salvate?",
+  "Secret replacement is not permitted": "La sostituzione dei segreti non è consentita",
+  "Database configuration saved, but secrets still need attention": "Configurazione del database salvata, ma i segreti richiedono ancora attenzione",
+  "Database configuration saved": "Configurazione del database salvata",
+  "Database configuration added": "Configurazione del database aggiunta",
+  "Database secrets saved": "Segreti del database salvati",
+  "Connection test successful": "Verifica connessione riuscita",
+  "Connection test failed": "Verifica connessione non riuscita",
+  "The database could not be reached.": "Impossibile raggiungere il database.",
+  "Database configuration deleted": "Configurazione del database eliminata",
+  "This database configuration has already been deleted": "Questa configurazione del database è già stata eliminata",
+  "All connection tests successful": "Tutte le verifiche di connessione sono riuscite",
+  "The selected database is not configured, so sensitivity analysis was not started.": "Il database selezionato non è configurato, quindi l'analisi di sensibilità non è stata avviata.",
+  "database is not configured": "il database non è configurato",
+  "Sensitivity analysis can run for only one database at a time. Select one database and try again.": "L'analisi di sensibilità può essere eseguita su un solo database alla volta. Seleziona un database e riprova.",
+  "more than one database selected": "più di un database selezionato",
+  "The database is no longer available, so sensitivity analysis was not started.": "Il database non è più disponibile, quindi l'analisi di sensibilità non è stata avviata.",
+  "database is no longer available": "il database non è più disponibile",
+  "No synchronized metadata": "Nessun metadato sincronizzato",
+  "Description generation active": "Generazione descrizioni in corso",
+  "Sensitive analysis active": "Analisi dati sensibili in corso",
+  "Idle": "Inattivo",
+  "Databases": "Database",
+  "Database": "Database",
+  "Connection test": "Verifica connessione",
+  "Done": "Fatto",
+  "Database workspaces": "Workspace dei database",
+  "Workspace catalog": "Catalogo workspace",
+  "The database catalog is unavailable.": "Il catalogo dei database non è disponibile.",
+  "Verify the catalog service and database migrations, then try again.": "Verifica il servizio catalogo e le migrazioni del database, poi riprova.",
+  "Try again": "Riprova",
+  "Catalog": "Catalogo",
+  "Loading": "Caricamento",
+  "Unavailable": "Non disponibile",
+  "Available": "Disponibile",
+  "Retry from the current grid": "Riprova dalla griglia corrente",
+  "Operations": "Operazioni",
+  "Metadata updated": "Metadati aggiornati",
+  "View schema synchronization logs": "Visualizza log di sincronizzazione schema",
+  "View schema synchronization progress and history": "Visualizza avanzamento e cronologia della sincronizzazione schema",
+  "Schema sync active": "Sincronizzazione schema in corso",
+  "Schema sync logs": "Log sincronizzazione schema",
+  "View AI description generation logs": "Visualizza log di generazione descrizioni IA",
+  "View AI description generation progress and history": "Visualizza avanzamento e cronologia della generazione descrizioni IA",
+  "AI descriptions active": "Descrizioni IA in corso",
+  "AI description logs": "Log descrizioni IA",
+  "View sensitive analysis progress": "Visualizza avanzamento analisi dati sensibili",
+  "View sensitive analysis progress and history": "Visualizza avanzamento e cronologia dell'analisi dati sensibili",
+  "Sensitive analysis history": "Cronologia analisi dati sensibili",
+  "Database summary": "Riepilogo database",
+  "Description coverage": "Copertura descrizioni",
+  "Administration": "Amministrazione",
+  "One database configuration for each repository workspace.": "Una configurazione database per ogni workspace del repository.",
+  "Database management controls": "Controlli gestione database",
+  "Metadata description controls": "Controlli descrizione metadati",
+  "View description generation history": "Visualizza cronologia generazione descrizioni",
+  "View sensitivity analysis history": "Visualizza cronologia analisi di sensibilità",
+  "Sensitivity analysis is active": "L'analisi di sensibilità è in corso",
+  "Ready": "Pronto",
+  "Runtime configuration required": "Configurazione runtime richiesta",
+  "Preparation": "Preparazione",
+  "Specific actions": "Azioni specifiche",
+  "About": "Informazioni",
+  "Discard unsaved workspace secrets?": "Scartare i segreti del workspace non salvati?",
+  "Workspace repository updated and validated.": "Repository dei workspace aggiornato e validato.",
+  "git_unavailable: Workspace repository could not be updated": "git_unavailable: impossibile aggiornare il repository dei workspace",
+  "Workspace source and authentication are valid.": "Origine e autenticazione del workspace valide.",
+  "Workspace source is valid.": "Origine del workspace valida.",
+  "workspace_invalid: Workspace validation could not be completed": "workspace_invalid: impossibile completare la validazione del workspace",
+  "Workspace connections are valid.": "Connessioni del workspace valide.",
+  "Workspace connection test completed.": "Verifica connessioni del workspace completata.",
+  "connector_unavailable: Workspace connections could not be tested": "connector_unavailable: impossibile verificare le connessioni del workspace",
+  "Runtime secrets saved. Stored values remain hidden.": "Segreti runtime salvati. I valori memorizzati rimangono nascosti.",
+  "workspace_invalid: Runtime secrets could not be saved": "workspace_invalid: impossibile salvare i segreti runtime",
+  "Stored secret forgotten.": "Segreto memorizzato rimosso.",
+  "workspace_invalid: Stored secret could not be forgotten": "workspace_invalid: impossibile rimuovere il segreto memorizzato",
+  "the repository configured for this ThothII installation": "il repository configurato per questa installazione ThothII",
+  "Workspace management": "Gestione workspace",
+  "Workspace configuration": "Configurazione workspace",
+  "Read, validate, and complete the runtime configuration of workspaces supplied by the installation repository.": "Leggi, valida e completa la configurazione runtime dei workspace forniti dal repository dell'installazione.",
+  "Close workspace management": "Chiudi gestione workspace",
+  "Workspaces": "Workspace",
+  "Repository overview": "Panoramica repository",
+  "Back to Level 1": "Torna al livello 1",
+  "Available workspaces": "Workspace disponibili",
+  "Loading workspaces…": "Caricamento workspace…",
+  "Could not load workspaces.": "Impossibile caricare i workspace.",
+  "Retry workspace list": "Riprova elenco workspace",
+  "Repository": "Repository",
+  "What workspace files tell ThothII": "Cosa indicano a ThothII i file del workspace",
+  "A workspace file describes one data environment. Its": "Un file workspace descrive un ambiente dati. Il suo",
+  "gives ThothII the workspace identity and language, plus any Evidence sources that support analysis. Database metadata and connection settings are managed separately in the PostgreSQL Catalog.": "fornisce a ThothII l'identità e la lingua del workspace, oltre alle eventuali fonti Evidence a supporto dell'analisi. I metadati del database e le impostazioni di connessione sono gestiti separatamente nel Catalogo PostgreSQL.",
+  "One Git repository can contain many workspaces. At its root,": "Un repository Git può contenere molti workspace. Alla radice,",
+  "lists them, and each workspace has its own directory and": "li elenca, e ogni workspace ha la propria directory e il proprio",
+  ". This keeps workspace identity and supporting Evidence distinct while versioning them together.": ". Questo mantiene distinte l'identità del workspace e le Evidence di supporto, versionandole insieme.",
+  "How this installation uses the repository": "Come questa installazione utilizza il repository",
+  "The repository address, branch, and read-only Git credentials are configured during ThothII installation. This installation reads": "L'indirizzo del repository, il branch e le credenziali Git di sola lettura sono configurati durante l'installazione di ThothII. Questa installazione legge",
+  "on branch": "sul branch",
+  "ThothII fetches the configured branch into its managed read-only checkout, reads the workspaces listed in the repository, and validates the complete candidate revision before activating it.": "ThothII recupera il branch configurato nella propria copia gestita di sola lettura, legge i workspace elencati nel repository e valida l'intera revisione candidata prima di attivarla.",
+  "The active revision stays read-only. ThothII never edits, commits, pushes, or publishes workspace files; if validation fails, the previous valid revision stays active.": "La revisione attiva rimane di sola lettura. ThothII non modifica, esegue commit o push né pubblica i file workspace; se la validazione fallisce, la precedente revisione valida rimane attiva.",
+  "The": "Le",
+  "workspace authoring instructions on GitHub": "istruzioni di creazione dei workspace su GitHub",
+  "explain the required layout and validation rules for people who maintain the repository.": "spiegano la struttura richiesta e le regole di validazione per chi mantiene il repository.",
+  "Update workspace repository": "Aggiorna repository dei workspace",
+  "Fetches the configured branch directly into the managed read-only checkout and validates it. No workspace selection is required. If candidate validation fails, the current active revision remains unchanged.": "Recupera il branch configurato direttamente nella copia gestita di sola lettura e lo valida. Non serve selezionare un workspace. Se la validazione del candidato fallisce, la revisione attiva corrente rimane invariata.",
+  "You can inspect workspaces. Workspace updates, validation, and connection tests require workspace management permission.": "Puoi esaminare i workspace. Gli aggiornamenti, la validazione e le verifiche delle connessioni richiedono il permesso di gestione workspace.",
+  "Selecting a workspace from the left opens its own revision, Evidence configuration, runtime requirements, validation, and connection checks. Database configuration is available in Database management.": "Selezionando un workspace a sinistra si aprono la sua revisione, la configurazione Evidence, i requisiti runtime, la validazione e le verifiche delle connessioni. La configurazione del database è disponibile in Gestione database.",
+  "Selected workspace": "Workspace selezionato",
+  "Workspace areas": "Aree workspace",
+  "Loading workspace configuration…": "Caricamento configurazione workspace…",
+  "Could not load this workspace configuration.": "Impossibile caricare questa configurazione workspace.",
+  "Retry workspace configuration": "Riprova configurazione workspace",
+  "About this workspace": "Informazioni su questo workspace",
+  "is one workspace in the shared repository. Its workspace.yaml defines identity, language, and optional Evidence sources for this data environment. Its database is configured and described in the PostgreSQL Catalog.": "è un workspace nel repository condiviso. Il suo workspace.yaml definisce identità, lingua e fonti Evidence facoltative per questo ambiente dati. Il suo database è configurato e descritto nel Catalogo PostgreSQL.",
+  "The active revision shown below is the exact version currently activated by ThothII. Reading or checking it does not modify the repository. Source changes are made in Git and become available after a new revision is fetched, validated, and activated.": "La revisione attiva mostrata sotto è la versione esatta attualmente attivata da ThothII. Leggerla o verificarla non modifica il repository. Le modifiche all'origine vengono effettuate in Git e diventano disponibili dopo il recupero, la validazione e l'attivazione di una nuova revisione.",
+  "Source file": "File di origine",
+  "Active revision": "Revisione attiva",
+  "Workspace language": "Lingua del workspace",
+  "Runtime status": "Stato runtime",
+  "Workspace-specific actions": "Azioni specifiche del workspace",
+  "The validation and connection checks below apply only to": "La validazione e le verifiche delle connessioni seguenti si applicano solo a",
+  "and read its active revision without changing or publishing it.": "e leggono la sua revisione attiva senza modificarla o pubblicarla.",
+  "Validate workspace source": "Valida origine del workspace",
+  "Confirms that workspace.yaml and the directories belonging to this workspace follow the supported format. This identifies source problems before activation, without changing repository files.": "Conferma che workspace.yaml e le directory di questo workspace rispettino il formato supportato. Identifica i problemi dell'origine prima dell'attivazione, senza modificare i file del repository.",
+  "Test workspace connections": "Verifica connessioni del workspace",
+  "Run a connection test in Specific actions to inspect authentication diagnostics.": "Esegui una verifica delle connessioni in Azioni specifiche per esaminare la diagnostica di autenticazione.",
+  "Passed": "Superato",
+  "Runtime secrets": "Segreti runtime",
+  "Some connectors need credentials at runtime. ThothII stores these values separately from Git and never displays stored values. Enter a value only when adding or replacing a credential for this workspace.": "Alcuni connettori richiedono credenziali durante l'esecuzione. ThothII memorizza questi valori separatamente da Git e non mostra mai quelli memorizzati. Inserisci un valore solo per aggiungere o sostituire una credenziale di questo workspace.",
+  "This workspace does not require user-provided runtime secrets for its selected connectors.": "Questo workspace non richiede segreti runtime forniti dall'utente per i connettori selezionati.",
+  "Configured": "Configurato",
+  " Required for this workspace.": " Richiesto per questo workspace.",
+  "Enter a new or replacement value": "Inserisci un valore nuovo o sostitutivo",
+  "Forget stored value": "Rimuovi valore memorizzato",
+  "Save entered secrets": "Salva segreti inseriti",
+  "Runtime secret controls are available only to authorized workspace operators.": "I controlli dei segreti runtime sono disponibili solo agli operatori workspace autorizzati.",
+  "Required": "Richiesto",
+  "Running": "In esecuzione",
+  "Blocked": "Bloccato",
+  "Preparing Catalog snapshot": "Preparazione snapshot del Catalogo",
+  "Building schema and LSH": "Creazione schema e LSH",
+  "Indexing Evidence": "Indicizzazione Evidence",
+  "Finalizing": "Finalizzazione",
+  "Catalog revision {revision} is not indexed.": "La revisione {revision} del Catalogo non è indicizzata.",
+  "Catalog revision {revision} is indexed.": "La revisione {revision} del Catalogo è indicizzata.",
+  "Database configuration v{version} is newer than the latest Catalog synchronization v{synced}.": "La configurazione database v{version} è più recente dell'ultima sincronizzazione del Catalogo v{synced}.",
+  "Database configuration v{version} is newer than the latest Catalog synchronization.": "La configurazione database v{version} è più recente dell'ultima sincronizzazione del Catalogo.",
+  "Preprocessing progress": "Avanzamento preprocessing",
+  "Why this happened": "Causa",
+  "Next step": "Passaggio successivo",
+  "Last run details": "Dettagli ultima esecuzione",
+  "Failed stage": "Fase non riuscita",
+  "Semantic preflight": "Verifica preliminare semantica",
+  "Runtime preflight": "Verifica preliminare runtime",
+  "Preprocessing": "Preprocessing",
+  "Error code": "Codice errore",
+  "Only the latest diagnostic is retained. Service log: ": "Viene conservata solo l'ultima diagnostica. Log del servizio: ",
+  "No preprocessing log is available because a run did not start.": "Nessun log di preprocessing disponibile perché non è stata avviata un'esecuzione.",
+  "workspace unavailable": "workspace non disponibile",
+  "Preparing the PostgreSQL Catalog snapshot.": "Preparazione dello snapshot del Catalogo PostgreSQL.",
+  "Reference vectors and LSH cleared. Memory preserved.": "Vettori di riferimento e LSH svuotati. Memory conservate.",
+  "Status unavailable": "Stato non disponibile",
+  "Checking preprocessing": "Verifica preprocessing",
+  "Reading the current workspace state.": "Lettura dello stato corrente del workspace.",
+  "Select a workspace first.": "Seleziona prima un workspace.",
+  "Run again": "Esegui di nuovo",
+  "Run": "Esegui",
+  "Workspace preprocessing": "Preprocessing del workspace",
+  "Clear derived data?": "Svuotare i dati derivati?",
+  "The workspace will require preprocessing.": "Il workspace richiederà il preprocessing.",
+  "Schema/Evidence vectors, LSH and derived checkpoints": "Vettori schema/Evidence, LSH e checkpoint derivati",
+  "Keep": "Mantieni",
+  "Memory and solved questions": "Memory e domande risolte",
+  "Clearing": "Svuotamento",
+  "Clear derived data": "Svuota dati derivati",
+  "New file": "Nuovo file",
+  "Modified": "Modificato",
+  "Active locally": "Attivo localmente",
+  "Removed file": "File rimosso",
+  "Needs review": "Da revisionare",
+  "Conversion required": "Conversione richiesta",
+  "Invalid file": "File non valido",
+  "Copied": "Copiato",
+  "Select the text and copy it manually.": "Seleziona il testo e copialo manualmente.",
+  "Copy": "Copia",
+  "Evidence administration is not permitted.": "L'amministrazione delle Evidence non è consentita.",
+  "Evidence management": "Gestione Evidence",
+  "Review workspace knowledge and maintain its Markdown files.": "Esamina le conoscenze del workspace e mantieni i relativi file Markdown.",
+  "Choose a workspace": "Scegli un workspace",
+  "Choose a workspace to browse its Evidence and locate the files to edit.": "Scegli un workspace per esplorare le sue Evidence e individuare i file da modificare.",
+  "Search Evidence": "Cerca Evidence",
+  "Title, identifier or content": "Titolo, identificatore o contenuto",
+  "Kind": "Tipo",
+  "Purpose": "Finalità",
+  "Refresh files": "Aggiorna file",
+  "More filters and sorting": "Altri filtri e ordinamento",
+  "Sort by": "Ordina per",
+  "Order": "Ordine",
+  "Ascending": "Crescente",
+  "Descending": "Decrescente",
+  "Loading Evidence files…": "Caricamento file Evidence…",
+  "Correct this file before consolidation.": "Correggi questo file prima del consolidamento.",
+  "Evidence list": "Elenco Evidence",
+  "Evidence library": "Archivio Evidence",
+  "Evidence units": "unità Evidence",
+  "Evidence": "Evidence",
+  "No Evidence matches these filters. Clear the filters or use the file instructions to create a unit.": "Nessuna Evidence corrisponde a questi filtri. Svuota i filtri o usa le istruzioni sui file per creare un'unità.",
+  "Evidence pages": "Pagine Evidence",
+  "Previous": "Precedente",
+  "Page": "Pagina",
+  "Next": "Successivo",
+  "Evidence detail": "Dettaglio Evidence",
+  "Loading Evidence…": "Caricamento Evidence…",
+  "Select an Evidence unit to read its complete content and provenance.": "Seleziona un'unità Evidence per leggerne il contenuto completo e la provenienza.",
+  "Consolidation is incomplete. The previous active content remains available.": "Il consolidamento è incompleto. Il precedente contenuto attivo rimane disponibile.",
+  "The core uses the last successfully consolidated version.": "Il core utilizza l'ultima versione consolidata con successo.",
+  "Run the first consolidation to convert and activate the local archive.": "Esegui il primo consolidamento per convertire e attivare l'archivio locale.",
+  "Workspace on the installation host": "Workspace sull'host dell'installazione",
+  "workspace path": "percorso del workspace",
+  "A host file path is unavailable for this installation. Configure a persistent workspace-registry bind mount before editing files from the host.": "Un percorso file sull'host non è disponibile per questa installazione. Configura un bind mount persistente per workspace-registry prima di modificare i file dall'host.",
+  "Edit files, consolidate and commit": "Modifica file, consolida ed esegui commit",
+  "Edit the files under": "Modifica i file in",
+  "with your preferred editor. Keep existing IDs. Remove a unit's file to delete it; keep the curated directory.": "con il tuo editor preferito. Mantieni gli ID esistenti. Rimuovi il file di un'unità per eliminarla; mantieni la directory curated.",
+  "Check Git status and the diff. Saving a file does not update recall.": "Controlla lo stato Git e le differenze. Salvare un file non aggiorna il recupero delle informazioni.",
+  "Git inspection command": "comando di ispezione Git",
+  "From the installation directory, run this command. It validates and activates Evidence without a full preprocessing run. If needed, add": "Dalla directory dell'installazione, esegui questo comando. Valida e attiva le Evidence senza un preprocessing completo. Se necessario, aggiungi",
+  "immediately after": "immediatamente dopo",
+  "consolidation command": "comando di consolidamento",
+  "After success, review the generated metadata and complete Git commit/push manually. These commands use a POSIX shell on the installation host. A remote host's path is not a file on this browser's computer.": "Dopo il completamento, esamina i metadati generati ed esegui manualmente commit/push Git. Questi comandi usano una shell POSIX sull'host dell'installazione. Il percorso di un host remoto non è un file sul computer di questo browser.",
+  "Git publication command": "comando di pubblicazione Git",
+  "Source drafts are preserved under evidence/source/. Maintain the refined files under evidence/curated/. New source acquisition and refresh are not part of consolidation.": "Le bozze di origine sono conservate in evidence/source/. Mantieni i file rifiniti in evidence/curated/. L'acquisizione e l'aggiornamento delle fonti non fanno parte del consolidamento.",
+  "Create a manual Evidence file": "Crea un file Evidence manuale",
+  "Example kind": "Tipo di esempio",
+  "Save as": "Salva come",
+  "with a unique ID. Replace the example with your domain knowledge. The system records manual provenance.": "con un ID univoco. Sostituisci l'esempio con le tue conoscenze di dominio. Il sistema registra la provenienza manuale.",
+  "Markdown example": "esempio Markdown",
+  "Evidence file path": "percorso del file Evidence",
+  "The file is invalid or removed. Its last active content is shown here.": "Il file non è valido o è stato rimosso. Qui viene mostrato il suo ultimo contenuto attivo.",
+  "This is the file version awaiting consolidation.": "Questa è la versione del file in attesa di consolidamento.",
+  "The core continues to use its last active version.": "Il core continua a utilizzare l'ultima versione attiva.",
+  "Scope": "Ambito",
+  "(empty value)": "(valore vuoto)",
+  "Provenance": "Provenienza",
+  "Derived from a source document.": "Derivato da un documento di origine.",
+  "Original document (lineage): ": "Documento originale (provenienza storica): ",
+  "Source: ": "Origine: ",
+  "Review required": "Revisione richiesta",
+  "Source operation completed.": "Operazione sulle fonti completata.",
+  "Evidence sources": "Fonti Evidence",
+  "Sources and imports": "Fonti e importazioni",
+  "Place new Markdown drafts in the workspace’s": "Inserisci le nuove bozze Markdown nella cartella del workspace",
+  "folder. Import or refresh to acquire those drafts, original local documents and configured remote sources. Review changes before they enter recall.": ". Importa o aggiorna per acquisire queste bozze, i documenti locali originali e le fonti remote configurate. Esamina le modifiche prima che diventino disponibili per il recupero.",
+  "Import or refresh sources": "Importa o aggiorna fonti",
+  "Acquiring and refining sources. This may take a few minutes…": "Acquisizione e rifinitura delle fonti. Potrebbero essere necessari alcuni minuti…",
+  "Saving the decision and updating the local index…": "Salvataggio della decisione e aggiornamento dell'indice locale…",
+  "source comparison": "confronto fonti",
+  "to review": "da esaminare",
+  "Hide decided sources": "Nascondi fonti già decise",
+  "Review changes": "Esamina modifiche",
+  "Activation incomplete": "Attivazione incompleta",
+  "Local curation retained": "Contenuti locali mantenuti",
+  "Source accepted": "Fonte accettata",
+  "This source was absent from the latest successful acquisition. Existing Evidence has been retained; absence does not delete it.": "Questa fonte era assente dall'ultima acquisizione riuscita. Le Evidence esistenti sono state mantenute; l'assenza non le elimina.",
+  "The last active version remains in recall until a decision is successfully indexed. Keeping local content records a manual declaration; using the proposal adopts the acquired source.": "L'ultima versione attiva rimane disponibile per il recupero finché una decisione non viene indicizzata con successo. Mantenere i contenuti locali registra una dichiarazione manuale; usare la proposta adotta la fonte acquisita.",
+  "Previous deletions are protected. Newly generated units from this source have been suppressed.": "Le eliminazioni precedenti sono protette. Le nuove unità generate da questa fonte sono state escluse.",
+  "Current local Evidence": "Evidence locali correnti",
+  "No existing units.": "Nessuna unità esistente.",
+  "Proposed Evidence": "Evidence proposte",
+  "No replacement units were proposed.": "Nessuna unità sostitutiva proposta.",
+  "Using this proposal will retire:": "Usando questa proposta verranno ritirati:",
+  "Retry saved decision": "Riprova decisione salvata",
+  "Keep local Evidence": "Mantieni Evidence locali",
+  "Use proposed Evidence": "Usa Evidence proposte",
+  "Source excerpts:": "Estratti della fonte:",
+  "Domain clarification": "Chiarimento di dominio",
+  "SQL rule": "Regola SQL",
+  "Solved question": "Domanda risolta",
+  "Explained error": "Errore spiegato",
+  "Content": "Contenuto",
+  "Rationale": "Motivazione",
+  "Question / context": "Domanda / contesto",
+  "Approved SQL": "SQL approvato",
+  "Memory management": "Gestione Memory",
+  "Memory administration is not permitted.": "L'amministrazione delle Memory non è consentita.",
+  "Curate reusable knowledge for each workspace.": "Cura le conoscenze riutilizzabili per ogni workspace.",
+  "Discard unsaved Memory changes?": "Scartare le modifiche Memory non salvate?",
+  "Choose a workspace to browse its knowledge or create a Memory card.": "Scegli un workspace per esplorare le sue conoscenze o creare una scheda Memory.",
+  "Card deleted and removed from recall.": "Scheda eliminata e rimossa dal recupero.",
+  "Saved and indexed.": "Salvato e indicizzato.",
+  "Card deleted. Index cleanup is incomplete; retry below.": "Scheda eliminata. La pulizia dell'indice è incompleta; riprova sotto.",
+  "Saved. Index update is incomplete; retry below. The previous content is excluded from recall.": "Salvato. L'aggiornamento dell'indice è incompleto; riprova sotto. Il contenuto precedente è escluso dal recupero.",
+  "Search cards": "Cerca schede",
+  "Text or card ID": "Testo o ID scheda",
+  "Family": "Famiglia",
+  "Filter by family": "Filtra per famiglia",
+  "All families": "Tutte le famiglie",
+  "Title": "Titolo",
+  "New card": "Nuova scheda",
+  "More filters": "Altri filtri",
+  "All origins": "Tutte le origini",
+  "Manual": "Manuale",
+  "Workflow": "Workflow",
+  "Updated from": "Aggiornato dal",
+  "Updated until": "Aggiornato fino al",
+  "Memory cards": "Schede Memory",
+  "Knowledge library": "Archivio delle conoscenze",
+  "Loading Memory cards…": "Caricamento schede Memory…",
+  "Retry loading": "Riprova caricamento",
+  "No cards match these filters. Adjust the filters or create a card.": "Nessuna scheda corrisponde a questi filtri. Modifica i filtri o crea una scheda.",
+  "Index up to date": "Indice aggiornato",
+  "Index update pending": "Aggiornamento indice in attesa",
+  "Memory pagination": "Paginazione Memory",
+  "of": "di",
+  "Memory detail": "Dettaglio Memory",
+  "Select a card to inspect its content, scope and provenance.": "Seleziona una scheda per esaminarne contenuto, ambito e provenienza.",
+  "Created manually": "Creato manualmente",
+  "Source decision": "Decisione di origine",
+  "Card ID": "ID scheda",
+  "Concepts": "Concetti",
+  "Schema dependencies": "Dipendenze dello schema",
+  "Linked cards": "Schede collegate",
+  "Edit card": "Modifica scheda",
+  "Delete card": "Elimina scheda",
+  "Delete “": "Eliminare “",
+  "” and its links? Other cards will be kept.": "” e i suoi collegamenti? Le altre schede verranno mantenute.",
+  "Confirm deletion": "Conferma eliminazione",
+  "Keep card": "Mantieni scheda",
+  "New Memory card": "Nuova scheda Memory",
+  "Concepts (comma separated)": "Concetti (separati da virgole)",
+  "Remove dependency": "Rimuovi dipendenza",
+  "Add dependency": "Aggiungi dipendenza",
+  "Link meaning": "Significato del collegamento",
+  "Remove link": "Rimuovi collegamento",
+  "Search cards to link": "Cerca schede da collegare",
+  "Link": "Collega",
+  "Save card": "Salva scheda",
+  "Pending index updates": "Aggiornamenti indice in attesa",
+  "All saved changes have been indexed.": "Tutte le modifiche salvate sono state indicizzate.",
+  "Deleted card: index cleanup pending": "Scheda eliminata: pulizia indice in attesa",
+  "Saved card: index update pending": "Scheda salvata: aggiornamento indice in attesa",
+  "Retry index update": "Riprova aggiornamento indice",
+  "Pi readiness sequence": "Sequenza di disponibilità Pi",
+  "Runtime": "Runtime",
+  "Defaults": "Valori predefiniti",
+  "Credentials": "Credenziali",
+  "Configuration test": "Verifica configurazione",
+  "a terminal": "un terminale",
+  "a protected host file with mode 0600": "un file protetto sull'host con permessi 0600",
+  "Terminal": "Terminale",
+  "a protected host file with a user-only ACL": "un file protetto sull'host con ACL riservata all'utente",
+  "Open the project root": "Apri la directory del progetto",
+  "Using": "Usando",
+  ", before editing files or running any lifecycle command, enter the exact checkout or worktree root. Run the platform command below, then run every command in this list from that directory:": ", prima di modificare file o eseguire comandi del ciclo di vita, entra nella directory radice esatta della copia di lavoro o del worktree. Esegui il comando della piattaforma qui sotto, poi esegui tutti i comandi di questo elenco da quella directory:",
+  "resolves the installation descriptor and configuration from the selected project. A worktree is an independent checkout, so this prevents changing a different copy by mistake.": "risolve il descrittore e la configurazione dell'installazione dal progetto selezionato. Un worktree è una copia di lavoro indipendente, quindi questo evita di modificare una copia diversa per errore.",
+  "The relevant layout is:": "La struttura rilevante è:",
+  "directory contains the selected installation descriptor and profile files. You do not need to create or manage a": "contiene il descrittore dell'installazione selezionata e i file dei profili. Non serve creare o gestire una directory",
+  "directory:": ":",
+  "is the installed host CLI. If discovery finds multiple descriptors, pass the intended one explicitly with": "è la CLI installata sull'host. Se vengono trovati più descrittori, indica esplicitamente quello desiderato con",
+  ". If": ". Se",
+  "is not on your": "non è nel tuo",
+  ", install it using the installation guide.": ", installalo seguendo la guida all'installazione.",
+  "Edit the Installation Model Catalog": "Modifica il Catalogo dei modelli dell'installazione",
+  "Edit": "Modifica",
+  "when adding or correcting a provider or model. Its": "quando aggiungi o correggi un provider o un modello. Il suo blocco",
+  "block is the only authored model source for sessions, metadata generation, and embedding. It declares endpoint references and authentication modes, but never secret values. Provider integrations remain declarative; do not add model-provider code under": "è l'unica fonte dei modelli redatta manualmente per sessioni, generazione di metadati ed embedding. Dichiara riferimenti agli endpoint e modalità di autenticazione, ma mai valori segreti. Le integrazioni dei provider restano dichiarative; non aggiungere codice dei provider in",
+  "or edit files under": "né modificare file in",
+  "maps stable provider keys to endpoint, authentication, and runtime adapters.": "associa chiavi stabili dei provider a endpoint, autenticazione e adattatori runtime.",
+  "maps upstream model keys; the canonical identity is provider/model.": "associa le chiavi dei modelli upstream; l'identità canonica è provider/modello.",
+  "makes a model selectable for interactive work.": "rende un modello selezionabile per il lavoro interattivo.",
+  "makes a model available to metadata generation.": "rende un modello disponibile per la generazione di metadati.",
+  "declares the one installation embedding identity and its dimensions.": "dichiara l'unica identità di embedding dell'installazione e le sue dimensioni.",
+  "Choose eligibility and defaults": "Scegli idoneità e valori predefiniti",
+  "Use": "Usa",
+  "as the single installation-wide LLM default for Core and Administration. When Admin AI is configured, a selectable model needs both": "come unico modello LLM predefinito dell'installazione per Core e Amministrazione. Quando l'IA amministrativa è configurata, un modello selezionabile richiede entrambi i blocchi",
+  "and": "e",
+  "blocks. The user's last model choice takes precedence and does not depend on workspace. Runtime files such as Pi": ". L'ultima scelta del modello da parte dell'utente ha la precedenza e non dipende dal workspace. I file runtime come quelli Pi",
+  "are generated projections and must not be edited.": "sono proiezioni generate e non devono essere modificati.",
+  "contains exactly one canonical provider/model identity for every workspace.": "contiene esattamente un'identità canonica provider/modello per ogni workspace.",
+  "Before making each model available, verify an actual Core tool-call/review cycle through Pi and a small test description-generation run through LiteLLM. Configuration validation and Pi smoke tests alone do not certify both paths. Use approved test data; generation may incur provider charges.": "Prima di rendere disponibile ogni modello, verifica un ciclo effettivo di chiamata strumenti/revisione in Core tramite Pi e una piccola generazione di descrizioni di prova tramite LiteLLM. La sola validazione della configurazione e le verifiche di base Pi non certificano entrambi i percorsi. Usa dati di prova approvati; la generazione può comportare costi del provider.",
+  "Complete the provider setup": "Completa la configurazione del provider",
+  "During the initial installation, run": "Durante l'installazione iniziale, esegui",
+  "and complete the prompt named “Pi credentials file location”; it can create the empty protected template. On an existing installation with a missing credential, correct the protected credential file selected during setup by following the installation guide. Keep": "e completa la richiesta “Pi credentials file location”; può creare il modello vuoto protetto. In un'installazione esistente con una credenziale mancante, correggi il file protetto delle credenziali selezionato durante la configurazione seguendo la guida all'installazione. Mantieni",
+  ", then restart and run": ", poi riavvia ed esegui",
+  ". Never paste credentials into the installation YAML, this page, a command, or a log: YAML may contain only approved environment-variable names or authentication modes.": ". Non incollare mai credenziali nello YAML dell'installazione, in questa pagina, in un comando o in un log: lo YAML può contenere solo nomi approvati di variabili d'ambiente o modalità di autenticazione.",
+  "Reload Pi configuration": "Ricarica configurazione Pi",
+  "After changing the Installation Model Catalog or a provider credential, reload the running": "Dopo aver modificato il Catalogo dei modelli dell'installazione o una credenziale del provider, ricarica il servizio in esecuzione",
+  "service. The command validates the YAML and regenerates every runtime projection before recreation. This is a configuration reload, not a Pi version update; it keeps the current image.": ". Il comando valida lo YAML e rigenera ogni proiezione runtime prima della ricreazione. Si tratta di un ricaricamento della configurazione, non di un aggiornamento della versione Pi; mantiene l'immagine corrente.",
+  "Update the Pi version": "Aggiorna la versione Pi",
+  "for the routine build: it resolves the latest stable Pi release from the registry, builds it locally, drains active sessions, and recreates only": "per la build ordinaria: risolve l'ultima versione stabile di Pi dal registro, la compila localmente, attende la chiusura delle sessioni attive e ricrea solo",
+  ". Add": ". Aggiungi",
+  "when an explicitly reviewed version is required. The digest-pinned": "quando è richiesta una versione esplicitamente verificata. La forma vincolata al digest",
+  "form is for an already-built, reviewed registry image; its declared version must match the digest-pinned image. Configuration changes use Reload above, not update.": "serve per un'immagine di registro già compilata e verificata; la versione dichiarata deve corrispondere all'immagine vincolata al digest. Per le modifiche di configurazione usa Ricarica sopra, non l'aggiornamento.",
+  "Advanced: pull an immutable, digest-pinned image.": "Avanzate: scarica un'immagine immutabile vincolata al digest.",
+  "Diagnose and recover a failed operation": "Diagnostica e recupera un'operazione non riuscita",
+  "Start with these diagnostics, in order:": "Inizia con queste verifiche diagnostiche, in ordine:",
+  "Configuration": "Configurazione",
+  "Invalid YAML, an unknown model default, or an incompatible use/adapter combination: fix the reported": "YAML non valido, modello predefinito sconosciuto o combinazione uso/adattatore incompatibile: correggi il campo segnalato",
+  "field, then reload. Do not repair generated JSON directly.": ", poi ricarica. Non correggere direttamente il JSON generato.",
+  "Missing or unreadable credential: correct the protected credential file selected during setup and its permissions, without printing the file.": "Credenziale mancante o illeggibile: correggi il file protetto delle credenziali selezionato durante la configurazione e i suoi permessi, senza stamparne il contenuto.",
+  "Provider connectivity": "Connettività del provider",
+  "Wrong": "Errore di",
+  ", network, or provider error: correct the catalog endpoint or network, then retry.": ", rete o provider: correggi l'endpoint del catalogo o la rete, poi riprova.",
+  "Docker and disk": "Docker e disco",
+  "Unhealthy Docker or insufficient disk: restore Docker health or free space before retrying.": "Docker non funzionante o spazio su disco insufficiente: ripristina Docker o libera spazio prima di riprovare.",
+  "If maintenance is inactive, no recovery is needed: correct the cause and retry the original command.": "Se la manutenzione è inattiva, non serve alcun recupero: correggi la causa e riprova il comando originale.",
+  "If maintenance is active after an update, rollback the previous image:": "Se la manutenzione è attiva dopo un aggiornamento, ripristina l'immagine precedente:",
+  "If maintenance is active after a restart, fix the cause first, then recover the captured lifecycle state:": "Se la manutenzione è attiva dopo un riavvio, correggi prima la causa, poi recupera lo stato del ciclo di vita acquisito:",
+  "After the selected remedy, verify the installation:": "Dopo il rimedio scelto, verifica l'installazione:",
+  "Pi operator workflow": "Procedura operatore Pi",
+  "Using the host terminal:": "Dal terminale dell'host:",
+  "Pi host platform": "Piattaforma host Pi",
+  "Catalog default test passed.": "Verifica del modello predefinito del catalogo superata.",
+  "Could not test the catalog default.": "Impossibile verificare il modello predefinito del catalogo.",
+  "Fix the Installation Model Catalog before running the test.": "Correggi il Catalogo dei modelli dell'installazione prima di eseguire la verifica.",
+  "Pi management": "Gestione Pi",
+  "Installation controls": "Controlli installazione",
+  "Review the bundled runtime, inspect the catalog default, and test its provider configuration.": "Esamina il runtime incluso, controlla il modello predefinito del catalogo e verifica la configurazione del provider.",
+  "Close Pi management": "Chiudi gestione Pi",
+  "Pi sections": "Sezioni Pi",
+  "Installation": "Installazione",
+  "Runtime and models": "Runtime e modelli",
+  "Host maintenance": "Manutenzione host",
+  "Pi management unavailable": "Gestione Pi non disponibile",
+  "Pi management is not permitted": "La gestione Pi non è consentita",
+  "Ask an installation administrator to manage the model catalog and diagnostics.": "Chiedi a un amministratore dell'installazione di gestire il catalogo dei modelli e la diagnostica.",
+  "Pi management is unavailable": "La gestione Pi non è disponibile",
+  "Loading Pi management…": "Caricamento gestione Pi…",
+  "Bundled runtime": "Runtime incluso",
+  "version unavailable": "versione non disponibile",
+  "Pi readiness": "Disponibilità Pi",
+  "Needs attention": "Richiede attenzione",
+  "Pi management feedback": "Esito gestione Pi",
+  "Installation catalog default": "Modello predefinito del catalogo dell'installazione",
+  "This value is read from": "Questo valore viene letto da",
+  ". Change the installation YAML and reload Pi; this page never creates a second model default.": ". Modifica lo YAML dell'installazione e ricarica Pi; questa pagina non crea mai un secondo modello predefinito.",
+  "Provider": "Provider",
+  "Reasoning": "Ragionamento",
+  "Test catalog default": "Verifica il modello predefinito del catalogo",
+  "Pi configuration incomplete": "Configurazione Pi incompleta",
+  "The catalog default is unavailable.": "Il modello predefinito del catalogo non è disponibile.",
+  "Fix": "Correggi",
+  "in the installation YAML, reload Pi, then retry this panel.": "nello YAML dell'installazione, ricarica Pi, poi riprova questo pannello.",
+  "Retry status": "Riprova stato",
+  "Session models": "Modelli di sessione",
+  "Models currently available for interactive sessions in this installation.": "Modelli attualmente disponibili per le sessioni interattive in questa installazione.",
+  "available": "disponibili",
+  "Loading session models…": "Caricamento modelli di sessione…",
+  "Could not load the session model catalog.": "Impossibile caricare il catalogo dei modelli di sessione.",
+  "Retry models": "Riprova modelli",
+  "Default": "Predefinito",
+  "No session models are configured for this installation.": "Nessun modello di sessione configurato per questa installazione.",
+  "Sanitized diagnostics": "Diagnostica filtrata",
+  "Shows at most 200 recent lines with declared secret values removed.": "Mostra al massimo 200 righe recenti con i valori segreti dichiarati rimossi.",
+  "Show sanitized logs": "Mostra log filtrati",
+  "Could not load sanitized Pi diagnostics.": "Impossibile caricare la diagnostica Pi filtrata.",
+  "Verifies the database configured in Database Management, plus this workspace's Evidence source and the installation semantic services. The result is informational.": "Verifica il database configurato in Gestione database, oltre alla fonte Evidence di questo workspace e ai servizi semantici dell'installazione. Il risultato è informativo."
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-core.ts b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-core.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..860b00f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-core.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+export const itCore: Record<string, string> = {
+  "Session startup failed. Check configuration and connectivity, then Resume the session.": "Avvio della sessione non riuscito. Controlla configurazione e connessione, quindi riprendi la sessione.",
+  "Session services are not ready. Check configuration and connectivity, then try again.": "I servizi della sessione non sono pronti. Controlla configurazione e connessione, quindi riprova.",
+  "Session could not be resumed. Check configuration and connectivity, then try again.": "Impossibile riprendere la sessione. Controlla configurazione e connessione, quindi riprova.",
+  "Cannot start a session: the database is unreachable. Check the VPN connection and try again.": "Impossibile avviare la sessione: il database non è raggiungibile. Controlla la connessione VPN e riprova.",
+  "Selected model is unavailable. Check Pi authentication and model settings, then try again.": "Il modello selezionato non è disponibile. Controlla l'autenticazione Pi e le impostazioni del modello, quindi riprova.",
+  "Session workspace configuration is unavailable. Check configuration and try again.": "La configurazione del workspace della sessione non è disponibile. Controlla la configurazione e riprova.",
+  "Preparing retrieval context": "Preparazione del contesto di ricerca",
+  "Starting model": "Avvio del modello",
+  "Session created": "Sessione creata",
+  "Model request failed. Check provider connectivity, then Resume the session.": "Richiesta al modello non riuscita. Controlla la connessione al fornitore, quindi riprendi la sessione.",
+  "The selected model is unavailable for the current subscription. Choose another model and start a new session.": "Il modello selezionato non è disponibile con l’abbonamento attuale. Scegli un altro modello e avvia una nuova sessione.",
+  "Agent started": "Agente avviato",
+  "Agent finished": "Agente terminato",
+  "Phase started": "Fase avviata",
+  "Session exit": "Uscita dalla sessione",
+  "Turn end": "Fine del turno",
+  "System event": "Evento di sistema",
+  "Review requested": "Revisione richiesta",
+  "Application header": "Intestazione dell’applicazione",
+  "Interface language": "Lingua dell’interfaccia",
+  "Use dark theme": "Usa il tema scuro",
+  "Use light theme": "Usa il tema chiaro",
+  "Log out": "Esci",
+  "Fullscreen could not be changed. Try again or check your browser permissions.": "Non è stato possibile cambiare la modalità a schermo intero. Riprova o controlla le autorizzazioni del browser.",
+  "Logout could not be completed. Please try again.": "Non è stato possibile completare l’uscita. Riprova.",
+  "Shell unavailable": "Interfaccia non disponibile",
+  "Loading portal preferences…": "Caricamento delle preferenze del portale…",
+  "Portal preferences are unavailable. Reopen ThothII from the portal.": "Le preferenze del portale non sono disponibili. Riapri ThothII dal portale.",
+  "Invalid shell mode. Use full or embedded.": "Modalità dell’interfaccia non valida. Usa full o embedded.",
+  "A default interface language is required.": "È richiesta una lingua predefinita per l’interfaccia.",
+  "Unknown portal adapter. Check the installation configuration.": "Adapter del portale sconosciuto. Controlla la configurazione dell’installazione.",
+  "Checking access": "Verifica dell’accesso",
+  "Checking access…": "Verifica dell’accesso…",
+  "ThothII access": "Accesso a ThothII",
+  "Authentication unavailable": "Autenticazione non disponibile",
+  "Access not permitted": "Accesso non consentito",
+  "Portal access required": "È necessario l’accesso al portale",
+  "The authentication provider could not be reached. Try again in a moment.": "Il servizio di autenticazione non è raggiungibile. Riprova tra poco.",
+  "Your portal access is no longer available. Return to the portal to sign in or request access, then reopen ThothII.": "L’accesso al portale non è più disponibile. Torna al portale per accedere o richiedere l’accesso, quindi riapri ThothII.",
+  "You are signed in without permission to use this workspace. Contact the installation administrator.": "Hai effettuato l’accesso ma non hai il permesso di usare questo workspace. Contatta l’amministratore dell’installazione.",
+  "Authentication is temporarily unavailable. Try again.": "L’autenticazione è temporaneamente non disponibile. Riprova.",
+  "This sign-in request was rejected. Open ThothII from its configured address and try again.": "Questa richiesta di accesso è stata rifiutata. Apri ThothII dall’indirizzo configurato e riprova.",
+  "Invalid username or password.": "Nome utente o password non validi.",
+  "From intent to SQL, with a human in the loop": "Dalla domanda a SQL, con la supervisione umana",
+  "AI generates, you guide and approve.": "L’IA genera, tu guidi e approvi.",
+  "Sign in to ThothII": "Accedi a ThothII",
+  "Use your installation account to continue.": "Usa l’account della tua installazione per continuare.",
+  "Hide password": "Nascondi password",
+  "Show password": "Mostra password",
+  "Remember me for 30 days": "Ricordami per 30 giorni",
+  "Signing in…": "Accesso in corso…",
+  "Continue with single sign-on": "Continua con l’accesso unico",
+  "No browser sign-in method is enabled for this installation.": "Per questa installazione non è abilitato alcun metodo di accesso dal browser.",
+  "Save your administration changes, or cancel the edit, before leaving this page.": "Salva le modifiche amministrative o annulla la modifica prima di lasciare questa pagina.",
+  "Resuming session": "Ripresa della sessione",
+  "Failed to resume session.": "Impossibile riprendere la sessione.",
+  "Failed to move session.": "Impossibile spostare la sessione.",
+  "New group:": "Nuovo gruppo:",
+  "Failed to update group.": "Impossibile aggiornare il gruppo.",
+  "Failed to rename group.": "Impossibile rinominare il gruppo.",
+  "Failed to rename session.": "Impossibile rinominare la sessione.",
+  "Failed to restore session.": "Impossibile ripristinare la sessione.",
+  "Failed to archive session.": "Impossibile archiviare la sessione.",
+  "{author}'s session": "la sessione di {author}",
+  "this session": "questa sessione",
+  "Archive {label}?": "Archiviare {label}?",
+  "Deleted {deleted} of {total} sessions.": "Eliminate {deleted} sessioni su {total}.",
+  "Failed to delete selected sessions.": "Impossibile eliminare le sessioni selezionate.",
+  "Workspace preprocessing is required.": "È richiesta la preparazione del workspace.",
+  "Failed to create session. Your question is ready to retry.": "Impossibile creare la sessione. La domanda è pronta per un nuovo tentativo.",
+  "Working context required": "È necessario un contesto di lavoro",
+  "Choose your working context": "Scegli il contesto di lavoro",
+  "Select an available workspace and AI model above to enable Core and Administration.": "Seleziona un workspace e un modello IA disponibili qui sopra per abilitare Sessione e Amministrazione.",
+  "Administration unavailable": "Amministrazione non disponibile",
+  "Your account does not have permission to open this page.": "Il tuo account non ha il permesso di aprire questa pagina.",
+  "Hide model activity": "Nascondi attività del modello",
+  "Show model activity": "Mostra attività del modello",
+  "Question": "Domanda",
+  "Session completed and finalized. The SQL and all phase documents are saved.": "Sessione completata e finalizzata. SQL e tutti i documenti delle fasi sono salvati.",
+  "Start a new question": "Inizia una nuova domanda",
+  "Session navigation": "Navigazione delle sessioni",
+  "Datamart Builder with": "Creazione di datamart con",
+  "Human-in-the-loop review": "revisione umana",
+  "Return to session": "Torna alla sessione",
+  "New session": "Nuova sessione",
+  "Administration": "Amministrazione",
+  "Database management permission is required": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione dei database",
+  "Database": "Database",
+  "Memory management permission is required": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione delle Memory",
+  "Memory": "Memory",
+  "Evidence management permission is required": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione delle Evidence",
+  "Evidence": "Evidence",
+  "Workspace": "Workspace",
+  "Pi management permission is required": "È richiesto il permesso di gestione di Pi",
+  "Pi configuration": "Configurazione Pi",
+  "Workspace readiness: {state}": "Preparazione del workspace: {state}",
+  "unavailable": "non disponibile",
+  "checking": "verifica in corso",
+  "ready": "pronto",
+  "required": "richiesta",
+  "running": "in corso",
+  "blocked": "bloccata",
+  "failed": "non riuscita",
+  "Session scope": "Ambito delle sessioni",
+  "My sessions": "Le mie sessioni",
+  "All sessions": "Tutte le sessioni",
+  "Administrator view: all sessions": "Vista amministratore: tutte le sessioni",
+  "Sessions": "Sessioni",
+  "Select all sessions": "Seleziona tutte le sessioni",
+  "Select all": "Seleziona tutto",
+  "Delete {count} selected sessions": "Elimina {count} sessioni selezionate",
+  "Delete ({count})": "Elimina ({count})",
+  "Active sessions": "Sessioni attive",
+  "Rename group {name}": "Rinomina gruppo {name}",
+  "Archive ({count})": "Archivio ({count})",
+  "Rename group": "Rinomina gruppo",
+  "Build datamarts from your database through a guided, human-in-the-loop workflow. Type your question in the box below to begin a session.": "Crea datamart dal tuo database con un flusso guidato e la supervisione umana. Scrivi la domanda nel campo qui sotto per iniziare una sessione.",
+  "Language": "Lingua",
+  "Save": "Salva",
+  "Cancel": "Annulla",
+  "Close": "Chiudi",
+  "Delete": "Elimina",
+  "Edit": "Modifica",
+  "Loading…": "Caricamento…",
+  "Loading...": "Caricamento…",
+  "Retry": "Riprova",
+  "Continue": "Continua",
+  "Back": "Indietro",
+  "Sign out": "Esci",
+  "Sign in": "Accedi",
+  "Username": "Nome utente",
+  "Password": "Password",
+  "Light mode": "Modalità chiara",
+  "Dark mode": "Modalità scura",
+  "Enter fullscreen": "Attiva schermo intero",
+  "Exit fullscreen": "Esci da schermo intero",
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-gate.ts b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-gate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d69134c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-gate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+export const itGate: Record<string, string> = {
+  "Esc does not close the gate: use Back / Exit / Other.": "Esc non chiude il gate: usa Torna indietro / Esci / Altro dalle opzioni.",
+  "Answer through the gate widgets. To send free text to the model, start the line with '!'.": "Durante la sessione rispondi con i widget del gate. Per inviare testo libero al modello inizia la riga con '!'.",
+  "Memory saved. Index update is incomplete; an administrator can retry it in Memory management.": "Memory salvata. L'aggiornamento dell'indice è incompleto; un amministratore può riprovarlo da Gestione Memory.",
+  "Usage: /torna <session_id> [N]": "Uso: /torna <session_id> [N]",
+  "Invalid target (current phase {phase}).": "Target non valido (fase corrente {phase}).",
+  "Save and proceed": "Salva e procedi",
+  "Reject": "Rifiuta",
+  "Approve or reject?": "Approvi o rifiuti?",
+  "Choose Save and proceed or Reject.": "Scegli Salva e procedi o Rifiuta.",
+  "Generate a datamart?": "Vuoi generare un datamart?",
+  "Yes, generate the datamart": "Sì, genera il datamart",
+  "No, skip the datamart": "No, salta il datamart",
+  "Select memories to apply to the question": "Seleziona le memory da applicare alla domanda",
+  "memories to apply": "memory da applicare",
+  "Apply selected memories": "Applica le memory selezionate",
+  "No reusable memories for this question; continuing to the next phase.": "Nessuna memory riutilizzabile per questa domanda; passo alla fase successiva.",
+  "Memory for future questions": "Memory per le domande future",
+  "Resolve archive conflict": "Risolvi il conflitto negli archivi",
+  "The correction could not complete. Review the current archive state before retrying.": "La correzione non è stata completata. Verifica lo stato attuale degli archivi prima di riprovare.",
+  "Decisions recorded in this phase (from the ledger)": "Decisioni registrate in questa fase (dal registro)",
+  "{count} tables curated": "{count} tabelle selezionate",
+  "step": "passaggio",
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-viewers.ts b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-viewers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5230a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-viewers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+export const itViewers: Record<string, string> = {
+  "No artifact content available.": "Nessun contenuto disponibile per l'artefatto.",
+  "Copy SQL for {name}": "Copia SQL per {name}",
+  "Copy SQL": "Copia SQL",
+  "Copied": "Copiato",
+  "Copy failed": "Copia non riuscita",
+  "{count} fields": "{count} campi",
+  "{count} field": "{count} campo",
+  "{count} rows": "{count} righe",
+  "{count} row": "{count} riga",
+  "Horizontal": "Orizzontale",
+  "Vertical": "Verticale",
+  "passed": "superato",
+  "failed": "non riuscita",
+  "untested": "non verificato",
+  "success": "riuscito",
+  "error": "errore",
+  "ok": "ok",
+  "warning": "avviso",
+  "promoted": "selezionata",
+  "discarded": "esclusa",
+  "No preview rows": "Nessuna riga di anteprima",
+  "Filter {index}": "Filtro {index}",
+  "Column": "Colonna",
+  "Operator": "Operatore",
+  "Value": "Valore",
+  "Description": "Descrizione",
+  "Rationale": "Motivazione",
+  "Depends on": "Dipende da",
+  "No dependencies": "Nessuna dipendenza",
+  "Keys": "Chiavi",
+  "Tables": "Tabelle",
+  "Filters": "Filtri",
+  "Output columns": "Colonne di output",
+  "Question": "Domanda",
+  "Strategy": "Strategia",
+  "Execution order": "Ordine di esecuzione",
+  "CTE plan steps": "Passaggi del piano CTE",
+  "Open questions": "Questioni aperte",
+  "Graph": "Grafo",
+  "Table": "Tabella",
+  "Too many nodes to display in the graph. Use the table instead.": "Troppi nodi da visualizzare nel grafo. Usa la tabella.",
+  "Name": "Nome",
+  "Type": "Tipo",
+  "Why": "Motivazione",
+  "table": "tabella",
+  "column": "colonna",
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-workflow.ts b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-workflow.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c9b9a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/i18n/locales/it-workflow.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+// Operational UI only. English message IDs are the fallback; placeholders keep
+// session names, model content and technical identifiers out of the catalogue.
+export const itWorkflow: Record<string, string> = {
+  "AI interaction model": "Modello IA per l'interazione",
+  "An administrator must approve shared archive corrections. You can reject the proposals or continue reviewing this question.": "Le correzioni agli archivi condivisi richiedono l'approvazione di un amministratore. Puoi rifiutare le proposte o continuare la revisione della domanda.",
+  "Apply this correction to {archive}": "Applica questa correzione a {archive}",
+  "Approved": "Approvata",
+  "Approved decisions: {decisions}": "Decisioni approvate: {decisions}",
+  "Archive": "Archivia",
+  "Archived": "Archiviata",
+  "Archive conflict repair": "Correzione di un conflitto negli archivi",
+  "Artifact review": "Revisione dell'artefatto",
+  "Ask a question to start a new session…": "Fai una domanda per avviare una nuova sessione…",
+  "Before this proposal": "Prima della proposta",
+  "Card ID or proposal reference": "ID della scheda o riferimento alla proposta",
+  "Change context": "Cambia contesto",
+  "Choose a model": "Scegli un modello",
+  "Choose an administration page or a session.": "Scegli una pagina di amministrazione o una sessione.",
+  "Choose model": "Scegli modello",
+  "Choose workspace": "Scegli workspace",
+  "Close model activity": "Chiudi attività del modello",
+  "Close panel": "Chiudi pannello",
+  "Concepts, separated by commas": "Concetti, separati da virgole",
+  "Context question": "Domanda di contesto",
+  "Context refresh failed. Your current choices and unsaved work have been retained.": "Aggiornamento del contesto non riuscito. Le scelte attuali e il lavoro non salvato sono stati conservati.",
+  "Context usage": "Utilizzo del contesto",
+  "Context usage {percent}%": "Utilizzo del contesto {percent}%",
+  "Continue question review": "Continua la revisione della domanda",
+  "Continue with repair pending": "Continua con la correzione in sospeso",
+  "Current card being replaced": "Scheda attuale da sostituire",
+  "Declined": "Rifiutata",
+  "Describe your alternative…": "Descrivi la tua alternativa…",
+  "Deselect all": "Deseleziona tutto",
+  "Filter columns": "Filtra colonne",
+  "Filter columns…": "Filtra colonne…",
+  "Finish without saving Memory": "Termina senza salvare in Memory",
+  "Free steering (!)…": "Indicazioni libere (!)…",
+  "Global working context": "Contesto di lavoro globale",
+  "Input, cached, and output tokens": "Token in ingresso, in cache e in uscita",
+  "Link to an existing card": "Collega a una scheda esistente",
+  "Link to another proposed card…": "Collega a un'altra scheda proposta…",
+  "Links to other cards": "Collegamenti ad altre schede",
+  "Live model activity": "Attività del modello in tempo reale",
+  "Loading working context…": "Caricamento del contesto di lavoro…",
+  "Locked": "Bloccato",
+  "Memories": "Memorie",
+  "Memory for future questions": "Memory per le domande future",
+  "Memory summary": "Riepilogo delle memorie",
+  "Model activity": "Attività del modello",
+  "Model activity timeline": "Cronologia dell'attività del modello",
+  "Move to group ›": "Sposta nel gruppo ›",
+  "Navigation": "Navigazione",
+  "New group…": "Nuovo gruppo…",
+  "New question": "Nuova domanda",
+  "No activity yet.": "Nessuna attività al momento.",
+  "No artifact available.": "Nessun artefatto disponibile.",
+  "No columns match the filter.": "Nessuna colonna corrisponde al filtro.",
+  "No decisions recorded.": "Nessuna decisione registrata.",
+  "No group": "Nessun gruppo",
+  "No memories recorded.": "Nessuna memoria registrata.",
+  "No sessions yet.": "Non ci sono ancora sessioni.",
+  "Start with New session.": "Inizia con Nuova sessione.",
+  "None are adequate — reformulate": "Nessuna proposta è adeguata: riformula",
+  "Owner: {name}": "Autore: {name}",
+  "Physical dependencies": "Dipendenze fisiche",
+  "Processing time": "Tempo di elaborazione",
+  "Processing time (excludes time spent waiting on the reviewer)": "Tempo di elaborazione (esclude l'attesa del revisore)",
+  "Promote": "Includi",
+  "Proposed result": "Risultato proposto",
+  "Reason": "Motivo",
+  "Recommended": "Consigliata",
+  "Rename": "Rinomina",
+  "Rename session": "Rinomina sessione",
+  "Resolve archive conflict": "Risolvi il conflitto negli archivi",
+  "Resume": "Riprendi",
+  "Retry context": "Ricarica il contesto",
+  "Retry selected correction": "Riprova la correzione selezionata",
+  "Review the scope and wording, then choose what to save. Only selected cards and their links will enter the shared archive.": "Verifica ambito e formulazione, poi scegli cosa salvare. Solo le schede selezionate e i relativi collegamenti entreranno nell'archivio condiviso.",
+  "Save selected and finish": "Salva le selezionate e termina",
+  "Select an available workspace and model to enable Core and Administration. Unavailable saved choices are not replaced automatically.": "Seleziona un workspace e un modello disponibili per abilitare Core e Amministrazione. Le scelte salvate non disponibili non vengono sostituite automaticamente.",
+  "Select {name}": "Seleziona {name}",
+  "Send": "Invia",
+  "Sending response…": "Invio della risposta…",
+  "Session actions": "Azioni della sessione",
+  "Session name…": "Nome della sessione…",
+  "Session summary": "Riepilogo della sessione",
+  "Session documents could not be loaded.": "Impossibile caricare i documenti della sessione.",
+  "Something went wrong while rendering it. The rest of the session is unaffected.": "Si è verificato un errore durante la visualizzazione. Il resto della sessione resta disponibile.",
+  "Split view": "Vista affiancata",
+  "Steering": "Indicazioni",
+  "Stop & save": "Interrompi e salva",
+  "Stop & save session": "Interrompi e salva la sessione",
+  "Stop and save session": "Interrompi e salva la sessione",
+  "Stop the session?": "Interrompere la sessione?",
+  "The running process will be interrupted. Progress so far is saved, and you can resume the session later.": "Il processo in esecuzione verrà interrotto. I progressi vengono salvati e potrai riprendere la sessione in seguito.",
+  "These joins are required by the selected tables and are shown for review. To request a correction, use Other — specify.": "Questi join sono richiesti dalle tabelle selezionate e vengono mostrati per la revisione. Per richiedere una correzione, usa Altro: specifica.",
+  "Thinking level": "Livello di ragionamento",
+  "This {subject} couldn't be displayed.": "Impossibile visualizzare questo elemento ({subject}).",
+  "This couldn't be displayed.": "Impossibile visualizzare questo elemento.",
+  "To change the solution, return to SQL review.": "Per modificare la soluzione, torna alla revisione SQL.",
+  "Type your answer…": "Scrivi la tua risposta…",
+  "Unknown": "Sconosciuto",
+  "Unsupported widget (kind: {kind}) — respond manually": "Widget non supportato (tipo: {kind}): rispondi manualmente",
+  "Update existing card": "Aggiorna scheda esistente",
+  "WORKING CONTEXT": "CONTESTO DI LAVORO",
+  "Why these cards are linked": "Motivo del collegamento tra queste schede",
+  "Workflow progress": "Avanzamento del workflow",
+  "Working context is unavailable. Retry or ask the installation operator to check configuration.": "Il contesto di lavoro non è disponibile. Riprova o chiedi al responsabile dell'installazione di verificare la configurazione.",
+  "Workspace and model are locked until the current operation finishes.": "Workspace e modello sono bloccati fino al termine dell'operazione in corso.",
+  "Your last choices take precedence over installation defaults. Workspace and model are remembered independently.": "Le tue ultime scelte hanno la precedenza sui valori predefiniti dell'installazione. Workspace e modello vengono ricordati separatamente.",
+  "— model —": "— modello —",
+  "— workspace —": "— workspace —",
+  "low": "basso",
+  "medium": "medio",
+  "high": "alto",
+  "Last choice": "Ultima scelta",
+  "Installation default": "Valore predefinito dell'installazione",
+  "Stopped by user": "Interrotta dall'utente",
+  "Stopped by system error": "Interrotta per un errore di sistema",
+  "In progress": "In corso",
+  "In progress · {status}": "In corso · {status}",
+  "open": "aperta",
+  "closed": "interrotta",
+  "pending": "in attesa",
+  "done": "completata",
+  "Clarification": "Chiarimento",
+  "Rewrite": "Riscrittura",
+  "Schema linking": "Collegamento dello schema",
+  "Plan": "Piano",
+  "CTE build": "Costruzione CTE",
+  "Final SQL": "SQL finale",
+  "Datamart": "Datamart",
+  "Clarifying the question": "Chiarimento della domanda",
+  "Recalling relevant memory": "Recupero delle memorie utili",
+  "Rewriting the question": "Riscrittura della domanda",
+  "Linking the schema": "Collegamento dello schema",
+  "Planning the SQL": "Pianificazione della query",
+  "Building the CTEs": "Costruzione delle CTE",
+  "Finalizing the SQL": "Finalizzazione della query",
+  "Building the datamart": "Costruzione del datamart",
+  "{phase} {name} — {state}": "{phase} {name}: {state}",
+  "Phase {phase}": "Fase {phase}",
+  "Response": "Risposta",
+  "Original question": "Domanda originale",
+  "Revised question": "Domanda riformulata",
+  "Assumptions": "Assunzioni",
+  "Validation report": "Rapporto di validazione",
+  "Decisions": "Decisioni",
+  "Data preview": "Anteprima dei dati",
+  "decision": "decisione",
+  "question rewritten": "domanda riformulata",
+  "table excluded": "tabella esclusa",
+  "column excluded": "colonna esclusa",
+  "column corrected": "colonna corretta",
+  "join modified": "join modificato",
+  "evidence accepted": "evidence accettata",
+  "evidence rejected": "evidence rifiutata",
+  "ambiguity open": "ambiguità aperta",
+  "cte corrected": "CTE corretta",
+  "cte rejected": "CTE rifiutata",
+  "sql revised": "SQL rivisto",
+  "sql rejected": "SQL rifiutato",
+  "phase reopened": "fase riaperta",
+  "phase skipped": "fase saltata",
+  "memory summary reviewed": "riepilogo delle memorie revisionato",
+  "decision retracted": "decisione ritirata",
+  "value grounded": "valore associato allo schema",
+  "concept formula approved": "formula del concetto approvata",
+  "concept formula rejected": "formula del concetto rifiutata",
+  "step": "passaggio",
+  "document": "documento",
+  "Go back": "Torna indietro",
+  "Exit": "Esci",
+  "Other — specify": "Altro: specifica",
+  "Columns {selected}/{total}": "Colonne {selected}/{total}",
+  "Columns {total}": "Colonne {total}",
+  "{selected} of {total} selected": "{selected} di {total} selezionate",
+  "{count} sessions will be permanently deleted, including all of their documents. This action cannot be undone.": "{count} sessioni verranno eliminate definitivamente insieme a tutti i relativi documenti. Questa azione non può essere annullata.",
+  '"{name}" will be permanently deleted, including all of its documents. This action cannot be undone.': '"{name}" verrà eliminata definitivamente insieme a tutti i relativi documenti. Questa azione non può essere annullata.',
+  "subject": "oggetto",
+  "detail": "dettaglio",
+  "scope": "ambito",
+  "rationale": "motivazione",
+  "question": "domanda",
+  "database": "database",
+  "schema": "schema",
+  "{id} {field}": "{id} {field}",
+  "{id} concepts": "{id} concetti",
+  "{id} dependency {number} {field}": "{id} dipendenza {number} {field}",
+  "{id} link {number} target": "{id} collegamento {number} destinazione",
+  "{id} link {number} meaning": "{id} collegamento {number} significato",
+  "{id} add link": "{id} aggiungi collegamento",
+  "Identity": "Identità",
+  "Subject": "Oggetto",
+  "Detail": "Dettaglio",
+  "SQL": "SQL",
+  "Dependencies": "Dipendenze",
+  "Links": "Collegamenti",
+  "Purposes": "Finalità",
+  "Applies to": "Ambito di applicazione",
+  "Source history": "Cronologia delle fonti",
+  "Review items": "Elementi da revisionare",
+  "Meaning": "Significato",
+  "Rule": "Regola",
+  "Text": "Testo",
+  "Selected": "Selezionata",
+  "Awaiting your decision. No archive changes have been saved.": "In attesa della tua decisione. Nessuna modifica agli archivi è stata salvata.",
+  "Your choice is recorded. The file update needs recovery; activation is not confirmed.": "La tua scelta è registrata. L'aggiornamento del file richiede un recupero; l'attivazione non è confermata.",
+  "Correction saved. Index activation is incomplete; retry to make it available.": "Correzione salvata. L'attivazione dell'indice è incompleta; riprova per renderla disponibile.",
+  "Correction saved and active in the archive index.": "Correzione salvata e attiva nell'indice dell'archivio.",
+  "Proposals rejected. No archive changes were made.": "Proposte rifiutate. Nessuna modifica agli archivi è stata effettuata.",
+  "The archive changed after this correction. Review its current content before proposing another repair.": "L'archivio è cambiato dopo questa correzione. Verifica il contenuto attuale prima di proporne un'altra.",
+  "Your answer": "La tua risposta",
+  "Your alternative": "La tua alternativa",
+  "Manual response": "Risposta manuale",
+  "Close notification": "Chiudi notifica",
+  "Notifications": "Notifiche",
+  "Failed to send response: {error}": "Invio della risposta non riuscito: {error}",
+  "Failed to send response.": "Invio della risposta non riuscito.",
+  "Request failed. Please try again.": "Richiesta non riuscita. Riprova.",
+  "The service is temporarily unavailable. Please retry.": "Il servizio è temporaneamente non disponibile. Riprova.",
+  "The service is unavailable. Please retry.": "Il servizio non è disponibile. Riprova.",
+  "The database is unreachable. Please retry.": "Il database non è raggiungibile. Riprova.",
+  "The model provider is unavailable. Please retry.": "Il fornitore del modello non è disponibile. Riprova.",
+  "Please sign in to continue.": "Accedi per continuare.",
+  "Access is not permitted.": "Accesso non consentito.",
+  "The requested resource was not found.": "La risorsa richiesta non è stata trovata.",
+  "The request conflicts with current workspace state.": "La richiesta è in conflitto con lo stato attuale del workspace.",
+  "Too many requests. Try again later.": "Troppe richieste. Riprova più tardi.",
+  "The security check failed. Please retry.": "La verifica di sicurezza non è riuscita. Riprova.",
+  "The preprocessing request is invalid.": "La richiesta di preelaborazione non è valida.",
+  "Preprocessing is blocked by a current workspace prerequisite.": "La preelaborazione è bloccata da un prerequisito del workspace.",
+  "Preprocessing failed. Review the latest diagnostic and retry.": "Preelaborazione non riuscita. Esamina l'ultima diagnostica e riprova.",
+  "{stage}, stage {step} of {total}": "{stage}, fase {step} di {total}",
+  "Reference vectors and LSH are empty. Memory is preserved.": "I vettori Reference e LSH sono vuoti. Memory è conservata.",
+  "Building schema vectors and LSH indexes.": "Creazione dei vettori dello schema e degli indici LSH.",
+  "Indexing Evidence.": "Indicizzazione di Evidence.",
+  "Publishing the completed preprocessing state.": "Pubblicazione dello stato di preelaborazione completato.",
+  "Database configuration is required.": "È necessaria la configurazione del database.",
+  "This workspace has no database configuration in the PostgreSQL Catalog.": "Questo workspace non ha una configurazione del database nel Catalogo PostgreSQL.",
+  "Open Database management and configure the workspace database.": "Apri Gestione database e configura il database del workspace.",
+  "The database transport is not supported by the core runtime.": "Il trasporto del database non è supportato dal runtime Core.",
+  "The current database binding uses an SSH tunnel, which cannot be used by a ThothII session.": "Il collegamento attuale al database usa un tunnel SSH, non utilizzabile da una sessione ThothII.",
+  "Open Database management and select a supported runtime transport.": "Apri Gestione database e seleziona un trasporto supportato dal runtime.",
+  "Catalog synchronization is required.": "È necessaria la sincronizzazione del Catalogo.",
+  "Open Database management and run Synchronize schema.": "Apri Gestione database ed esegui Sincronizza schema.",
+  "Catalog synchronization is in progress.": "Sincronizzazione del Catalogo in corso.",
+  "The Catalog is being synchronized and its metadata revision is not stable yet.": "Il Catalogo è in fase di sincronizzazione e la revisione dei metadati non è ancora stabile.",
+  "Wait for schema synchronization to finish, then run preprocessing.": "Attendi il termine della sincronizzazione dello schema, poi esegui la preelaborazione.",
+  "Description generation is in progress.": "Generazione delle descrizioni in corso.",
+  "Catalog descriptions are still being generated for this database.": "La generazione delle descrizioni del Catalogo per questo database è ancora in corso.",
+  "Wait for description generation to finish, then run preprocessing.": "Attendi il termine della generazione delle descrizioni, poi esegui la preelaborazione.",
+  "Sensitivity analysis is in progress.": "Analisi della sensibilità in corso.",
+  "Catalog sensitivity metadata is still being analyzed for this database.": "L'analisi dei metadati di sensibilità del Catalogo per questo database è ancora in corso.",
+  "Wait for sensitivity analysis to finish, then run preprocessing.": "Attendi il termine dell'analisi della sensibilità, poi esegui la preelaborazione.",
+  "The workspace runtime configuration is unavailable.": "La configurazione runtime del workspace non è disponibile.",
+  "The active workspace revision or one of its required database secrets could not be resolved.": "Impossibile risolvere la revisione attiva del workspace o uno dei segreti richiesti per il database.",
+  "Check Workspace management and Database management before running preprocessing.": "Verifica Gestione workspace e Gestione database prima di eseguire la preelaborazione.",
+  "The Catalog snapshot could not be prepared.": "Impossibile preparare l'istantanea del Catalogo.",
+  "PostgreSQL Catalog metadata could not be read into a consistent preprocessing snapshot.": "Impossibile leggere i metadati del Catalogo PostgreSQL in un'istantanea coerente per la preelaborazione.",
+  "Check Catalog availability, then retry preprocessing.": "Verifica la disponibilità del Catalogo, poi riprova la preelaborazione.",
+  "The schema index could not be rebuilt.": "Impossibile ricostruire l'indice dello schema.",
+  "The schema indexing worker stopped before the Catalog snapshot was published to Qdrant.": "Il processo di indicizzazione dello schema si è interrotto prima della pubblicazione dell'istantanea del Catalogo in Qdrant.",
+  "Open Last run details below, check the core service log for this error code, then retry.": "Apri Dettagli dell'ultima esecuzione qui sotto, cerca questo codice errore nel registro del servizio Core, poi riprova.",
+  "Evidence preprocessing did not complete.": "La preelaborazione di Evidence non è stata completata.",
+  "The Evidence indexing worker stopped before it finished publishing the current workspace data.": "Il processo di indicizzazione di Evidence si è interrotto prima di completare la pubblicazione dei dati attuali del workspace.",
+  "The semantic index configuration is incompatible.": "La configurazione dell'indice semantico è incompatibile.",
+  "Qdrant rejected the collection configuration for the active embedding model.": "Qdrant ha rifiutato la configurazione della raccolta per il modello di embedding attivo.",
+  "Check embedding dimensions and Qdrant collection settings, then retry.": "Verifica le dimensioni degli embedding e le impostazioni della raccolta Qdrant, poi riprova.",
+  "The Evidence source was refused by policy.": "La fonte Evidence è stata rifiutata dalle regole di accesso.",
+  "The configured Evidence endpoint is not allowed by the installation egress policy.": "L'endpoint Evidence configurato non è consentito dalle regole di accesso in uscita dell'installazione.",
+  "Correct the Evidence source or its allowlist configuration, then retry.": "Correggi la fonte Evidence o la configurazione delle fonti consentite, poi riprova.",
+  "The workspace runtime could not be prepared.": "Impossibile preparare il runtime del workspace.",
+  "The active workspace or one of its required runtime bindings is not usable.": "Il workspace attivo o uno dei collegamenti runtime richiesti non è utilizzabile.",
+  "Check Workspace management and Database management, then retry.": "Verifica Gestione workspace e Gestione database, poi riprova.",
+  "Preprocessing did not complete.": "La preelaborazione non è stata completata.",
+  "The preprocessing worker stopped before the current Catalog revision was published.": "Il processo di preelaborazione si è interrotto prima della pubblicazione della revisione attuale del Catalogo.",
+};
diff --git a/frontend/src/index.css b/frontend/src/index.css
index c287d1ff..a08f4e89 100644
--- a/frontend/src/index.css
+++ b/frontend/src/index.css
@@ -1,18 +1,25 @@
 @import "tw-animate-css";
 @import "shadcn/tailwind.css";
-@tailwind base;
+/* Omics shares the document. Keep Tailwind's reset inside our mount and portals. */
+@thoth-base {
+  @tailwind base;
+}
 @tailwind components;
 @tailwind utilities;
 
+body.thot-full-document { margin: 0; }
+
 /*
  * GSD theme — mirrors the Omics Portal design system (Manrope + Fraunces, warm
  * off-white surfaces, #cb333b red). Tokens are RAW OKLCH triplets (L C H) so the
  * Tailwind v3 config can wrap them as `oklch(var(--token) / <alpha-value>)` and
  * opacity utilities (bg-primary/80, …) keep working. Dark tokens follow either a
  * `.dark` class or the portal's `[data-bs-theme="dark"]`, ready for embedding.
+ * Tokens belong to the React mount and Base UI portal roots, never the host header.
  */
 @layer base {
-  :root {
+  #root, [data-base-ui-portal] {
+    color-scheme: light;
     --font-sans: "Manrope", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;
     --font-heading: "Fraunces", "Source Serif Pro", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
     --font-mono: ui-monospace, "SF Mono", "Cascadia Code", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
@@ -64,8 +71,8 @@
     --sidebar-ring: 0.5587 0.1881 23.2;
   }
 
-  .dark,
-  [data-bs-theme="dark"] {
+  :is(.dark, [data-bs-theme="dark"]) :is(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) {
+    color-scheme: dark;
     --shadow-tint: 0 0 0;
     --background: 0.2178 0 90;
     --foreground: 0.9310 0 90;
@@ -101,77 +108,79 @@
     --sidebar-ring: 0.6897 0.1779 16.9;
   }
 
-  * {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]), :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) * {
     @apply border-border outline-ring/50;
   }
 
   /* A click should read as a physical state change, not only as a hover ending.
      Keep the response short and compositor-friendly so repeated actions stay fast. */
-  button:not(:disabled) {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) button:not(:disabled) {
     transform-origin: center;
     transition-property: color, background-color, border-color, box-shadow, filter, transform;
     transition-duration: 140ms;
     transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1);
   }
 
-  button:not(:disabled):active {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) button:not(:disabled):active {
     transform: scale(0.97);
     filter: brightness(0.94);
     box-shadow: none;
   }
 
   @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
-    button:not(:disabled) {
+    :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) button:not(:disabled) {
       transition-duration: 0.01ms;
     }
 
-    button:not(:disabled):active {
+    :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) button:not(:disabled):active {
       transform: none;
       filter: brightness(0.9);
       box-shadow: none;
     }
   }
 
-  html {
-    @apply font-sans;
+  #root, [data-base-ui-portal] {
+    @apply font-sans text-foreground antialiased;
+    line-height: 1.5;
+    -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
   }
 
-  body {
+  #root {
     @apply bg-background text-foreground antialiased;
     font-feature-settings: "ss01", "cv11";
   }
 
-  h1, h2, h3, h4 {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4) {
     font-family: var(--font-heading);
     font-optical-sizing: auto;
     letter-spacing: -0.015em;
   }
 
-  code, pre, kbd, samp {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) :is(code, pre, kbd, samp) {
     font-family: var(--font-mono);
     font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
   }
 
-  ::selection {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) ::selection {
     background: oklch(var(--primary) / 0.16);
   }
 
   /* Thin, brand-tinted scrollbars */
-  * {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) * {
     scrollbar-width: thin;
     scrollbar-color: oklch(var(--border)) transparent;
   }
-  *::-webkit-scrollbar {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) *::-webkit-scrollbar {
     width: 10px;
     height: 10px;
   }
-  *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
     background: oklch(var(--border));
     border-radius: 9999px;
     border: 2px solid transparent;
     background-clip: padding-box;
   }
-  *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
+  :where(#root, [data-base-ui-portal]) *::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
     background: oklch(var(--muted-foreground) / 0.5);
   }
 }
@@ -181,6 +190,70 @@
  * Scoped so it never leaks into widgets.
  */
 @layer components {
+  .thot-host {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    min-width: 0;
+    min-height: 0;
+    height: var(--thoth-app-height, 100dvh);
+    color: oklch(var(--foreground));
+    background: oklch(var(--background));
+    color-scheme: light;
+  }
+  .thot-host[data-theme="dark"] { color-scheme: dark; }
+  .thot-host--full { --thot-shell-gutter: max(20px, 1.5rem); }
+  .thot-host--full > .thot-context-layout {
+    margin-inline: var(--thot-shell-gutter);
+    border-inline: 1px solid oklch(var(--border));
+  }
+  .thot-host > .thot-context-layout { flex: 1; min-height: 0; height: auto; }
+  .thot-full-header {
+    display: flex;
+    flex: none;
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: space-between;
+    gap: 0.5rem 1rem;
+    min-height: 3.75rem;
+    padding: 0.625rem var(--thot-shell-gutter);
+    border-bottom: 1px solid oklch(var(--border));
+    background: oklch(var(--card));
+  }
+  .thot-full-header__brand { font: 600 1.25rem/1.2 var(--font-heading); }
+  .thot-full-header__controls { display: flex; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.25rem; min-width: 0; }
+  .thot-full-header__user { max-width: 15rem; min-width: 0; font-size: 0.8125rem; }
+  .thot-full-header__error { flex-basis: 100%; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: oklch(var(--destructive)); }
+  .thot-shell-select {
+    min-height: 2rem;
+    max-width: 9rem;
+    padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
+    border: 1px solid oklch(var(--input));
+    border-radius: var(--radius);
+    background: oklch(var(--background));
+    color: oklch(var(--foreground));
+    font: 600 0.8125rem/1.5 var(--font-sans);
+  }
+  .thot-shell-select:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid oklch(var(--ring) / 0.5); outline-offset: 2px; }
+  .thot-user-menu {
+    z-index: 50;
+    min-width: 10rem;
+    padding: 0.25rem;
+    border: 1px solid oklch(var(--border));
+    border-radius: var(--radius);
+    background: oklch(var(--popover));
+    color: oklch(var(--popover-foreground));
+    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
+    font: 500 0.875rem/1.5 var(--font-sans);
+    outline: none;
+  }
+  .thot-user-menu__item { padding: 0.375rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; cursor: default; outline: none; }
+  .thot-user-menu__item[data-highlighted] { background: oklch(var(--accent)); color: oklch(var(--accent-foreground)); }
+  .thot-access-state { flex: 1; display: grid; align-content: center; justify-items: center; gap: 1rem; padding: 2rem max(20px, 1.5rem); color: oklch(var(--foreground)); background: oklch(var(--background)); }
+  @media (max-width: 480px) {
+    .thot-full-header__controls { flex: 1; justify-content: flex-end; }
+    .thot-full-header__user { max-width: 9rem; }
+  }
+
   /* Omics Portal and Thoth share one document in the embedded deployment.
      Keep rail geometry on product-specific class names so Hyper/Bootstrap's
      global spacing utilities (for example .px-4 !important) cannot resize it. */
@@ -322,8 +395,19 @@
   50% { transform: scale(1.15); box-shadow: 0 0 0 5px oklch(var(--primary) / 0); }
 }
 
+/* Shiki emits both palettes; select its dark values without rebuilding SQL. */
+:is(.dark, [data-bs-theme="dark"]) .shiki,
+:is(.dark, [data-bs-theme="dark"]) .shiki span {
+  color: var(--shiki-dark) !important;
+  background-color: var(--shiki-dark-bg) !important;
+  font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style) !important;
+  font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight) !important;
+  text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration) !important;
+}
+
 @layer components {
-  .thot-database-grid {
+  .thot-database-grid, .thot-preview-grid,
+  :is(.thot-database-grid, .thot-preview-grid) .ag-theme-alpine {
     --ag-font-family: var(--font-sans);
     --ag-font-size: 0.8125rem;
     --ag-background-color: oklch(var(--card));
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.auth.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.auth.test.tsx
index cc03cc58..e1375924 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.auth.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.auth.test.tsx
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ function KeyedAuthenticatedShell() {
 }
 
 beforeEach(() => {
+  window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } };
   clearAuthState();
   workspacePreferences.reset();
   useSessionStore.getState().resetSession();
@@ -47,6 +48,14 @@ beforeEach(() => {
   );
 });
 
+afterEach(() => { delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__; });
+
+async function clickLogout() {
+  const header = screen.getByRole("banner", { name: "Application header" });
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: getAuthState()?.displayName ?? getAuthState()!.subject }));
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("menuitem", { name: "Log out" }));
+}
+
 describe("authenticated shell permissions", () => {
   test("opens Memory administration independently of the core session", async () => {
     renderShell({ subject: "admin", isAdmin: true, roles: ["admin"],
@@ -196,7 +205,7 @@ describe("authenticated shell permissions", () => {
     }));
     renderShell(user);
 
-    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Log out" }));
+    await clickLogout();
 
     await vi.waitFor(() => expect(logoutCalls).toBe(1));
     expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull();
@@ -228,7 +237,7 @@ describe("authenticated shell permissions", () => {
   const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } });
   setAuthState(userA);
   render(<QueryClientProvider client={client}><AppShell canLogout /></QueryClientProvider>);
-  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Log out" }));
+  await clickLogout();
   await started;
 
   act(() => setAuthState(userB));
@@ -242,7 +251,7 @@ describe("authenticated shell permissions", () => {
   expect(getAuthState()).toMatchObject({ subject: "user-b" });
   expect(client.getQueryData(["b-only"])).toEqual({ owner: "user-b" });
   expect(useSessionStore.getState().transcript).toEqual([{ role: "assistant", text: "B transcript" }]);
-    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Log out" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "user-b" })).toBeInTheDocument();
   });
 
   test("handles a failed shell logout without an unhandled rejection", async () => {
@@ -258,7 +267,7 @@ describe("authenticated shell permissions", () => {
     )));
     try {
       renderShell(user);
-      await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Log out" }));
+      await clickLogout();
       await waitFor(() => expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull());
       await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
       expect(rejection).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.notifications.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.notifications.test.tsx
index 9b1e9e74..95a5a012 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.notifications.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.notifications.test.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
-import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { App } from "../App";
 import { queryClient } from "../app/queryClient";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { server } from "../test/msw";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+import { toast } from "sonner";
 
 beforeEach(() => {
+  setLocale("en");
+  localStorage.clear();
+  toast.dismiss();
+  window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } };
   queryClient.clear();
   useSessionStore.getState().resetSession();
   server.use(
@@ -16,6 +22,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
     http.get("/api/models", () => HttpResponse.json({ models: [] })),
   );
 });
+afterEach(() => { cleanup(); toast.dismiss(); setLocale("en"); delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__; });
 test("session errors queued in the store become visible notifications", async () => {
   render(<App />);
   await screen.findByTestId("app-shell");
@@ -27,3 +34,30 @@ test("session errors queued in the store become visible notifications", async ()
 
   expect(await screen.findByText("The selected model is unavailable for this subscription.")).toBeInTheDocument();
 });
+
+test.each([
+  ["Model request failed. Check provider connectivity, then Resume the session.", "Richiesta al modello non riuscita. Controlla la connessione al fornitore, quindi riprendi la sessione."],
+  ["Session startup failed. Check configuration and connectivity, then Resume the session.", "Avvio della sessione non riuscito. Controlla configurazione e connessione, quindi riprendi la sessione."],
+])("visible deterministic notification %s follows language changes while model prose stays verbatim", async (failure, translatedFailure) => {
+  render(<App />);
+  await screen.findByTestId("app-shell");
+  act(() => {
+    useSessionStore.getState().applyEvent({ type: "info", level: "error", text: failure });
+    useSessionStore.getState().applyEvent({ type: "system_event", event: "agent_start" });
+    const lifecycle = useSessionStore.getState().activityLog.at(-1)!;
+    useSessionStore.getState().pushToast({ level: "info", text: lifecycle.text });
+    // A catalogue key outside the fixed notification vocabulary is still prose.
+    useSessionStore.getState().pushToast({ level: "info", text: "New session" });
+  });
+  expect(await screen.findByText(failure)).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(await screen.findByText("Agent started")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(await screen.findByText(translatedFailure)).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(await screen.findByText("Agente avviato")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("New session")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.queryByText(failure)).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("en"));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getAllByText(failure)).toHaveLength(1));
+  expect(screen.getAllByText("Agent started")).toHaveLength(1);
+  expect(useSessionStore.getState().toasts.map(item => item.text)).toEqual([failure, "Agent started", "New session"]);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.tsx
index 748228b6..c9e9a092 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/AppShell.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useSessionStream } from "../stream/useSessionStream";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { WidgetHost } from "./WidgetHost";
@@ -48,6 +49,10 @@ import { AdministrationHeader } from "./administration/AdministrationPage";
 import { WorkingContextProvider, useWorkingContext } from "../workspaces/WorkingContext";
 import { WorkingContextShelf } from "./WorkingContextShelf";
 import { useInteractionModelBusy } from "../models/useInteractionModelBusy";
+import { FullHeader } from "./host/FullHeader";
+import { useShell } from "./host/ShellProvider";
+import { SessionNotification } from "./host/SessionNotification";
+import { readRememberedSession, rememberSession } from "./host/rememberedSession";
 
 interface AppShellProps {
   canLogout: boolean;
@@ -91,6 +96,8 @@ export function resolveDatabaseManagementPresentation({
 }
 
 export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const shell = useShell();
   const workingContext = useWorkingContext();
   const interactionBusy = useInteractionModelBusy();
   const mutationBusy = useIsMutating() > 0;
@@ -186,7 +193,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
     && preprocessingQuery.data
     && preprocessingQuery.data.state !== "ready",
   );
-  const { data: sessions = [] } = useQuery<SessionSummary[]>({
+  const { data: sessions = [], isSuccess: sessionsLoaded } = useQuery<SessionSummary[]>({
     queryKey: ["sessions", sessionScope],
     queryFn: async () => {
       const guard = captureAuthOperation({ disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current });
@@ -198,6 +205,21 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
     refetchInterval: 10_000,
   });
   const composerRef = useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement>(null);
+  const restoredSelection = useRef(false);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (restoredSelection.current || !authenticatedUser || !sessionsLoaded) return;
+    const savedId = readRememberedSession(authenticatedUser);
+    const saved = sessions.find(session => session.id === savedId);
+    // A saved selection may belong to another user. The initial mine list is
+    // not exhaustive for reviewers authorized to browse all sessions.
+    if (savedId && !saved && sessionScope === "mine" && canReadAllSessions) {
+      setSessionScope("all");
+      return;
+    }
+    restoredSelection.current = true;
+    if (saved) setPanelSession(saved);
+    else if (savedId) rememberSession(authenticatedUser, null);
+  }, [authenticatedUser, sessions, sessionsLoaded, sessionScope, canReadAllSessions]);
 
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const [showActivity, setShowActivity] = useState(false);
@@ -264,6 +286,8 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
   };
 
   function selectActiveSession(id: string | null) {
+    restoredSelection.current = true;
+    if (authenticatedUser) rememberSession(authenticatedUser, id);
     // Keep async Resume completions synchronized before React commits the state update.
     if (activeSessionIdRef.current !== id) activeSessionEpochRef.current += 1;
     activeSessionIdRef.current = id;
@@ -323,7 +347,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       : activeSurface === "memory-management" ? memoryDirty
       : activeSurface === "database-management" ? databaseNavigationRef.current.dirty : false;
     if (dirty) {
-      toast.warning("Save your administration changes, or cancel the edit, before leaving this page.");
+      toast.warning(t("Save your administration changes, or cancel the edit, before leaving this page."));
       return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -334,6 +358,8 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
     if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
     const s = sessions.find((x) => x.id === id);
     if (!s) return;
+    restoredSelection.current = true;
+    if (authenticatedUser) rememberSession(authenticatedUser, id);
     navigate({ surface: "core" }, true);
     // A session with a live Pi runtime opens straight into its live view: doResume
     // reconnects to the already-active runtime and replays its pending gate, so an
@@ -445,7 +471,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
         latestResumeIntentRef.current?.token === operation.latestToken
         && latestResumeIntentRef.current.id === id
       ) {
-        toast.error("Failed to resume session.");
+        toast.error(t("Failed to resume session."));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -457,11 +483,11 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       if (!isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) return;
       refresh(guard);
     } catch {
-      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error("Failed to move session.");
+      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error(t("Failed to move session."));
     }
   }
   async function newGroup(s: SessionSummary) {
-    const name = window.prompt("New group:");
+    const name = window.prompt(t("New group:"));
     if (name && name.trim()) {
       const guard = captureAuthOperation({ sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current });
       if (!guard) return;
@@ -470,7 +496,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
         if (!isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) return;
         refresh(guard);
       } catch {
-        if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error("Failed to update group.");
+        if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error(t("Failed to update group."));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -487,7 +513,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       refresh(guard);
       return true;
     } catch {
-      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error("Failed to rename group.");
+      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error(t("Failed to rename group."));
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -501,7 +527,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       refresh(guard);
     } catch {
       if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) {
-        toast.error("Failed to rename session.");
+        toast.error(t("Failed to rename session."));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -515,15 +541,15 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       refresh(guard);
     } catch {
       if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { sessionId: s.id, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) {
-        toast.error(s.archived ? "Failed to restore session." : "Failed to archive session.");
+        toast.error(s.archived ? t("Failed to restore session.") : t("Failed to archive session."));
       }
     }
   }
 
   function requestArchiveToggle(session: SessionSummary) {
     if (!session.archived && isForeignSession(session)) {
-      const label = session.author ? `${session.author}'s session` : "this session";
-      if (!window.confirm(`Archive ${label}?`)) return;
+      const label = session.author ? t("{author}'s session", { author: session.author }) : t("this session");
+      if (!window.confirm(t("Archive {label}?", { label }))) return;
     }
     void toggleArchive(session);
   }
@@ -545,10 +571,10 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       setSelectedSessionIds((current) => new Set([...current].filter((id) => !deletedIds.has(id))));
       refresh(guard);
       if (deletedIds.size !== targets.length) {
-        toast.error(`Deleted ${deletedIds.size} of ${targets.length} sessions.`);
+        toast.error(t("Deleted {deleted} of {total} sessions.", { deleted: deletedIds.size, total: targets.length }));
       }
     } catch {
-      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error("Failed to delete selected sessions.");
+      if (isAuthOperationCurrent(guard, { disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) toast.error(t("Failed to delete selected sessions."));
     }
   }
 
@@ -566,7 +592,13 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
         session={s}
         groups={groups}
         onResume={() => doResume(s.id)}
-      onView={() => { if (canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) { navigate({ surface: "core" }, true); setPanelSession(s); } }}
+        onView={() => {
+          if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
+          restoredSelection.current = true;
+          if (authenticatedUser) rememberSession(authenticatedUser, s.id);
+          navigate({ surface: "core" }, true);
+          setPanelSession(s);
+        }}
         onRename={() => setRenameTarget(s)}
         onMove={(g) => move(s, g)}
         onNewGroup={() => newGroup(s)}
@@ -596,10 +628,11 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
     }
 
     for (const notification of sessionToasts.slice(deliveredToastCountRef.current)) {
-      if (notification.level === "error") toast.error(notification.text);
-      else if (notification.level === "success") toast.success(notification.text);
-      else if (notification.level === "warning") toast.warning(notification.text);
-      else toast.info(notification.text);
+      const message = <SessionNotification text={notification.text} />;
+      if (notification.level === "error") toast.error(message);
+      else if (notification.level === "success") toast.success(message);
+      else if (notification.level === "warning") toast.warning(message);
+      else toast.info(message);
     }
 
     deliveredToastCountRef.current = sessionToasts.length;
@@ -644,7 +677,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
   function startNewSession() {
     if (!workingContext.ready || administrationBusy) return;
     if (preprocessingBlocksNewSession) {
-      toast.warning(preprocessingQuery.data?.detail ?? "Workspace preprocessing is required.");
+      toast.warning(preprocessingQuery.data?.detail ?? t("Workspace preprocessing is required."));
       return;
     }
     if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
@@ -691,7 +724,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
     if (!operation || operation.target !== activeSessionIdRef.current || operation.epoch !== activeSessionEpochRef.current) return;
     setCreatingSession(false);
     resetSession();
-    toast.error(message ?? "Failed to create session. Your question is ready to retry.");
+    toast.error(message ? <SessionNotification text={message} /> : t("Failed to create session. Your question is ready to retry."));
   }
 
   async function stopSession() {
@@ -743,6 +776,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
   return (
     <WorkingContextProvider value={{ workspaceId: workingContext.workspaceId, ready: workingContext.ready, locked: contextLocked, administrationBusy: administrationBusy || (interactionBusy && !agentActive) }}>
     <AdministrationNavigationProvider navigate={navigate}>
+    <FullHeader onLogout={canLogout ? signOut : undefined} />
     <div className="thot-context-layout">
     <WorkingContextShelf context={workingContext} locked={contextLocked} onWorkspace={changeContextWorkspace} onModel={changeContextModel} />
     <div
@@ -760,7 +794,10 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       {panelSession && (
         <SessionDocumentsPanel
           session={panelSession}
-          onClose={() => setPanelSession(null)}
+          onClose={() => {
+            setPanelSession(null);
+            if (authenticatedUser) rememberSession(authenticatedUser, activeSessionId);
+          }}
           onResume={doResume}
           desktopSplit={sessionDesktopSplit}
           hidden={activeSurface !== "core"}
@@ -794,9 +831,9 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
 
       {/* Conversation column */}
       <WorkAreaPanelHost data-testid="conversation-column" className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col">
-        {!workingContext.ready && <main className="thot-administration-page" aria-label="Working context required"><AdministrationHeader title="Choose your working context" description="Select an available workspace and AI model above to enable Core and Administration." /></main>}
-        {!administrationPermitted && <main className="thot-administration-page" aria-label="Administration unavailable">
-          <AdministrationHeader title="Administration unavailable" description="Your account does not have permission to open this page." />
+        {!workingContext.ready && <main className="thot-administration-page" aria-label={t("Working context required")}><AdministrationHeader title={t("Choose your working context")} description={t("Select an available workspace and AI model above to enable Core and Administration.")} /></main>}
+        {!administrationPermitted && <main className="thot-administration-page" aria-label={t("Administration unavailable")}>
+          <AdministrationHeader title={t("Administration unavailable")} description={t("Your account does not have permission to open this page.")} />
         </main>}
         {workingContext.ready && isAdmin && canManageMemory && (activeSurface === "memory-management" || visited.has("memory-management")) && (
           <div style={{ display: activeSurface === "memory-management" ? "contents" : "none" }}><MemoryManagementPage key={selectedWorkspaceId} initialWorkspaceId={selectedWorkspaceId} canManage={canManageMemory} onDirtyChange={setMemoryDirty} onBusyChange={setMemoryBusy} /></div>
@@ -824,8 +861,8 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
               type="button"
               onClick={toggleActivity}
               aria-expanded={showActivity}
-              aria-label={showActivity ? "Hide model activity" : "Show model activity"}
-              title={showActivity ? "Hide model activity" : "Show model activity"}
+              aria-label={showActivity ? t("Hide model activity") : t("Show model activity")}
+              title={showActivity ? t("Hide model activity") : t("Show model activity")}
               className="absolute left-4 top-1/2 grid size-7 -translate-y-1/2 place-items-center rounded-md border border-border text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground"
             >
               {showActivity ? <ArrowLeft className="size-4" /> : <ArrowRight className="size-4" />}
@@ -846,7 +883,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
               <>
                 {activeSession?.question && (
                   <header className="sticky top-0 z-10 -mx-6 -mt-8 border-b border-border/60 bg-background/95 px-6 pb-3 pt-8 backdrop-blur supports-[backdrop-filter]:bg-background/80">
-                    <p className="thot-label mb-0.5 text-muted-foreground">Question</p>
+                    <p className="thot-label mb-0.5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Question")}</p>
                     <h2 className="font-heading text-[0.95rem] font-semibold leading-snug text-foreground break-words">
                       {activeSession.question}
                     </h2>
@@ -856,13 +893,8 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                 {activeSessionId && <WidgetHost key={`widget:${activeSessionId}:${activeSessionEpochRef.current}`} sessionId={activeSessionId} />}
                 {finalized && !agentActive && (
                   <div className="rounded-2xl border border-border/80 bg-card p-5 text-center shadow-md">
-                    <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                      Session completed and finalized — the SQL and all phase
-                      documents are saved.
-                    </p>
-                    <Button className="mt-3" onClick={startNewSession}>
-                      Start a new question
-                    </Button>
+                    <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Session completed and finalized. The SQL and all phase documents are saved.")}</p>
+                    <Button className="mt-3" onClick={startNewSession}>{t("Start a new question")}</Button>
                   </div>
                 )}
               </>
@@ -917,34 +949,23 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
       {/* Right session rail */}
       {(
         <ArchiveNavigation surface={activeSurface} forceDrawer={activeSurface === "core" && showActivity}>
-        <aside aria-label="Session navigation" className="flex w-64 shrink-0 flex-col bg-sidebar">
+        <aside aria-label={t("Session navigation")} className="flex w-64 shrink-0 flex-col bg-sidebar">
         <div className="thot-session-navigation__header relative text-center">
           <h1 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold leading-none tracking-tight text-foreground">
             Thoth<span className="text-primary">II</span>
           </h1>
-          <p className="thot-label mt-1.5">
-            Datamart Builder with
-            <br />
-            Human-in-the-loop review
-          </p>
-          {authenticatedUser && (
+          <p className="thot-label mt-1.5">{t("Datamart Builder with")}<br />{t("Human-in-the-loop review")}</p>
+          {authenticatedUser && shell.mode === "embedded" && (
             <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-2 border-t border-border/70 pt-3 text-left">
               <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground" title={authenticatedUser.displayName ?? authenticatedUser.subject}>
                 {authenticatedUser.displayName ?? authenticatedUser.subject}
               </span>
-              {canLogout && (
-                <Button variant="ghost" size="xs" onClick={() => { void signOut().catch(() => undefined); }}>
-                  Log out
-                </Button>
-              )}
             </div>
           )}
         </div>
 
         <div className="thot-session-navigation__primary-controls">
-          {activeSurface !== "core" && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" className="w-full" onClick={() => navigate({ surface: "core" })}>
-            Return to session
-          </Button>}
+          {activeSurface !== "core" && <Button variant="outline" size="sm" className="w-full" onClick={() => navigate({ surface: "core" })}>{t("Return to session")}</Button>}
           <Button
             variant={currentNavigation === "core" ? "navigationActive" : "outline"}
             size="sm"
@@ -956,9 +977,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
             disabled={preprocessingBlocksNewSession || !workingContext.ready || administrationBusy}
             title={preprocessingBlocksNewSession ? preprocessingQuery.data?.detail : undefined}
             onClick={startNewSession}
-          >
-            New session
-          </Button>
+          >{t("New session")}</Button>
           {isAdmin && (
             <Accordion.Root
               value={adminNavigationValue}
@@ -976,7 +995,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                     })}
                     data-navigation-state={!adminNavigationOpen && managementNavigationCurrent ? "current" : "available"}
                   >
-                    <span>Administration</span>
+                    <span>{t("Administration")}</span>
                     <ChevronDown
                       aria-hidden="true"
                       data-icon="inline-end"
@@ -992,33 +1011,31 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                     aria-current={currentNavigation === "database" ? "page" : undefined}
                     data-navigation-state={currentNavigation === "database" ? "current" : canManageDatabase ? "available" : "unavailable"}
                     disabled={!canManageDatabase}
-                    title={canManageDatabase ? undefined : "Database management permission is required"}
+                    title={canManageDatabase ? undefined : t("Database management permission is required")}
                     onClick={() => {
                       if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
                       navigate({ surface: "database-management" }, true);
                     }}
-                  >
-                    Database
-                  </Button>
+                  >{t("Database")}</Button>
                   <Button
                     variant={currentNavigation === "memory" ? "navigationActive" : "outline"}
                     size="sm"
                     className="w-full min-w-0 max-w-full gap-[0.25rem] px-[0.75rem]"
                     aria-current={currentNavigation === "memory" ? "page" : undefined}
                     disabled={!canManageMemory}
-                    title={canManageMemory ? undefined : "Memory management permission is required"}
+                    title={canManageMemory ? undefined : t("Memory management permission is required")}
                     data-navigation-state={currentNavigation === "memory" ? "current" : "available"}
                     onClick={() => {
                       if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
                       navigate({ surface: "memory-management" }, true);
                     }}
-                  >Memory</Button>
+                  >{t("Memory")}</Button>
                   <Button variant={currentNavigation === "evidence" ? "navigationActive" : "outline"}
                     size="sm" className="w-full min-w-0 max-w-full gap-[0.25rem] px-[0.75rem]"
                     aria-current={currentNavigation === "evidence" ? "page" : undefined}
-                    disabled={!canManageEvidence} title={canManageEvidence ? undefined : "Evidence management permission is required"}
+                    disabled={!canManageEvidence} title={canManageEvidence ? undefined : t("Evidence management permission is required")}
                     onClick={() => navigate({ surface: "evidence-management" })}
-                  >Evidence</Button>
+                  >{t("Evidence")}</Button>
                   <div role="separator" aria-orientation="horizontal" className="mx-1 h-px bg-border/90" />
                   <Button
                     variant={currentNavigation === "workspace" ? "navigationActive" : "outline"}
@@ -1030,9 +1047,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                       if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
                       navigate({ surface: "workspace-management" }, true);
                     }}
-                  >
-                    Workspace
-                  </Button>
+                  >{t("Workspace")}</Button>
                   <Button
                     variant={currentNavigation === "pi" ? "navigationActive" : "outline"}
                     size="sm"
@@ -1040,16 +1055,13 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                     aria-current={currentNavigation === "pi" ? "page" : undefined}
                     data-navigation-state={currentNavigation === "pi" ? "current" : canManagePi ? "available" : "unavailable"}
                     disabled={!canManagePi}
-                    title={canManagePi ? undefined : "Pi management permission is required"}
+                    title={canManagePi ? undefined : t("Pi management permission is required")}
                     onClick={() => {
                       if (!canLeaveDatabaseManagement()) return;
                       navigate({ surface: "pi-management" }, true);
                     }}
-                  >
-                    Pi configuration
-                  </Button>
-                  <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="w-full min-w-0 whitespace-normal" onClick={() => navigate({ surface: "workspace-management", workspace: selectedWorkspaceId })}>
-                    Workspace readiness: {preprocessingQuery.isError ? "unavailable" : preprocessingQuery.data?.state ?? "checking"}
+                  >{t("Pi configuration")}</Button>
+                  <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="w-full min-w-0 whitespace-normal" onClick={() => navigate({ surface: "workspace-management", workspace: selectedWorkspaceId })}>{t("Workspace readiness: {state}", { state: t(preprocessingQuery.isError ? "unavailable" : preprocessingQuery.data?.state ?? "checking") })}
                   </Button>
                 </Accordion.Panel>
               </Accordion.Item>
@@ -1061,7 +1073,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
           <div className="px-4">
             <div
               role="tablist"
-              aria-label="Session scope"
+              aria-label={t("Session scope")}
               aria-orientation="horizontal"
               className="grid grid-cols-2 border-b border-border"
             >
@@ -1077,9 +1089,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                 className={sessionScopeTabClass(sessionScope === "mine")}
                 onClick={() => setSessionScope("mine")}
                 onKeyDown={(event) => handleSessionScopeTabKeyDown(event, "mine")}
-              >
-                My sessions
-              </button>
+              >{t("My sessions")}</button>
               <button
                 ref={(node) => { sessionScopeTabRefs.current.all = node; }}
                 id="session-scope-all-tab"
@@ -1092,9 +1102,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                 className={sessionScopeTabClass(showingAllSessions)}
                 onClick={() => setSessionScope("all")}
                 onKeyDown={(event) => handleSessionScopeTabKeyDown(event, "all")}
-              >
-                All sessions
-              </button>
+              >{t("All sessions")}</button>
             </div>
           </div>
         )}
@@ -1106,39 +1114,35 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
           className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col"
         >
           {canReadAllSessions && showingAllSessions && (
-            <p className="mx-4 mb-2 mt-2 text-xs font-medium text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400">
-              Administrator view: all sessions
-            </p>
+            <p className="mx-4 mb-2 mt-2 text-xs font-medium text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400">{t("Administrator view: all sessions")}</p>
           )}
 
           {/* L1 — rail title */}
           <div className="px-4 pb-1.5 pt-1">
-            <span className="thot-label text-[0.8rem] font-bold tracking-[0.18em] text-primary">
-              Sessions
-            </span>
+            <span className="thot-label text-[0.8rem] font-bold tracking-[0.18em] text-primary">{t("Sessions")}</span>
           </div>
 
           <div className="flex items-center justify-between px-4 pb-2">
             <label className="flex cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground">
               <Checkbox
                 checked={allSessionsSelected}
-                aria-label="Select all sessions"
+                aria-label={t("Select all sessions")}
                 disabled={sessions.length === 0}
                 onCheckedChange={(selected) => toggleAllSessions(selected === true)}
               />
-              <span>Select all</span>
+              <span>{t("Select all")}</span>
             </label>
             {selectedSessions.length > 0 && (
               <Button
                 variant="destructive"
                 size="xs"
-                aria-label={`Delete ${selectedSessions.length} selected sessions`}
+                aria-label={t("Delete {count} selected sessions", { count: selectedSessions.length })}
                 onClick={() => {
                   requestDelete(selectedSessions);
                 }}
               >
                 <Trash2 />
-                Delete ({selectedSessions.length})
+                {t("Delete ({count})", { count: selectedSessions.length })}
               </Button>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -1151,7 +1155,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
             className="thot-label flex w-full items-center gap-1 px-1 pb-1 pt-1 text-left text-foreground/65 hover:text-foreground"
           >
             <span className="select-none">{activeOpen ? "▾" : "▸"}</span>
-            <span>Active sessions</span>
+            <span>{t("Active sessions")}</span>
           </button>
           {activeOpen && (
             <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 pb-2">
@@ -1170,7 +1174,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
                     </button>
                     <button
                       type="button"
-                      aria-label={`Rename group ${g}`}
+                      aria-label={t("Rename group {name}", { name: g })}
                       onClick={() => setRenameGroupTarget(g)}
                       className="rounded-md p-0.5 text-muted-foreground opacity-0 transition-opacity hover:bg-accent group-hover/gh:opacity-100"
                     >
@@ -1215,7 +1219,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
             className="thot-label mt-2 flex w-full items-center gap-1 px-1 pb-1 pt-1 text-left text-foreground/65 hover:text-foreground"
           >
             <span className="select-none">{archiveOpen ? "▾" : "▸"}</span>
-            <span className="tabular-nums">Archive ({archivedList.length})</span>
+            <span className="tabular-nums">{t("Archive ({count})", { count: archivedList.length })}</span>
           </button>
           {archiveOpen && (
             <NavSessions
@@ -1233,7 +1237,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
         </aside>
         </ArchiveNavigation>
       )}
-      <Toaster />
+      <Toaster theme={shell.theme} />
 
       <StopConfirmDialog
         open={stopConfirm}
@@ -1261,7 +1265,7 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
               setRenameGroupTarget(null);
             }
           }}
-          title="Rename group"
+          title={t("Rename group")}
         />
       )}
       {deleteTargets.length > 0 && (
@@ -1284,16 +1288,13 @@ export function AppShell({ canLogout }: AppShellProps) {
 }
 
 function EmptyState() {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="flex min-h-[72vh] flex-col items-center justify-center text-center">
       <span className="font-heading text-5xl font-semibold tracking-tight text-foreground">
         Thoth<span className="text-primary">II</span>
       </span>
-      <p className="mt-4 max-w-md text-balance text-[0.95rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
-        Build datamarts from your database through a guided,
-        human-in-the-loop workflow. Type your question in the box below to begin
-        a session.
-      </p>
+      <p className="mt-4 max-w-md text-balance text-[0.95rem] leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">{t("Build datamarts from your database through a guided, human-in-the-loop workflow. Type your question in the box below to begin a session.")}</p>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/ArchiveNavigation.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/ArchiveNavigation.tsx
index 3e114dc0..027078c3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/ArchiveNavigation.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/ArchiveNavigation.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogDescription, DialogTitle, DialogTrigger } from "../components/ui/dialog";
 
 /** Measure the embedded application, which can be narrower than the viewport. */
 export function ArchiveNavigation({ surface, forceDrawer = false, children }: { surface: string; forceDrawer?: boolean; children: ReactNode }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const marker = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null);
   const [narrow, setNarrow] = useState(false);
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -28,11 +30,11 @@ export function ArchiveNavigation({ surface, forceDrawer = false, children }: {
   return <>{anchor}<Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={setOpen}>
     <div className="thot-administration-mobile-nav">
       <span className="font-heading font-semibold">ThothII</span>
-      <DialogTrigger render={<Button variant="outline" size="sm" />}>Navigation</DialogTrigger>
+      <DialogTrigger render={<Button variant="outline" size="sm" />}>{translate("Navigation")}</DialogTrigger>
     </div>
     <DialogContent className="flex max-h-[calc(100dvh-2rem)] flex-col">
-      <DialogTitle>Navigation</DialogTitle>
-      <DialogDescription className="sr-only">Choose an administration page or a session.</DialogDescription>
+      <DialogTitle>{translate("Navigation")}</DialogTitle>
+      <DialogDescription className="sr-only">{translate("Choose an administration page or a session.")}</DialogDescription>
       <div className="min-h-0 overflow-y-auto [&>aside]:w-full">{children}</div>
     </DialogContent>
   </Dialog></>;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/CentralStatus.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/CentralStatus.tsx
index 5879c117..d29d3b95 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/CentralStatus.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/CentralStatus.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useLayoutEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { isNearBottom } from "./activityScroll";
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ function transcriptLines(transcript: Array<{ text: string }>): string[] {
 
 /** Compact central projection of the assistant stream while the model is working. */
 export function CentralStatus({ working }: { working: boolean }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const transcript = useSessionStore((state) => state.transcript);
   const rows = transcriptLines(transcript);
   const rowCount = rows.length;
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ export function CentralStatus({ working }: { working: boolean }) {
     <ol
       ref={scrollRef}
       role="log"
-      aria-label="Live model activity"
+      aria-label={translate("Live model activity")}
       aria-live="polite"
       aria-relevant="additions text"
       tabIndex={0}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.test.tsx
index 9999af67..b09c3fc2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { act, fireEvent, render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
@@ -115,6 +116,22 @@ function renderPage({
   return { ...view, client };
 }
 
+test("updates database row actions and the open editor when switching EN and IT", async () => {
+  renderPage({ presentation: "fleet" });
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Edit Policlinico San Donato" }));
+  const name = await screen.findByLabelText("Database name");
+  const savedName = (name as HTMLInputElement).value;
+  try {
+    act(() => setLocale("it"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Nome database")).toHaveValue(savedName);
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Salva modifiche" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Verifica connessione" })).toBeVisible();
+    act(() => setLocale("en"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Database name")).toHaveValue(savedName);
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save changes" })).toBeVisible();
+  } finally { act(() => setLocale("en")); }
+});
+
 test("fleet entry opens the database list without workspace preparation or an automatic editor", async () => {
   renderPage({ presentation: "fleet" });
   expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "View tables for Policlinico San Donato" })).toBeVisible();
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.tsx
index 66fdfcbf..87978320 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/DatabaseManagementPage.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { getLocale, useI18n } from "../i18n";
+import { adminMessage, renderAdminMessage, type AdminMessage } from "./database-management/messages";
 import {
   useCallback,
   useEffect,
@@ -106,8 +108,8 @@ interface FormSource {
 
 interface ConnectionTestResult {
   outcome: "success" | "failure";
-  title: string;
-  description: string;
+  title: AdminMessage;
+  description: AdminMessage;
 }
 
 function mergeConnectionTestResult(
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   onNavigationStateChange,
   presentation = "legacy",
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const workingContext = useWorkingContextScope();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const {
@@ -223,7 +226,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   const handleTableNestedNavigationChange = useCallback((active: boolean, onBack?: () => void) => {
     setTableNestedNavigationActive(active);
     setTableNestedNavigationBack(() => (active ? onBack ?? null : null));
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
   const [activeSyncRun, setActiveSyncRun] = useState<CatalogSyncRun | null>(null);
   const [syncHistoryDatabaseId, setSyncHistoryDatabaseId] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [syncDrawerOpen, setSyncDrawerOpen] = useState(false);
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   const [sensitivityAnalysisStarting, setSensitivityAnalysisStarting] = useState(false);
   const [sensitiveReview, setSensitiveReview] = useState<{
     databaseId: string;
-    scopeLabel: string;
+    scopeLabel: AdminMessage;
     suggestions: SensitivityReviewItem[];
   } | null>(null);
 
@@ -265,7 +268,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   });
   const invalidateCatalogMetrics = useCallback(
     () => queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["catalog-metrics"] }),
-    [queryClient],
+    [queryClient, t],
   );
   const editable = screen.kind === "configure" || screen.kind === "edit";
   const configurationDirty = Boolean(
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       if (existing < 0) return [...current, saved];
       return current.map((row, index) => index === existing ? saved : row);
     });
-  }, [queryClient]);
+  }, [queryClient, t]);
 
   const restoreListFocus = useCallback(() => {
     const originLabel = originRef.current?.getAttribute("aria-label");
@@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         searchInputRef.current?.focus();
       }
     }, 0);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const showList = useCallback(() => {
     setScreen({ kind: "list" });
@@ -348,25 +351,25 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setTableNestedNavigationActive(false);
     setTableNestedNavigationBack(null);
     restoreListFocus();
-  }, [restoreListFocus]);
+  }, [restoreListFocus, t]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (screen.kind === "list" || isLoading || activeRow) return;
     showList();
-    toast.info("This database configuration is no longer available");
+    toast.info(t("This database configuration is no longer available"));
   }, [activeRow, isLoading, screen.kind, showList]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!["tables", "relationships"].includes(screen.kind) || !activeRow || (activeRow.configured && activeRow.id)) return;
     showList();
-    toast.info("Save the database configuration before managing tables");
+    toast.info(t("Save the database configuration before managing tables"));
   }, [activeRow, screen.kind, showList]);
 
   const backToList = useCallback(() => {
     if (busy) return;
-    if (dirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved database changes?")) return;
+    if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved database changes?"))) return;
     showList();
-  }, [busy, dirty, showList]);
+  }, [busy, dirty, showList, t]);
 
   const openForm = useCallback((
     mode: DatabaseFormMode,
@@ -385,19 +388,19 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       kind: mode,
       workspaceId: row.workspaceId,
     });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const viewRow = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase, origin: HTMLButtonElement) => {
     openForm("view", row, origin);
-  }, [openForm]);
+  }, [openForm, t]);
 
   const editRow = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase, origin: HTMLButtonElement) => {
     openForm(row.configured ? "edit" : "configure", row, origin);
-  }, [openForm]);
+  }, [openForm, t]);
 
   const deleteRow = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase, origin: HTMLButtonElement) => {
     openForm("delete", row, origin);
-  }, [openForm]);
+  }, [openForm, t]);
 
   const openTables = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase, origin?: HTMLElement) => {
     if (!row.configured || !row.id) return;
@@ -411,7 +414,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setTableNestedNavigationActive(false);
     setTableNestedNavigationBack(null);
     setScreen({ kind: "tables", workspaceId: row.workspaceId });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const openRelationships = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase, origin?: HTMLElement) => {
     if (!row.configured || !row.id) return;
@@ -425,7 +428,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setTableNestedNavigationActive(false);
     setTableNestedNavigationBack(null);
     setScreen({ kind: "relationships", workspaceId: row.workspaceId });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const openOverview = useCallback((row: CatalogDatabase) => {
     const nextDraft = draftFrom(row);
@@ -437,17 +440,17 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setPartialSecretFailure(null);
     setTablesNavigationState({ dirty: false, busy: false });
     setScreen({ kind: "view", workspaceId: row.workspaceId });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const changeField = useCallback((field: "databaseName" | "schema", value: string) => {
     setDraft((current) => current ? { ...current, [field]: value } : current);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const changeTransport = useCallback((transport: DatabaseTransport) => {
     setDraft((current) => current
       ? { ...current, binding: { ...current.binding, transport } }
       : current);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const changeBinding = useCallback(<K extends keyof DatabaseBinding>(
     key: K,
@@ -456,18 +459,18 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setDraft((current) => current
       ? { ...current, binding: { ...current.binding, [key]: value } }
       : current);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const changeSecret = useCallback((name: CatalogSecretName, value: string) => {
     setDraft((current) => current
       ? { ...current, secrets: { ...current.secrets, [name]: value } }
       : current);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const markStale = useCallback(() => {
     setStale(true);
     setStaleBannerOpen(true);
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   const save = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!activeRow || !formSource || !draft || !editable || !canManage || stale || busy) return;
@@ -489,7 +492,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
 
       const replacements = secretReplacements(draft);
       if (Object.keys(replacements).length > 0) {
-        if (!canManageSecrets) throw new Error("Secret replacement is not permitted");
+        if (!canManageSecrets) throw new Error(t("Secret replacement is not permitted"));
         try {
           saved = await replaceCatalogDatabaseSecrets(
             saved.id ?? formSource.id!,
@@ -507,7 +510,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
           } else {
             await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: DATABASE_QUERY_KEY });
           }
-          toast.warning("Database configuration saved, but secrets still need attention");
+          toast.warning(t("Database configuration saved, but secrets still need attention"));
           return;
         }
       }
@@ -520,12 +523,12 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       setStale(false);
       setPartialSecretFailure(null);
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: DATABASE_QUERY_KEY });
-      toast.success(activeRow.configured ? "Database configuration saved" : "Database configuration added");
+      toast.success(activeRow.configured ? t("Database configuration saved") : t("Database configuration added"));
     } catch (error) {
       if (isStaleError(error)) {
         markStale();
       } else {
-        toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+        toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       }
     } finally {
       setBusyAction(null);
@@ -543,7 +546,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     markStale,
     queryClient,
     stale,
-  ]);
+  , t]);
 
   const retrySecrets = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!activeRow?.configured || !formSource?.id || !draft || !canManageSecrets || busy || stale) return;
@@ -561,15 +564,15 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       setDraft({ ...draft, secrets: {} });
       setPartialSecretFailure(null);
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: DATABASE_QUERY_KEY });
-      toast.success("Database secrets saved");
+      toast.success(t("Database secrets saved"));
     } catch (error) {
       setPartialSecretFailure(apiErrorMessage(error));
       if (isStaleError(error)) markStale();
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusyAction(null);
     }
-  }, [activeRow, busy, cacheSavedRow, canManageSecrets, draft, formSource, markStale, queryClient, stale]);
+  }, [activeRow, busy, cacheSavedRow, canManageSecrets, draft, formSource, markStale, queryClient, stale, t]);
 
   const testConnection = useCallback(async () => {
     if (
@@ -597,13 +600,13 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         setConnectionTestResult({
           outcome: "success",
           title: "Connection test successful",
-          description: `${databaseDisplayName(tested)} is reachable.`,
+          description: adminMessage("{database} is reachable.", { database: databaseDisplayName(tested) }),
         });
       } else {
         setConnectionTestResult({
           outcome: "failure",
           title: "Connection test failed",
-          description: `${databaseDisplayName(tested)}: ${tested.lastErrorMessage ?? "The database could not be reached."}`,
+          description: adminMessage("{database}: {diagnostic}", { database: databaseDisplayName(tested), diagnostic: { message: tested.lastErrorMessage ?? "The database could not be reached." } }),
         });
       }
     } catch (error) {
@@ -616,7 +619,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     } finally {
       setBusyAction(null);
     }
-  }, [activeRow, busy, cacheSavedRow, canManage, dirty, draft, formSource, markStale, queryClient, stale]);
+  }, [activeRow, busy, cacheSavedRow, canManage, dirty, draft, formSource, markStale, queryClient, stale, t]);
 
   const remove = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!activeRow?.configured || !formSource?.id || !canManage || busy || stale) return;
@@ -654,14 +657,14 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       setBusyAction(null);
       showList();
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: DATABASE_QUERY_KEY });
-      toast.success("Database configuration deleted");
+      toast.success(t("Database configuration deleted"));
     } catch (error) {
       if (isStaleError(error)) markStale();
-      else toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      else toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusyAction(null);
     }
-  }, [activeRow, busy, canManage, formSource, markStale, queryClient, showList, stale]);
+  }, [activeRow, busy, canManage, formSource, markStale, queryClient, showList, stale, t]);
 
   const reloadLatest = useCallback(async () => {
     if (busy || screen.kind === "list") return;
@@ -672,7 +675,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       const latest = result.data?.find((row) => row.workspaceId === screen.workspaceId);
       if (!latest) {
         showList();
-        toast.info("This database configuration is no longer available");
+        toast.info(t("This database configuration is no longer available"));
         return;
       }
       const nextDraft = draftFrom(latest);
@@ -684,16 +687,16 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       setPartialSecretFailure(null);
       if (!latest.configured && screen.kind === "delete") {
         showList();
-        toast.info("This database configuration has already been deleted");
+        toast.info(t("This database configuration has already been deleted"));
       } else if (screen.kind === "edit" && !latest.configured) {
         setScreen({ kind: "configure", workspaceId: latest.workspaceId });
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusyAction(null);
     }
-  }, [busy, refetch, screen, showList]);
+  }, [busy, refetch, screen, showList, t]);
 
   const refreshList = useCallback(async () => {
     if (isFetching) return;
@@ -702,9 +705,9 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       if (result.error) throw result.error;
       await invalidateCatalogMetrics();
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     }
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, isFetching, refetch]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, isFetching, refetch, t]);
 
   const updateTrackedSyncRun = useCallback((run: CatalogSyncRun) => {
     setActiveSyncRun(run);
@@ -713,13 +716,13 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         ? { ...row, activeSyncRun: ["queued", "running", "awaiting_confirmation", "applying"].includes(run.state) ? run : undefined }
         : row
     )));
-  }, [queryClient]);
+  }, [queryClient, t]);
 
   const rememberSyncRun = useCallback((run: CatalogSyncRun) => {
     updateTrackedSyncRun(run);
     setSyncHistoryDatabaseId(run.databaseId);
     setSyncDrawerOpen(true);
-  }, [updateTrackedSyncRun]);
+  }, [updateTrackedSyncRun, t]);
 
   const rememberDescriptionGenerationRun = useCallback((run: DescriptionGenerationRun) => {
     setActiveDescriptionGenerationRun(run);
@@ -728,7 +731,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       (current = []) => [run, ...current.filter((item) => item.id !== run.id)],
     );
     setDescriptionGenerationDrawerOpen(true);
-  }, [queryClient]);
+  }, [queryClient, t]);
 
   const openDescriptionGenerationHistory = useCallback(() => {
     const scopedRuns = activeRow ? descriptionGenerationRuns.filter((item) => item.databaseId === activeRow.id) : descriptionGenerationRuns;
@@ -746,7 +749,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     if (run) setActiveDescriptionGenerationRun(run);
     setSensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawerOpen(false);
     setDescriptionGenerationDrawerOpen(true);
-  }, [activeDescriptionGenerationRun, activeRow, descriptionGenerationRuns, observedActiveDescriptionGenerationRun]);
+  }, [activeDescriptionGenerationRun, activeRow, descriptionGenerationRuns, observedActiveDescriptionGenerationRun, t]);
 
   const openSensitivityReviewItemHistory = useCallback(() => {
     const scopedRuns = activeRow ? sensitivityAnalysisRuns.filter((item) => item.databaseId === activeRow.id) : sensitivityAnalysisRuns;
@@ -764,7 +767,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     if (run) setActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun(run);
     setDescriptionGenerationDrawerOpen(false);
     setSensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawerOpen(true);
-  }, [activeRow, activeSensitivityAnalysisRun, observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun, sensitivityAnalysisRuns]);
+  }, [activeRow, activeSensitivityAnalysisRun, observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun, sensitivityAnalysisRuns, t]);
 
   const descriptionGenerationTerminated = useCallback(async (run: DescriptionGenerationRun) => {
     await Promise.all([
@@ -777,7 +780,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       }),
       invalidateCatalogMetrics(),
     ]);
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, t]);
 
   const openSync = useCallback((row?: CatalogDatabase) => {
     const databaseId = row?.id ?? activeSyncRun?.databaseId ?? activeRow?.id ?? null;
@@ -787,7 +790,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     setActiveSyncRun(run);
     setSyncHistoryDatabaseId(databaseId);
     setSyncDrawerOpen(true);
-  }, [activeRow?.id, activeSyncRun]);
+  }, [activeRow?.id, activeSyncRun, t]);
 
   const testSelected = useCallback(async (selected: CatalogDatabase[]) => {
     setConnectionTestResult(null);
@@ -804,8 +807,8 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
           outcome: "success",
           title: tested.length === 1 ? "Connection test successful" : "All connection tests successful",
           description: tested.length === 1
-            ? `${databaseDisplayName(tested[0])} is reachable.`
-            : `${tested.length} databases are reachable.`,
+            ? adminMessage("{database} is reachable.", { database: databaseDisplayName(tested[0]) })
+            : adminMessage("{count} databases are reachable.", { count: tested.length }),
         });
       } else {
         const succeeded = tested.length - failed.length;
@@ -813,10 +816,10 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
           outcome: "failure",
           title: tested.length === 1
             ? "Connection test failed"
-            : `${failed.length} of ${tested.length} connection tests failed`,
+            : adminMessage("{count} of {total} connection tests failed", { count: failed.length, total: tested.length }),
           description: tested.length === 1
-            ? `${databaseDisplayName(failed[0])}: ${failed[0].lastErrorMessage ?? "The database could not be reached."}`
-            : `${succeeded} succeeded. Failed: ${failed.map(databaseDisplayName).join(", ")}.`,
+            ? adminMessage("{database}: {diagnostic}", { database: databaseDisplayName(failed[0]), diagnostic: { message: failed[0].lastErrorMessage ?? "The database could not be reached." } })
+            : adminMessage("{succeeded} succeeded. Failed: {databases}.", { succeeded, databases: failed.map(databaseDisplayName).join(", ") }),
         });
       }
     } catch (error) {
@@ -827,7 +830,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       });
       throw error;
     }
-  }, [cacheSavedRow, queryClient]);
+  }, [cacheSavedRow, queryClient, t]);
 
   const syncSelected = useCallback(async (selected: CatalogDatabase[], scope: CatalogSyncScope) => {
     try {
@@ -837,12 +840,12 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         return run ? { ...row, activeSyncRun: run } : row;
       }));
       if (runs[0]) rememberSyncRun(runs[0]);
-      toast.success(`${runs.length} schema synchronization${runs.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} started`);
+      toast.success((runs.length === 1 ? t("{count} schema synchronization started", { count: runs.length }) : t("{count} schema synchronizations started", { count: runs.length })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       throw error;
     }
-  }, [queryClient, rememberSyncRun]);
+  }, [queryClient, rememberSyncRun, t]);
 
   const generateDatabaseDescriptions = useCallback(async (
     selected: CatalogDatabase[],
@@ -857,12 +860,12 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         scope,
       );
       rememberDescriptionGenerationRun(run);
-      toast.success(`${scope === "all" ? "Generate all descriptions" : "Generate missing descriptions"} started for ${database.workspaceName}`);
+      toast.success(t("{value} started for {workspaceName}", { value: scope === "all" ? t("Generate all descriptions") : t("Generate missing descriptions"), workspaceName: database.workspaceName }));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       throw error;
     }
-  }, [rememberDescriptionGenerationRun, selectedMetadataModel]);
+  }, [rememberDescriptionGenerationRun, selectedMetadataModel, t]);
 
   const consolidateDatabaseDescriptions = useCallback(async (
     selected: CatalogDatabase[],
@@ -877,22 +880,22 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         invalidateCatalogMetrics(),
       ]);
       toast.success(
-        `Copied ${result.copied} description${result.copied === 1 ? "" : "s"}; skipped ${result.skipped}`,
+        (result.copied === 1 ? t("Copied {copied} description; skipped {skipped}", { copied: result.copied, skipped: result.skipped }) : t("Copied {copied} descriptions; skipped {skipped}", { copied: result.copied, skipped: result.skipped })),
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       throw error;
     }
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, t]);
 
   const requestSensitiveSuggestions = useCallback(async (
     database: CatalogDatabase,
     selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest,
-    scopeLabel: string,
+    scopeLabel: AdminMessage,
   ) => {
     if (!database.id) {
-      toast.error("The selected database is not configured, so sensitivity analysis was not started.");
-      throw new Error("database is not configured");
+      toast.error(t("The selected database is not configured, so sensitivity analysis was not started."));
+      throw new Error(t("database is not configured"));
     }
     setSensitiveReview(null);
     setActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun(null);
@@ -910,35 +913,35 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       }
       setSensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawerOpen(false);
       setSensitiveReview({ databaseId: database.id, scopeLabel, suggestions: result.suggestions });
-      toast.success(`Prepared ${result.suggestions.length} local sensitivity assessment${result.suggestions.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} for review`);
+      toast.success((result.suggestions.length === 1 ? t("Prepared {count} local sensitivity assessment for review", { count: result.suggestions.length }) : t("Prepared {count} local sensitivity assessments for review", { count: result.suggestions.length })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       throw error;
     } finally {
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: SENSITIVE_DATA_SUGGESTION_HISTORY_QUERY_KEY });
       setSensitivityAnalysisStarting(false);
     }
-  }, [queryClient]);
+  }, [queryClient, t]);
 
   const suggestDatabaseSensitiveFields = useCallback(async (selected: CatalogDatabase[]) => {
     if (selected.length !== 1) {
-      toast.error("Sensitivity analysis can run for only one database at a time. Select one database and try again.");
-      throw new Error("more than one database selected");
+      toast.error(t("Sensitivity analysis can run for only one database at a time. Select one database and try again."));
+      throw new Error(t("more than one database selected"));
     }
     const database = selected[0]!;
-    await requestSensitiveSuggestions(database, { scope: "all" }, `Entire database ${database.workspaceName}`);
-  }, [requestSensitiveSuggestions]);
+    await requestSensitiveSuggestions(database, { scope: "all" }, adminMessage("Entire database {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: database.workspaceName }));
+  }, [requestSensitiveSuggestions, t]);
 
   const suggestActiveDatabaseSensitiveFields = useCallback(async (
     selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest,
-    scopeLabel: string,
+    scopeLabel: AdminMessage,
   ) => {
     if (!activeRow) {
-      toast.error("The database is no longer available, so sensitivity analysis was not started.");
-      throw new Error("database is no longer available");
+      toast.error(t("The database is no longer available, so sensitivity analysis was not started."));
+      throw new Error(t("database is no longer available"));
     }
     await requestSensitiveSuggestions(activeRow, selection, scopeLabel);
-  }, [activeRow, requestSensitiveSuggestions]);
+  }, [activeRow, requestSensitiveSuggestions, t]);
 
   const sensitiveColumnsSaved = useCallback((columns: CatalogColumn[]) => {
     const savedById = new Map(columns.map((column) => [column.id, column]));
@@ -961,7 +964,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         invalidateCatalogMetrics(),
       ]);
     }
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, sensitiveReview?.databaseId]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, sensitiveReview?.databaseId, t]);
 
   const deleteSelectedMetadata = useCallback(async (
     selected: CatalogDatabase[],
@@ -980,26 +983,26 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
         invalidateCatalogMetrics(),
       ]);
       toast.success(target === "tables"
-        ? `Cleared ${counts.tables} catalog tables, ${counts.columns} columns, and ${counts.relationships} relationships. The source database was not changed.`
-        : `Cleared ${counts.relationships} catalog relationships. The source database was not changed.`);
+        ? t("Cleared {tables} catalog tables, {columns} columns, and {relationships} relationships. The source database was not changed.", { tables: counts.tables, columns: counts.columns, relationships: counts.relationships })
+        : t("Cleared {relationships} catalog relationships. The source database was not changed.", { relationships: counts.relationships }));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       throw error;
     }
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, t]);
 
   const clearActiveCatalogTables = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!activeRow?.id) return;
     await deleteSelectedMetadata([activeRow], "tables");
-  }, [activeRow, deleteSelectedMetadata]);
+  }, [activeRow, deleteSelectedMetadata, t]);
 
   const syncDatabase = useCallback(async (scope: CatalogSyncScope) => {
     if (!activeRow?.id || !activeRow.configured) return;
     try {
       rememberSyncRun(await startCatalogSync(activeRow.id, activeRow.version, scope));
-      toast.success(SYNC_STARTED_MESSAGES[scope]);
-    } catch (error) { toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)); }
-  }, [activeRow, rememberSyncRun]);
+      toast.success(t(SYNC_STARTED_MESSAGES[scope]));
+    } catch (error) { toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error))); }
+  }, [activeRow, rememberSyncRun, t]);
 
   const catalogChanged = useCallback(async (run: CatalogSyncRun) => {
     const databaseId = run.databaseId;
@@ -1013,7 +1016,7 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
       queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: DATABASE_QUERY_KEY }),
       invalidateCatalogMetrics(),
     ]);
-  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient]);
+  }, [invalidateCatalogMetrics, queryClient, t]);
 
   const formVisible = screen.kind !== "list" && screen.kind !== "tables" && screen.kind !== "relationships" && activeRow && draft;
   const tablesVisible = screen.kind === "tables" && activeRow?.configured && activeRow.id;
@@ -1045,28 +1048,28 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   const metrics = catalogMetricsQuery.data;
   const metricsUnavailable = catalogMetricsQuery.isError;
   const metricsValue = (value?: number) => (
-    catalogMetricsQuery.isLoading ? "…" : metricsUnavailable || value === undefined ? "—" : value.toLocaleString("en-US")
+    catalogMetricsQuery.isLoading ? "…" : metricsUnavailable || value === undefined ? "—" : value.toLocaleString(getLocale())
   );
   const latestCatalogUpdate = metrics?.updatedAt
-    ? new Date(metrics.updatedAt).toLocaleString()
-    : "No synchronized metadata";
+    ? new Date(metrics.updatedAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())
+    : t("No synchronized metadata");
   const operationLabel = currentActiveRun
     ? `Synchronization: ${currentActiveRun.phase.replaceAll("_", " ")}`
     : descriptionGenerationActive
-      ? "Description generation active"
+      ? t("Description generation active")
       : observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun
-        ? "Sensitive analysis active"
-        : "Idle";
+        ? t("Sensitive analysis active")
+        : t("Idle");
   const operationTone = currentActiveRun || descriptionGenerationActive || observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun
     ? "warning" as const
     : "neutral" as const;
   const fleetBreadcrumb = screen.kind === "tables" || screen.kind === "relationships"
     ? [
-        { id: "databases", label: "Databases", onSelect: showList },
-        { id: "database", label: activeRow?.workspaceName ?? "Database" },
-        { id: screen.kind, label: screen.kind === "tables" ? "Tables" : "Relationships", current: true },
+        { id: "databases", label: t("Databases"), onSelect: showList },
+        { id: "database", label: activeRow?.workspaceName ?? t("Database") },
+        { id: screen.kind, label: screen.kind === "tables" ? t("Tables") : t("Relationships"), current: true },
       ]
-    : [{ id: "databases", label: "Databases", current: true }];
+    : [{ id: "databases", label: t("Databases"), current: true }];
   const connectionTestResultDialog = (
     <Dialog
       open={Boolean(connectionTestResult)}
@@ -1089,15 +1092,15 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
                 : <CircleAlert className="size-5" />}
             </span>
             <div className="min-w-0 pt-0.5">
-              <DialogTitle>{connectionTestResult?.title ?? "Connection test"}</DialogTitle>
+              <DialogTitle>{renderAdminMessage(t, connectionTestResult?.title ?? "Connection test")}</DialogTitle>
               <DialogDescription className="mt-2 leading-6 text-foreground">
-                {connectionTestResult?.description}
+                {connectionTestResult && renderAdminMessage(t, connectionTestResult.description)}
               </DialogDescription>
             </div>
           </div>
         </DialogHeader>
         <DialogFooter>
-          <Button type="button" onClick={() => setConnectionTestResult(null)}>Done</Button>
+          <Button type="button" onClick={() => setConnectionTestResult(null)}>{t("Done")}</Button>
         </DialogFooter>
       </DialogContent>
     </Dialog>
@@ -1149,12 +1152,12 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     const fleetFormMode = formVisible ? screen.kind as DatabaseFormMode : null;
     const fleetDrawer = formVisible && fleetFormMode ? (
       <div className="thot-administration-split thot-database-workbench">
-        <nav aria-label="Database workspaces" className="thot-administration-index p-4">
-          <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">Workspace catalog</p>
+        <nav aria-label={t("Database workspaces")} className="thot-administration-index p-4">
+          <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">{t("Workspace catalog")}</p>
           {rows.map(row => <Button key={row.workspaceId} variant={row.workspaceId === activeRow.workspaceId ? "navigationActive" : "ghost"}
             aria-current={row.workspaceId === activeRow.workspaceId ? "page" : undefined} disabled={busy}
             className="w-full justify-start whitespace-normal mb-2" onClick={event => {
-              if (dirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved database changes?")) return;
+              if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved database changes?"))) return;
               openForm(row.configured ? "edit" : "configure", row, event.currentTarget);
             }}>{databaseDisplayName(row)}</Button>)}
         </nav>
@@ -1233,11 +1236,10 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
     ) : isError && rows.length === 0 ? (
       <div className="grid h-full place-items-center p-6">
         <div className="max-w-lg rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 p-5 text-sm" role="alert">
-          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">The database catalog is unavailable.</p>
-          <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">Verify the catalog service and database migrations, then try again.</p>
+          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("The database catalog is unavailable.")}</p>
+          <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Verify the catalog service and database migrations, then try again.")}</p>
           <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="mt-4" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refreshList()}>
-            <RefreshCw /> Try again
-          </Button>
+            <RefreshCw /> {t("Try again")}</Button>
         </div>
       </div>
     ) : (
@@ -1272,24 +1274,24 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
 
     return (
       <>
-        <main aria-label="Database management" className="thot-administration-page thot-administration-database">
+        <main aria-label={t("Database management")} className="thot-administration-page thot-administration-database">
           <FleetLedgerShell
             header={(
               <FleetLedgerHeader
-                title="Database management"
+                title={t("Database management")}
                 status={(
                   <FleetLedgerRealStatus
-                    title="Catalog status"
+                    title={t("Catalog status")}
                     items={[
                       {
                         id: "catalog",
-                        label: "Catalog",
-                        value: isLoading ? "Loading" : isError ? "Unavailable" : "Available",
-                        detail: isError ? "Retry from the current grid" : `${rows.length} workspace${rows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`,
+                        label: t("Catalog"),
+                        value: isLoading ? t("Loading") : isError ? t("Unavailable") : t("Available"),
+                        detail: isError ? t("Retry from the current grid") : rows.length === 1 ? t("{count} workspace", { count: rows.length }) : t("{count} workspaces", { count: rows.length }),
                         tone: isError ? "danger" : isLoading ? "warning" : "success",
                       },
-                      { id: "operation", label: "Operations", value: operationLabel, tone: operationTone },
-                      { id: "updated", label: "Metadata updated", value: latestCatalogUpdate, tone: "info" },
+                      { id: "operation", label: t("Operations"), value: operationLabel, tone: operationTone },
+                      { id: "updated", label: t("Metadata updated"), value: latestCatalogUpdate, tone: "info" },
                     ]}
                   />
                 )}
@@ -1301,39 +1303,39 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
                       variant="outline"
                       size="sm"
                       className="whitespace-nowrap"
-                      aria-label="View schema synchronization logs"
-                      title="View schema synchronization progress and history"
+                      aria-label={t("View schema synchronization logs")}
+                      title={t("View schema synchronization progress and history")}
                       disabled={!canManage || (!activeRow && !selectedDatabaseId && !activeSyncRun?.databaseId)}
                       onClick={() => openSync(activeRow ?? (selectedDatabaseId ? rows.find((row) => row.id === selectedDatabaseId) : undefined))}
                     >
                       <RefreshCw aria-hidden="true" />
-                      {currentActiveRun ? "Schema sync active" : "Schema sync logs"}
+                      {currentActiveRun ? t("Schema sync active") : t("Schema sync logs")}
                     </Button>
                     <Button
                       type="button"
                       variant="outline"
                       size="sm"
                       className="whitespace-nowrap"
-                      aria-label="View AI description generation logs"
-                      title="View AI description generation progress and history"
+                      aria-label={t("View AI description generation logs")}
+                      title={t("View AI description generation progress and history")}
                       disabled={!canManage}
                       onClick={openDescriptionGenerationHistory}
                     >
                       <History aria-hidden="true" />
-                      {descriptionGenerationActive ? "AI descriptions active" : "AI description logs"}
+                      {descriptionGenerationActive ? t("AI descriptions active") : t("AI description logs")}
                     </Button>
                     <Button
                       type="button"
                       variant="outline"
                       size="sm"
                       className="whitespace-nowrap"
-                      aria-label="View sensitive analysis progress"
-                      title="View sensitive analysis progress and history"
+                      aria-label={t("View sensitive analysis progress")}
+                      title={t("View sensitive analysis progress and history")}
                       disabled={!canManage}
                       onClick={openSensitivityReviewItemHistory}
                     >
                       <History aria-hidden="true" />
-                      {observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun ? "Sensitive analysis active" : "Sensitive analysis history"}
+                      {observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun ? t("Sensitive analysis active") : t("Sensitive analysis history")}
                     </Button>
                   </>
                 )}
@@ -1341,13 +1343,13 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
             )}
             kpis={(
               <FleetLedgerKpiStrip
-                title={metricsDatabaseId ? "Database summary" : "Fleet summary"}
+                title={metricsDatabaseId ? t("Database summary") : t("Fleet summary")}
                 items={[
-                  { id: "tables", label: "Tables", value: metricsValue(metrics?.tables) },
-                  { id: "columns", label: "Columns", value: metricsValue(metrics?.columns) },
-                  { id: "sensitive", label: "Sensitive", value: metricsValue(metrics?.sensitiveColumns) },
-                  { id: "relationships", label: "Relationships", value: metricsValue(metrics?.relationships) },
-                  { id: "coverage", label: "Description coverage", value: metrics ? `${metrics.descriptionCoverage}%` : metricsValue() },
+                  { id: "tables", label: t("Tables"), value: metricsValue(metrics?.tables) },
+                  { id: "columns", label: t("Columns"), value: metricsValue(metrics?.columns) },
+                  { id: "sensitive", label: t("Sensitive"), value: metricsValue(metrics?.sensitiveColumns) },
+                  { id: "relationships", label: t("Relationships"), value: metricsValue(metrics?.relationships) },
+                  { id: "coverage", label: t("Description coverage"), value: metrics ? `${metrics.descriptionCoverage}%` : metricsValue() },
                 ]}
               />
             )}
@@ -1355,15 +1357,15 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
               <FleetLedgerBreadcrumb
                 items={fleetBreadcrumb}
                 back={screen.kind === "relationships"
-                  ? { label: "Back to databases", onBack: showList, disabled: navigationBusy }
+                  ? { label: t("Back to databases"), onBack: showList, disabled: navigationBusy }
                   : screen.kind === "tables" && tableNestedNavigationActive
                     ? {
-                        label: "Back to tables",
+                        label: t("Back to tables"),
                         onBack: () => tableNestedNavigationBack?.(),
                         disabled: navigationBusy || !tableNestedNavigationBack,
                       }
                     : screen.kind === "tables"
-                      ? { label: "Back to databases", onBack: showList, disabled: navigationBusy }
+                      ? { label: t("Back to databases"), onBack: showList, disabled: navigationBusy }
                       : undefined}
               />
             )}
@@ -1382,23 +1384,22 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
   }
 
   return (
-    <main aria-label="Database management" className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+    <main aria-label={t("Database management")} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
       <header className="grid gap-4 border-b border-border bg-card px-4 py-4 sm:px-5">
         <div>
-          <p className="thot-label mb-1">Administration</p>
-          <h1 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">Database management</h1>
+          <p className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Administration")}</p>
+          <h1 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{t("Database management")}</h1>
           <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            One database configuration for each repository workspace.
-          </p>
+            {t("One database configuration for each repository workspace.")}</p>
         </div>
         <div
           role="group"
-          aria-label="Database management controls"
+          aria-label={t("Database management controls")}
           className="flex flex-col gap-3 sm:flex-row sm:items-end sm:justify-between"
         >
           <div
             role="group"
-            aria-label="Metadata description controls"
+            aria-label={t("Metadata description controls")}
             className="flex flex-wrap items-end gap-3"
           >
             <MetadataGenerationModelSelector
@@ -1410,25 +1411,22 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
               onSelectedModelChange={setSelectedMetadataModel}
             />
             {screen.kind === "list" ? <>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="whitespace-nowrap disabled:opacity-70" aria-label="View description generation history" disabled={!canManage} title="View description generation history" onClick={openDescriptionGenerationHistory}>
-                <History /> View description generation history
-              </Button>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="whitespace-nowrap disabled:opacity-70" aria-label="View sensitivity analysis history" disabled={!canManage} title={observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun ? "Sensitivity analysis is active" : "View sensitivity analysis history"} onClick={openSensitivityReviewItemHistory}>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="whitespace-nowrap disabled:opacity-70" aria-label={t("View description generation history")} disabled={!canManage} title={t("View description generation history")} onClick={openDescriptionGenerationHistory}>
+                <History /> {t("View description generation history")}</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="whitespace-nowrap disabled:opacity-70" aria-label={t("View sensitivity analysis history")} disabled={!canManage} title={observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun ? t("Sensitivity analysis is active") : t("View sensitivity analysis history")} onClick={openSensitivityReviewItemHistory}>
                 <History />
                 {observedActiveSensitivityAnalysisRun ? <span aria-hidden="true" className="size-2 rounded-full bg-primary" /> : null}
-                View sensitivity analysis history
-              </Button>
+                {t("View sensitivity analysis history")}</Button>
             </> : null}
           </div>
           {screen.kind === "list" ? (
             <div
               role="group"
-              aria-label="Database management actions"
+              aria-label={t("Database management actions")}
               className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 sm:justify-end"
             >
                 <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refreshList()}>
-                  <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> Refresh
-                </Button>
+                  <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> {t("Refresh")}</Button>
             </div>
           ) : null}
         </div>
@@ -1445,11 +1443,10 @@ export function DatabaseManagementPage({
           {isError && rows.length === 0 ? (
             <div className="grid flex-1 place-items-center p-6">
               <div className="max-w-lg rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 p-5 text-sm" role="alert">
-                <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">The database catalog is unavailable.</p>
-                <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">Verify the catalog service and database migrations, then try again.</p>
+                <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("The database catalog is unavailable.")}</p>
+                <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Verify the catalog service and database migrations, then try again.")}</p>
                 <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="mt-4" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refreshList()}>
-                  <RefreshCw /> Try again
-                </Button>
+                  <RefreshCw /> {t("Try again")}</Button>
               </div>
             </div>
           ) : (
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/DeleteConfirmDialog.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/DeleteConfirmDialog.tsx
index 9b5b07c0..07eb7f8f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/DeleteConfirmDialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/DeleteConfirmDialog.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, DialogDescription, DialogFooter } from "../components/ui/dialog";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 
@@ -11,20 +12,21 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 export function DeleteConfirmDialog({ open, labels, label, onOpenChange, onConfirm }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const targets = labels ?? (label ? [label] : []);
   const description = targets.length > 1
-    ? `${targets.length} sessions will be permanently deleted, including all of their documents. This action cannot be undone.`
-    : `"${targets[0]}" will be permanently deleted, including all of its documents. This action cannot be undone.`;
+    ? translate("{count} sessions will be permanently deleted, including all of their documents. This action cannot be undone.", { count: targets.length })
+    : translate('"{name}" will be permanently deleted, including all of its documents. This action cannot be undone.', { name: targets[0] ?? "" });
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
       <DialogContent>
-        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>Delete permanently</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
+        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>{translate("Delete permanently")}</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
         <DialogDescription>
           {description}
         </DialogDescription>
         <DialogFooter>
-          <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Cancel</Button>
-          <Button type="button" variant="destructive" size="sm" onClick={() => { onConfirm(); onOpenChange(false); }}>Delete</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>{translate("Cancel")}</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="destructive" size="sm" onClick={() => { onConfirm(); onOpenChange(false); }}>{translate("Delete")}</Button>
         </DialogFooter>
       </DialogContent>
     </Dialog>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/ElapsedTimer.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/ElapsedTimer.tsx
index eb3f7466..8c419640 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/ElapsedTimer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/ElapsedTimer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 
 function fmt(ms: number): string {
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ function fmt(ms: number): string {
  * restarts the count.
  */
 export function ElapsedTimer({ running }: { running: boolean }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [accumMs, setAccumMs] = useState(0);
   const runStartRef = useRef<number | null>(null);
   const [, tick] = useState(0);
@@ -37,8 +39,8 @@ export function ElapsedTimer({ running }: { running: boolean }) {
   return (
     <span
       className="shrink-0 font-mono tabular-nums text-xs text-muted-foreground"
-      aria-label="Processing time"
-      title="Processing time (excludes time spent waiting on the reviewer)"
+      aria-label={translate("Processing time")}
+      title={translate("Processing time (excludes time spent waiting on the reviewer)")}
     >
       {fmt(accumMs + live)}
     </span>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.test.tsx
index 73b4057a..41800654 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
-import { render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { server } from "../test/msw";
@@ -22,6 +23,21 @@ beforeEach(() => server.use(
   http.get("/api/workspaces/sales/evidence/evidence:order-key", () => HttpResponse.json(page)),
 ));
 async function choose() { await screen.findByRole("option", { name: "Sales" }); await userEvent.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText("Workspace"), "sales"); }
+test("switches Evidence controls and detail labels without translating archive content", async () => {
+  renderPage(); await choose();
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Order key" }));
+  await screen.findByText("Join by order number, year and company.");
+  try {
+    act(() => setLocale("it"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Cerca Evidence")).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Aggiorna file" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Provenienza" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByText("Join by order number, year and company.")).toBeVisible();
+    act(() => setLocale("en"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Search Evidence")).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Refresh files" })).toBeVisible();
+  } finally { act(() => setLocale("en")); }
+});
 test("reads complete content, manual lineage and actual host file path", async () => {
   renderPage(); await choose(); await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Order key" }));
   expect(await screen.findByText("Join by order number, year and company.")).toBeVisible();
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.tsx
index e1c02c00..be2f7abe 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceManagementPage.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { apiFetch, apiErrorMessage } from "../api/client";
@@ -24,38 +25,40 @@ const templates: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 function CopyText({ text, label, showText = true }: { text: string; label: string; showText?: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [notice, setNotice] = useState("");
   return <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-start gap-2">
     {showText && <code className="min-w-0 flex-1 break-all text-xs select-text">{text}</code>}
-    <Button size="sm" variant="outline" aria-label={`Copy ${label}`} onClick={async () => {
+    <Button size="sm" variant="outline" aria-label={t("Copy {label}", { label: label })} onClick={async () => {
       try { await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text); setNotice("Copied"); }
       catch { setNotice("Select the text and copy it manually."); }
-    }}>Copy</Button><span role="status" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{notice}</span>
+    }}>{t("Copy")}</Button><span role="status" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(notice)}</span>
   </div>;
 }
 
 export function EvidenceManagementPage({ canManage, initialWorkspaceId }: { canManage: boolean; initialWorkspaceId?: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const context = useWorkingContextScope();
   const generation = useAuthGeneration();
   const [workspace, setWorkspace] = useState(initialWorkspaceId ?? "");
   const workspaces = useQuery({ queryKey: ["evidence-workspaces", generation],
     queryFn: () => apiFetch<Array<{ id: string; displayName?: string }>>("/workspaces"), enabled: canManage });
-  if (!canManage) return <main className="p-6">Evidence administration is not permitted.</main>;
-  return <main aria-label="Evidence management" className="thot-administration-page">
-    <AdministrationHeader title="Evidence management" description="Review workspace knowledge and maintain its Markdown files." actions={!context &&
-      <label className="grid min-w-52 gap-1 text-sm">Workspace
-        <select className={control} value={workspace} onChange={event => setWorkspace(event.target.value)}>
-          <option value="">Choose a workspace</option>
+  if (!canManage) return <main className="p-6">{t("Evidence administration is not permitted.")}</main>;
+  return <main aria-label={t("Evidence management")} className="thot-administration-page">
+    <AdministrationHeader title={t("Evidence management")} description={t("Review workspace knowledge and maintain its Markdown files.")} actions={!context &&
+      <label className="grid min-w-52 gap-1 text-sm">{t("Workspace")}<select className={control} value={workspace} onChange={event => setWorkspace(event.target.value)}>
+          <option value="">{t("Choose a workspace")}</option>
           {workspaces.data?.map(w => <option key={w.id} value={w.id}>{w.displayName ?? w.id}</option>)}
         </select></label>
     } />
-    {workspaces.isError && <p role="alert" className="p-6">{apiErrorMessage(workspaces.error)}</p>}
+    {workspaces.isError && <p role="alert" className="p-6">{t(apiErrorMessage(workspaces.error))}</p>}
     {workspace ? <WorkspaceEvidence key={`${generation}:${workspace}`} workspace={workspace} generation={generation} />
-      : <p className="p-8 text-muted-foreground">Choose a workspace to browse its Evidence and locate the files to edit.</p>}
+      : <p className="p-8 text-muted-foreground">{t("Choose a workspace to browse its Evidence and locate the files to edit.")}</p>}
   </main>;
 }
 
 function WorkspaceEvidence({ workspace, generation }: { workspace: string; generation: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [filters, setFilters] = useState<Record<string, string>>({ q: "", kind: "", purpose: "", status: "", sort: "title", direction: "asc" });
   const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
   const [selected, setSelected] = useState("");
@@ -66,75 +69,76 @@ function WorkspaceEvidence({ workspace, generation }: { workspace: string; gener
     {list.data && <Instructions data={list.data} />}
     <EvidenceSources workspace={workspace} sources={list.data?.source_reviews ?? []} />
     <div className="flex flex-wrap items-end gap-3">
-      <label className="grid flex-1 gap-1 text-sm">Search Evidence<input className={control} value={filters.q} onChange={e => filter("q", e.target.value)} placeholder="Title, identifier or content" /></label>
-      <Select label="Kind" value={filters.kind} values={kinds} onChange={v => filter("kind", v)} />
-      <Select label="Purpose" value={filters.purpose} values={["disambiguation", "rewriting", "schema_linking", "sql_generation"]} onChange={v => filter("purpose", v)} />
-      <Select label="Status" value={filters.status} values={Object.keys(states)} labels={states} onChange={v => filter("status", v)} />
-      <Button variant="outline" disabled={list.isFetching || detail.isFetching} onClick={() => { void list.refetch(); if (selected) void detail.refetch(); }}>Refresh files</Button>
+      <label className="grid flex-1 gap-1 text-sm">{t("Search Evidence")}<input className={control} value={filters.q} onChange={e => filter("q", e.target.value)} placeholder={t("Title, identifier or content")} /></label>
+      <Select label={t("Kind")} value={filters.kind} values={kinds} onChange={v => filter("kind", v)} />
+      <Select label={t("Purpose")} value={filters.purpose} values={["disambiguation", "rewriting", "schema_linking", "sql_generation"]} onChange={v => filter("purpose", v)} />
+      <Select label={t("Status")} value={filters.status} values={Object.keys(states)} labels={states} onChange={v => filter("status", v)} />
+      <Button variant="outline" disabled={list.isFetching || detail.isFetching} onClick={() => { void list.refetch(); if (selected) void detail.refetch(); }}>{t("Refresh files")}</Button>
     </div>
-    <details><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">More filters and sorting</summary>
-      <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-3">{["concept", "table", "column", "source"].map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-sm capitalize">{key}<input className={control} value={filters[key] ?? ""} onChange={e => filter(key, e.target.value)} /></label>)}
-        <Select label="Sort by" value={filters.sort} values={["title", "id", "kind", "status"]} onChange={v => filter("sort", v)} all={false} />
-        <Select label="Order" value={filters.direction} values={["asc", "desc"]} labels={{ asc: "Ascending", desc: "Descending" }} onChange={v => filter("direction", v)} all={false} />
+    <details><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">{t("More filters and sorting")}</summary>
+      <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-3">{["concept", "table", "column", "source"].map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-sm capitalize">{t(key)}<input className={control} value={filters[key] ?? ""} onChange={e => filter(key, e.target.value)} /></label>)}
+        <Select label={t("Sort by")} value={filters.sort} values={["title", "id", "kind", "status"]} onChange={v => filter("sort", v)} all={false} />
+        <Select label={t("Order")} value={filters.direction} values={["asc", "desc"]} labels={{ asc: t("Ascending"), desc: t("Descending") }} onChange={v => filter("direction", v)} all={false} />
       </div></details>
-    {list.isError && <p role="alert">{apiErrorMessage(list.error)}</p>}
-    {list.isPending && <p role="status">Loading Evidence files…</p>}
-    {list.data?.errors.map(error => <div key={error.file} role="alert" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/40 p-3 text-sm"><strong>{error.file}</strong><p>{error.message}</p><p>Correct this file before consolidation.</p></div>)}
+    {list.isError && <p role="alert">{t(apiErrorMessage(list.error))}</p>}
+    {list.isPending && <p role="status">{t("Loading Evidence files…")}</p>}
+    {list.data?.errors.map(error => <div key={error.file} role="alert" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/40 p-3 text-sm"><strong>{error.file}</strong><p>{t(error.message)}</p><p>{t("Correct this file before consolidation.")}</p></div>)}
     <div className="thot-administration-split" style={{ margin: 0 }}>
-      <section aria-label="Evidence list" className="thot-administration-index p-4">
-        <h2 className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">Evidence library</h2>
-        <p className="mb-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{list.data?.total ?? 0} Evidence units</p>
-        <div className="overflow-auto"><table className="w-full text-left text-sm"><thead><tr className="border-b text-muted-foreground"><th className="py-2 pr-3 font-medium">Evidence</th><th className="pr-3 font-medium">Kind</th><th className="font-medium">Status</th></tr></thead>
-          <tbody>{list.data?.items.map(item => <tr key={item.id} className={`border-b ${selected === item.id ? "bg-muted" : ""}`}><td className="py-3 pr-3"><button className="text-left font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-ring" onClick={() => setSelected(item.id)}>{item.title}</button><div className="mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground">{item.id}</div></td><td className="pr-3 align-top pt-3">{item.kind}</td><td className="align-top pt-3">{states[item.status]}</td></tr>)}</tbody>
+      <section aria-label={t("Evidence list")} className="thot-administration-index p-4">
+        <h2 className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">{t("Evidence library")}</h2>
+        <p className="mb-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{list.data?.total ?? 0} {t("Evidence units")}</p>
+        <div className="overflow-auto"><table className="w-full text-left text-sm"><thead><tr className="border-b text-muted-foreground"><th className="py-2 pr-3 font-medium">{t("Evidence")}</th><th className="pr-3 font-medium">{t("Kind")}</th><th className="font-medium">{t("Status")}</th></tr></thead>
+          <tbody>{list.data?.items.map(item => <tr key={item.id} className={`border-b ${selected === item.id ? "bg-muted" : ""}`}><td className="py-3 pr-3"><button className="text-left font-medium underline-offset-4 hover:underline focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-ring" onClick={() => setSelected(item.id)}>{item.title}</button><div className="mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground">{item.id}</div></td><td className="pr-3 align-top pt-3">{t(item.kind)}</td><td className="align-top pt-3">{t(states[item.status])}</td></tr>)}</tbody>
         </table></div>
-        {list.data?.total === 0 && <p className="py-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No Evidence matches these filters. Clear the filters or use the file instructions to create a unit.</p>}
-        <nav aria-label="Evidence pages" className="mt-4 flex items-center gap-3"><Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={page === 1 || list.isFetching} onClick={() => setPage(p => p-1)}>Previous</Button><span className="text-sm">Page {page}</span><Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!list.data || page*25 >= list.data.total || list.isFetching} onClick={() => setPage(p => p+1)}>Next</Button></nav>
+        {list.data?.total === 0 && <p className="py-6 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No Evidence matches these filters. Clear the filters or use the file instructions to create a unit.")}</p>}
+        <nav aria-label={t("Evidence pages")} className="mt-4 flex items-center gap-3"><Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={page === 1 || list.isFetching} onClick={() => setPage(p => p-1)}>{t("Previous")}</Button><span className="text-sm">{t("Page")} {page}</span><Button variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={!list.data || page*25 >= list.data.total || list.isFetching} onClick={() => setPage(p => p+1)}>{t("Next")}</Button></nav>
       </section>
-      <section aria-label="Evidence detail" className="thot-administration-detail">
-        {detail.isError ? <p role="alert">{apiErrorMessage(detail.error)}</p> : selected && detail.isPending ? <p role="status">Loading Evidence…</p> : detail.data?.item ? <UnitDetail item={detail.data.item} location={detail.data.location} /> : <p className="py-10 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Select an Evidence unit to read its complete content and provenance.</p>}
+      <section aria-label={t("Evidence detail")} className="thot-administration-detail">
+        {detail.isError ? <p role="alert">{t(apiErrorMessage(detail.error))}</p> : selected && detail.isPending ? <p role="status">{t("Loading Evidence…")}</p> : detail.data?.item ? <UnitDetail item={detail.data.item} location={detail.data.location} /> : <p className="py-10 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Select an Evidence unit to read its complete content and provenance.")}</p>}
       </section>
     </div>
   </div>;
 }
 
 function Select({ label, value, values, labels = {}, onChange, all = true }: { label: string; value: string; values: string[]; labels?: Record<string, string>; onChange: (value: string) => void; all?: boolean }) {
-  return <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{label}<select className={control} value={value} onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}>{all && <option value="">All</option>}{values.map(v => <option key={v} value={v}>{labels[v] ?? v.replaceAll("_", " ")}</option>)}</select></label>;
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  return <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t(label)}<select className={control} value={value} onChange={e => onChange(e.target.value)}>{all && <option value="">{t("All")}</option>}{values.map(v => <option key={v} value={v}>{t(labels[v] ?? v.replaceAll("_", " "))}</option>)}</select></label>;
 }
 
 function Instructions({ data }: { data: EvidencePage }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [kind, setKind] = useState("domain");
   const example = `---\nschema_version: 4\nid: evidence:my-unit\nkind: ${kind}\nlanguage: en\npurposes: [sql_generation]\n---\n\n# My Evidence\n\n${templates[kind]}\n`;
   return <div className="border-b pb-5">
-    <p className="mb-2 text-sm font-medium">{data.pending_revision ? "Consolidation is incomplete. The previous active content remains available." : data.active_revision ? "The core uses the last successfully consolidated version." : "Run the first consolidation to convert and activate the local archive."}</p>
-    {data.location.workspace ? <><p className="mb-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Workspace on the installation host</p><CopyText text={data.location.workspace} label="workspace path" /></> : <p role="alert" className="text-sm">A host file path is unavailable for this installation. Configure a persistent workspace-registry bind mount before editing files from the host.</p>}
-    <details className="mt-3"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">Edit files, consolidate and commit</summary>
+    <p className="mb-2 text-sm font-medium">{data.pending_revision ? t("Consolidation is incomplete. The previous active content remains available.") : data.active_revision ? t("The core uses the last successfully consolidated version.") : t("Run the first consolidation to convert and activate the local archive.")}</p>
+    {data.location.workspace ? <><p className="mb-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Workspace on the installation host")}</p><CopyText text={data.location.workspace} label={t("workspace path")} /></> : <p role="alert" className="text-sm">{t("A host file path is unavailable for this installation. Configure a persistent workspace-registry bind mount before editing files from the host.")}</p>}
+    <details className="mt-3"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">{t("Edit files, consolidate and commit")}</summary>
       <ol className="mt-3 max-w-[75ch] list-decimal space-y-3 pl-5 text-sm">
-        <li>Edit the files under <code>evidence/curated/&lt;kind&gt;/</code> with your preferred editor. Keep existing IDs. Remove a unit's file to delete it; keep the curated directory.</li>
-        <li>Check Git status and the diff. Saving a file does not update recall.
-          {data.location.git_commands.slice(0, 2).map(command => <div className="mt-2" key={command}><CopyText text={command} label="Git inspection command" /></div>)}</li>
-        <li>From the installation directory, run this command. It validates and activates Evidence without a full preprocessing run. If needed, add <code>--installation /absolute/path/thothii-installation.yaml</code> immediately after <code>tht</code>.
-          <div className="mt-2"><CopyText text={data.location.command} label="consolidation command" /></div></li>
-        <li>After success, review the generated metadata and complete Git commit/push manually. These commands use a POSIX shell on the installation host. A remote host's path is not a file on this browser's computer.
-          {data.location.git_commands.slice(2).map(command => <div className="mt-2" key={command}><CopyText text={command} label="Git publication command" /></div>)}</li>
+        <li>{t("Edit the files under")} <code>evidence/curated/&lt;kind&gt;/</code> {t("with your preferred editor. Keep existing IDs. Remove a unit's file to delete it; keep the curated directory.")}</li>
+        <li>{t("Check Git status and the diff. Saving a file does not update recall.")}{data.location.git_commands.slice(0, 2).map(command => <div className="mt-2" key={command}><CopyText text={command} label={t("Git inspection command")} /></div>)}</li>
+        <li>{t("From the installation directory, run this command. It validates and activates Evidence without a full preprocessing run. If needed, add")} <code>--installation /absolute/path/thothii-installation.yaml</code> {t("immediately after")} <code>tht</code>.
+          <div className="mt-2"><CopyText text={data.location.command} label={t("consolidation command")} /></div></li>
+        <li>{t("After success, review the generated metadata and complete Git commit/push manually. These commands use a POSIX shell on the installation host. A remote host's path is not a file on this browser's computer.")}{data.location.git_commands.slice(2).map(command => <div className="mt-2" key={command}><CopyText text={command} label={t("Git publication command")} /></div>)}</li>
       </ol>
-      <p className="mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Source drafts are preserved under evidence/source/. Maintain the refined files under evidence/curated/. New source acquisition and refresh are not part of consolidation.</p>
-      <details className="mt-4"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">Create a manual Evidence file</summary><div className="mt-3"><Select label="Example kind" value={kind} values={kinds} onChange={setKind} all={false} /><p className="my-2 text-sm">Save as <code>evidence/curated/{kind}/my-unit.md</code> with a unique ID. Replace the example with your domain knowledge. The system records manual provenance.</p><pre className="overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs">{example}</pre><CopyText text={example} label="Markdown example" showText={false} /></div></details>
+      <p className="mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Source drafts are preserved under evidence/source/. Maintain the refined files under evidence/curated/. New source acquisition and refresh are not part of consolidation.")}</p>
+      <details className="mt-4"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">{t("Create a manual Evidence file")}</summary><div className="mt-3"><Select label={t("Example kind")} value={kind} values={kinds} onChange={setKind} all={false} /><p className="my-2 text-sm">{t("Save as")} <code>evidence/curated/{kind}/my-unit.md</code> {t("with a unique ID. Replace the example with your domain knowledge. The system records manual provenance.")}</p><pre className="overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs">{example}</pre><CopyText text={example} label={t("Markdown example")} showText={false} /></div></details>
     </details>
   </div>;
 }
 
 function UnitDetail({ item, location }: { item: EvidenceUnit; location: EvidencePage["location"] }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const source = item.provenance.kind === "manual" ? item.provenance.original : item.provenance;
   const file = location.workspace ? `${location.workspace.replace(/\\/g, "/")}/evidence/${item.file}` : null;
   return <article className="max-w-[75ch] space-y-5 pb-8">
-    <header><p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{states[item.status]} · {item.purposes.join(", ")}</p><h2 className="mt-1 font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{item.title}</h2></header>
-    {file && <CopyText text={file} label="Evidence file path" />}
-    {item.status !== "active" && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{["invalid", "removed"].includes(item.status) ? "The file is invalid or removed. Its last active content is shown here." : "This is the file version awaiting consolidation."} The core continues to use its last active version.</p>}
-    {Object.entries(item.applies_to).some(([, values]) => values.length > 0) && <section><h3 className="font-medium">Scope</h3>{Object.entries(item.applies_to).map(([name, values]) => values.length > 0 && <p className="mt-2 break-words text-sm" key={name}><span className="capitalize">{name}</span>: {values.join(", ")}</p>)}</section>}
-    {Object.entries(item.payload).map(([field, value]) => <section key={field}><h3 className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold capitalize">{field.replaceAll("_", " ")}</h3>{typeof value === "string" ? field === "sql" ? <pre className="overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-sm">{value}</pre> : <MarkdownView source={value} /> : Array.isArray(value) ? <ul className="list-inside list-disc text-sm">{value.map(v => <li key={v}>{v}</li>)}</ul> : <dl className="space-y-2 text-sm">{Object.entries(value).map(([key, text]) => <div key={key}><dt className="font-mono font-medium">{key || "(empty value)"}</dt><dd>{text}</dd></div>)}</dl>}</section>)}
-    <section className="border-t pt-4"><h3 className="font-medium">Provenance</h3><p className="mt-2 text-sm">{item.provenance.kind === "manual" ? `Manual declaration by ${item.provenance.declared_by}.` : "Derived from a source document."}</p>
-      {source?.source_file && <><p className="mt-2 break-all text-xs">{item.provenance.kind === "manual" ? "Original document (lineage): " : "Source: "}{source.source_file}</p>{source.supporting_excerpts?.map((text, i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 whitespace-pre-wrap text-sm text-muted-foreground">“{text}”</p>)}</>}
+    <header><p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(states[item.status])} · {item.purposes.map(purpose => t(purpose.replaceAll("_", " "))).join(", ")}</p><h2 className="mt-1 font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{item.title}</h2></header>
+    {file && <CopyText text={file} label={t("Evidence file path")} />}
+    {item.status !== "active" && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{["invalid", "removed"].includes(item.status) ? t("The file is invalid or removed. Its last active content is shown here.") : t("This is the file version awaiting consolidation.")} {t("The core continues to use its last active version.")}</p>}
+    {Object.entries(item.applies_to).some(([, values]) => values.length > 0) && <section><h3 className="font-medium">{t("Scope")}</h3>{Object.entries(item.applies_to).map(([name, values]) => values.length > 0 && <p className="mt-2 break-words text-sm" key={name}><span className="capitalize">{t(name)}</span>: {values.join(", ")}</p>)}</section>}
+    {Object.entries(item.payload).map(([field, value]) => <section key={field}><h3 className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold capitalize">{t(field.replaceAll("_", " "))}</h3>{typeof value === "string" ? field === "sql" ? <pre className="overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-sm">{value}</pre> : <MarkdownView source={value} /> : Array.isArray(value) ? <ul className="list-inside list-disc text-sm">{value.map(v => <li key={v}>{v}</li>)}</ul> : <dl className="space-y-2 text-sm">{Object.entries(value).map(([key, text]) => <div key={key}><dt className="font-mono font-medium">{key || t("(empty value)")}</dt><dd>{text}</dd></div>)}</dl>}</section>)}
+    <section className="border-t pt-4"><h3 className="font-medium">{t("Provenance")}</h3><p className="mt-2 text-sm">{item.provenance.kind === "manual" ? t("Manual declaration by {author}.", { author: item.provenance.declared_by ?? "" }) : t("Derived from a source document.")}</p>
+      {source?.source_file && <><p className="mt-2 break-all text-xs">{item.provenance.kind === "manual" ? t("Original document (lineage): ") : t("Source: ")}{source.source_file}</p>{source.supporting_excerpts?.map((text, i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 whitespace-pre-wrap text-sm text-muted-foreground">“{text}”</p>)}</>}
     </section>
-    {item.review_items.length > 0 && <section><h3 className="font-medium">Review required</h3>{item.review_items.map((review, i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 text-sm">{review.message}</p>)}</section>}
+    {item.review_items.length > 0 && <section><h3 className="font-medium">{t("Review required")}</h3>{item.review_items.map((review, i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 text-sm">{t(review.message)}</p>)}</section>}
   </article>;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceSourceReview.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceSourceReview.tsx
index 9dae8def..0068e6c6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceSourceReview.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/EvidenceSourceReview.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { actOnEvidenceSources, type EvidenceSourceAction, type EvidenceSourceReview, type EvidenceUnit } from "../api/evidence";
@@ -5,6 +6,7 @@ import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 import { MarkdownView } from "../viewers/MarkdownView";
 
 export function EvidenceSources({ workspace, sources }: {workspace: string; sources: EvidenceSourceReview[]}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const client = useQueryClient();
   const [notice, setNotice] = useState("");
   const [showAll, setShowAll] = useState(false);
@@ -16,51 +18,52 @@ export function EvidenceSources({ workspace, sources }: {workspace: string; sour
   const pending = sources.filter(s => s.status === "review" || s.status === "applying");
   const settled = sources.filter(s => s.status !== "review" && s.status !== "applying");
   const visible = showAll ? [...pending, ...settled] : pending;
-  return <section aria-label="Evidence sources" className="rounded-md border p-4">
+  return <section aria-label={t("Evidence sources")} className="rounded-md border p-4">
     <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-3">
-      <div><h2 className="font-serif text-lg font-semibold">Sources and imports</h2>
-        <p className="mt-1 max-w-[75ch] text-sm text-muted-foreground">Place new Markdown drafts in the workspace’s <code>evidence/incoming/</code> folder. Import or refresh to acquire those drafts, original local documents and configured remote sources. Review changes before they enter recall.</p></div>
+      <div><h2 className="font-serif text-lg font-semibold">{t("Sources and imports")}</h2>
+        <p className="mt-1 max-w-[75ch] text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Place new Markdown drafts in the workspace’s")} <code>evidence/incoming/</code> {t("folder. Import or refresh to acquire those drafts, original local documents and configured remote sources. Review changes before they enter recall.")}</p></div>
       <Button variant="outline" disabled={action.isPending || sources.some(s => s.status === "applying")}
-        onClick={() => {setNotice(""); action.mutate({action: "refresh"});}}>Import or refresh sources</Button>
+        onClick={() => {setNotice(""); action.mutate({action: "refresh"});}}>{t("Import or refresh sources")}</Button>
     </div>
-    {action.isPending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-sm">{action.variables.action === "refresh" ? "Acquiring and refining sources. This may take a few minutes…" : "Saving the decision and updating the local index…"}</p>}
-    {action.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-sm text-destructive">{action.error.message}</p>}
-    {notice && !action.isPending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-sm">{notice}</p>}
-    {pending.length > 0 && <p className="mt-4 text-sm font-medium">{pending.length} source comparison{pending.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} to review</p>}
+    {action.isPending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-sm">{action.variables.action === "refresh" ? t("Acquiring and refining sources. This may take a few minutes…") : t("Saving the decision and updating the local index…")}</p>}
+    {action.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-sm text-destructive">{t(action.error.message)}</p>}
+    {notice && !action.isPending && <p role="status" className="mt-3 text-sm">{t(notice)}</p>}
+    {pending.length > 0 && <p className="mt-4 text-sm font-medium">{pending.length === 1 ? t("{count} source comparison to review", { count: pending.length }) : t("{count} source comparisons to review", { count: pending.length })}</p>}
     {settled.length > 0 && <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="mt-3" aria-expanded={showAll} onClick={() => setShowAll(v => !v)}>
-      {showAll ? "Hide decided sources" : `Show ${settled.length} unchanged or decided sources`}</Button>}
+      {showAll ? t("Hide decided sources") : t("Show {count} unchanged or decided sources", { count: settled.length })}</Button>}
     {visible.length > 0 && <div className="mt-3 space-y-3">{visible.map(source => <details key={source.id} className="rounded-md border p-3">
-      <summary className="cursor-pointer break-all text-sm"><span className="font-medium">{source.uri}</span><span className="ml-2 text-muted-foreground">{source.status === "review" ? "Review changes" : source.status === "applying" ? "Activation incomplete" : source.status === "kept" ? "Local curation retained" : "Source accepted"}</span></summary>
-      {source.availability === "missing" && <p className="mt-3 text-sm">This source was absent from the latest successful acquisition. Existing Evidence has been retained; absence does not delete it.</p>}
+      <summary className="cursor-pointer break-all text-sm"><span className="font-medium">{source.uri}</span><span className="ml-2 text-muted-foreground">{source.status === "review" ? t("Review changes") : source.status === "applying" ? t("Activation incomplete") : source.status === "kept" ? t("Local curation retained") : t("Source accepted")}</span></summary>
+      {source.availability === "missing" && <p className="mt-3 text-sm">{t("This source was absent from the latest successful acquisition. Existing Evidence has been retained; absence does not delete it.")}</p>}
       {(source.status === "review" || source.status === "applying") && <>
-        <p className="mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">The last active version remains in recall until a decision is successfully indexed. Keeping local content records a manual declaration; using the proposal adopts the acquired source.</p>
-        {source.suppressed && <p className="mt-2 text-sm">Previous deletions are protected. Newly generated units from this source have been suppressed.</p>}
-        <div className="mt-4 grid gap-5 lg:grid-cols-2"><div><h3 className="font-semibold">Current local Evidence</h3>
-          {(source.current?.length ?? 0) === 0 && <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No existing units.</p>}
+        <p className="mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("The last active version remains in recall until a decision is successfully indexed. Keeping local content records a manual declaration; using the proposal adopts the acquired source.")}</p>
+        {source.suppressed && <p className="mt-2 text-sm">{t("Previous deletions are protected. Newly generated units from this source have been suppressed.")}</p>}
+        <div className="mt-4 grid gap-5 lg:grid-cols-2"><div><h3 className="font-semibold">{t("Current local Evidence")}</h3>
+          {(source.current?.length ?? 0) === 0 && <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No existing units.")}</p>}
           {source.current?.map(unit => <SourceUnit key={unit.id} unit={unit} />)}</div>
-          <div><h3 className="font-semibold">Proposed Evidence</h3>
-            {source.proposed.length === 0 && <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No replacement units were proposed.</p>}
+          <div><h3 className="font-semibold">{t("Proposed Evidence")}</h3>
+            {source.proposed.length === 0 && <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No replacement units were proposed.")}</p>}
             {source.proposed.map(unit => <SourceUnit key={unit.id} unit={unit} />)}
-            {!!source.removed_ids?.length && <p className="mt-3 text-sm">Using this proposal will retire: {source.removed_ids.join(", ")}</p>}
+            {!!source.removed_ids?.length && <p className="mt-3 text-sm">{t("Using this proposal will retire:")} {source.removed_ids.join(", ")}</p>}
           </div></div>
         <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-2">{(["keep", "replace"] as const).filter(d => source.status !== "applying" || d === source.decision).map(decision => <Button key={decision} variant={decision === "keep" ? "outline" : "default"}
           disabled={action.isPending || (decision === "replace" && source.proposed.some(u => u.review_items.length > 0))}
           onClick={() => {setNotice(""); action.mutate({action: "decide", sourceId: source.id, revision: source.revision, decision});}}>
-          {source.status === "applying" ? "Retry saved decision" : decision === "keep" ? "Keep local Evidence" : "Use proposed Evidence"}</Button>)}</div>
+          {source.status === "applying" ? t("Retry saved decision") : decision === "keep" ? t("Keep local Evidence") : t("Use proposed Evidence")}</Button>)}</div>
       </>}
     </details>)}</div>}
   </section>;
 }
 
 function SourceUnit({ unit }: {unit: EvidenceUnit}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const origin = unit.provenance.kind === "manual" ? unit.provenance.original : unit.provenance;
   return <article className="mt-3 min-w-0 border-t pt-3">
-    <h4 className="font-medium">{unit.title}</h4><p className="mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground">{unit.id} · {unit.kind} · {unit.purposes.join(", ")}</p>
-    {Object.entries(unit.applies_to).map(([key, values]) => values.length > 0 && <p key={key} className="mt-2 break-all text-sm">{key}: {values.join(", ")}</p>)}
-    {Object.entries(unit.payload).map(([key, value]) => <section key={key} className="mt-3"><h5 className="text-sm font-medium capitalize">{key.replaceAll("_", " ")}</h5>
-      {typeof value === "string" ? key === "sql" ? <pre className="overflow-auto rounded bg-muted p-2 text-sm">{value}</pre> : <MarkdownView source={value} /> : Array.isArray(value) ? <ul className="list-inside list-disc text-sm">{value.map(v => <li key={v}>{v}</li>)}</ul> : <dl className="text-sm">{Object.entries(value).map(([k,v]) => <div key={k}><dt className="font-mono">{k || "(empty value)"}</dt><dd>{v}</dd></div>)}</dl>}</section>)}
-    <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{unit.provenance.kind === "manual" ? `Manual declaration by ${unit.provenance.declared_by}. Original excerpts:` : "Source excerpts:"}</p>
+    <h4 className="font-medium">{unit.title}</h4><p className="mt-1 break-all text-xs text-muted-foreground">{unit.id} · {t(unit.kind)} · {unit.purposes.map(purpose => t(purpose.replaceAll("_", " "))).join(", ")}</p>
+    {Object.entries(unit.applies_to).map(([key, values]) => values.length > 0 && <p key={key} className="mt-2 break-all text-sm">{t(key)}: {values.join(", ")}</p>)}
+    {Object.entries(unit.payload).map(([key, value]) => <section key={key} className="mt-3"><h5 className="text-sm font-medium capitalize">{t(key.replaceAll("_", " "))}</h5>
+      {typeof value === "string" ? key === "sql" ? <pre className="overflow-auto rounded bg-muted p-2 text-sm">{value}</pre> : <MarkdownView source={value} /> : Array.isArray(value) ? <ul className="list-inside list-disc text-sm">{value.map(v => <li key={v}>{v}</li>)}</ul> : <dl className="text-sm">{Object.entries(value).map(([k,v]) => <div key={k}><dt className="font-mono">{k || t("(empty value)")}</dt><dd>{v}</dd></div>)}</dl>}</section>)}
+    <p className="mt-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{unit.provenance.kind === "manual" ? t("Manual declaration by {author}. Original excerpts:", { author: unit.provenance.declared_by ?? "" }) : t("Source excerpts:")}</p>
     {origin?.supporting_excerpts?.map((excerpt, i) => <blockquote key={i} className="mt-2 border-l-2 pl-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{excerpt}</blockquote>)}
-    {unit.review_items.map((r,i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{r.message}</p>)}
+    {unit.review_items.map((r,i) => <p key={i} className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{t(r.message)}</p>)}
   </article>;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.test.tsx
index 74a46c4f..8405657d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
-import { render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { server } from "../test/msw";
@@ -30,6 +31,21 @@ async function chooseWorkspace() {
   await userEvent.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText("Workspace"), "sales");
 }
 
+test("switches Memory editor controls in place and preserves the draft", async () => {
+  renderPage(); await chooseWorkspace();
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "New card" }));
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("Title"), "Workspace content");
+  try {
+    act(() => setLocale("it"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Titolo")).toHaveValue("Workspace content");
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Salva scheda" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getAllByRole("option", { name: "Chiarimento di dominio" })).toHaveLength(2);
+    act(() => setLocale("en"));
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText("Title")).toHaveValue("Workspace content");
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save card" })).toBeVisible();
+  } finally { act(() => setLocale("en")); }
+});
+
 test("reads complete content and cancels unsaved edits", async () => {
   renderPage(); await chooseWorkspace();
   await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: /Order Domain clarification/ }));
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.tsx
index 8336717a..9ad1b6e8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/MemoryManagementPage.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useState, type FormEvent, type InputHTMLAttributes } from "react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@ const families: Record<MemoryFamily, string> = {
 const fieldLabels = { detail: "Content", scope: "Scope", rationale: "Rationale",
   question: "Question / context", sql: "Approved SQL" };
 const control = "w-full rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/50 disabled:opacity-50";
-function Input(props: InputHTMLAttributes<HTMLInputElement>) { return <input {...props} className={`${control} ${props.className ?? ""}`} />; }
+function Input(props: InputHTMLAttributes<HTMLInputElement>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n(); return <input {...props} className={`${control} ${props.className ?? ""}`} />; }
 const emptyCard = (): MemoryInput => ({ family: "domain_clarification", subject: "", detail: "",
   scope: "", rationale: "", question: "", sql: "", concepts: [], dependencies: [], links: [] });
 
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ export function MemoryManagementPage({ canManage, onDirtyChange, onBusyChange, i
   canManage: boolean; onDirtyChange: (dirty: boolean) => void; onBusyChange?: (busy: boolean) => void;
   initialWorkspaceId?: string;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const context = useWorkingContextScope();
   const [workspace, setWorkspace] = useState(initialWorkspaceId ?? "");
   const [dirty, setDirty] = useState(false);
@@ -34,26 +37,26 @@ export function MemoryManagementPage({ canManage, onDirtyChange, onBusyChange, i
     queryFn: () => apiFetch<Array<{ id: string; displayName?: string }>>("/workspaces"), enabled: canManage });
   useEffect(() => { onDirtyChange(dirty); return () => onDirtyChange(false); }, [dirty, onDirtyChange]);
   useEffect(() => { onBusyChange?.(busy); return () => onBusyChange?.(false); }, [busy, onBusyChange]);
-  if (!canManage) return <main aria-label="Memory management" className="p-6">Memory administration is not permitted.</main>;
-  return <main aria-label="Memory management" className="thot-administration-page">
-    <AdministrationHeader title="Memory management" description="Curate reusable knowledge for each workspace." actions={!context &&
-      <label className="grid min-w-52 gap-1 text-sm font-medium">Workspace
-        <select aria-label="Workspace" disabled={busy} className={control} value={workspace} onChange={event => {
-          if (dirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved Memory changes?")) return;
+  if (!canManage) return <main aria-label={t("Memory management")} className="p-6">{t("Memory administration is not permitted.")}</main>;
+  return <main aria-label={t("Memory management")} className="thot-administration-page">
+    <AdministrationHeader title={t("Memory management")} description={t("Curate reusable knowledge for each workspace.")} actions={!context &&
+      <label className="grid min-w-52 gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{t("Workspace")}<select aria-label={t("Workspace")} disabled={busy} className={control} value={workspace} onChange={event => {
+          if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved Memory changes?"))) return;
           setDirty(false); setWorkspace(event.target.value);
-        }}><option value="">Choose a workspace</option>
+        }}><option value="">{t("Choose a workspace")}</option>
           {workspaces.data?.map(w => <option value={w.id} key={w.id}>{w.displayName ?? w.id}</option>)}
         </select></label>
     } />
-    {workspaces.isError && <p role="alert" className="p-6">{apiErrorMessage(workspaces.error)}</p>}
+    {workspaces.isError && <p role="alert" className="p-6">{t(apiErrorMessage(workspaces.error))}</p>}
     {workspace ? <MemoryWorkspace key={`${generation}:${workspace}`} workspace={workspace} onDirtyChange={setDirty} onBusyChange={setBusy} />
-      : <p className="p-8 text-muted-foreground">Choose a workspace to browse its knowledge or create a Memory card.</p>}
+      : <p className="p-8 text-muted-foreground">{t("Choose a workspace to browse its knowledge or create a Memory card.")}</p>}
   </main>;
 }
 
 function MemoryWorkspace({ workspace, onDirtyChange, onBusyChange }: {
   workspace: string; onDirtyChange: (dirty: boolean) => void; onBusyChange: (busy: boolean) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const [filters, setFilters] = useState<Record<string, string>>({ q: "", family: "", sort: "updated_at", direction: "desc" });
   const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ function MemoryWorkspace({ workspace, onDirtyChange, onBusyChange }: {
   const dirty = draft !== null && (!selected || JSON.stringify(draft) !== JSON.stringify(memoryInput(selected)));
   useEffect(() => { onDirtyChange(dirty); return () => onDirtyChange(false); }, [dirty, onDirtyChange]);
 
-  function leaveDraft() { return !dirty || window.confirm("Discard unsaved Memory changes?"); }
+  function leaveDraft() { return !dirty || window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved Memory changes?")); }
   useEffect(() => { onBusyChange(busy); return () => onBusyChange(false); }, [busy, onBusyChange]);
   function filter(key: string, value: string) { setFilters(old => ({ ...old, [key]: value })); setPage(1); }
   function update<K extends keyof MemoryInput>(key: K, value: MemoryInput[K]) {
@@ -116,114 +119,113 @@ function MemoryWorkspace({ workspace, onDirtyChange, onBusyChange }: {
 
   return <>
     <div className="thot-administration-toolbar">
-      <label className="grid min-w-52 flex-1 gap-1 text-sm">Search cards
-        <Input value={filters.q} onChange={e => filter("q", e.target.value)} placeholder="Text or card ID" /></label>
-      <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">Family<select aria-label="Filter by family" className={control} value={filters.family} onChange={e => filter("family", e.target.value)}>
-        <option value="">All families</option>{Object.entries(families).map(([k, v]) => <option key={k} value={k}>{v}</option>)}
+      <label className="grid min-w-52 flex-1 gap-1 text-sm">{t("Search cards")}<Input value={filters.q} onChange={e => filter("q", e.target.value)} placeholder={t("Text or card ID")} /></label>
+      <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t("Family")}<select aria-label={t("Filter by family")} className={control} value={filters.family} onChange={e => filter("family", e.target.value)}>
+        <option value="">{t("All families")}</option>{Object.entries(families).map(([k, v]) => <option key={k} value={k}>{t(v)}</option>)}
       </select></label>
-      <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">Sort by<select aria-label="Sort by" className={control} value={filters.sort} onChange={e => filter("sort", e.target.value)}>
-        <option value="updated_at">Updated</option><option value="created_at">Created</option><option value="subject">Title</option><option value="family">Family</option>
+      <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t("Sort by")}<select aria-label={t("Sort by")} className={control} value={filters.sort} onChange={e => filter("sort", e.target.value)}>
+        <option value="updated_at">{t("Updated")}</option><option value="created_at">{t("Created")}</option><option value="subject">{t("Title")}</option><option value="family">{t("Family")}</option>
       </select></label>
-      <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => filter("direction", filters.direction === "desc" ? "asc" : "desc")}>{filters.direction === "desc" ? "Descending" : "Ascending"}</Button>
-      <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => { if (!leaveDraft()) return; setSelected(null); setDraft(emptyCard()); setError(""); setNotice(""); }}>New card</Button>
+      <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => filter("direction", filters.direction === "desc" ? "asc" : "desc")}>{filters.direction === "desc" ? t("Descending") : t("Ascending")}</Button>
+      <Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => { if (!leaveDraft()) return; setSelected(null); setDraft(emptyCard()); setError(""); setNotice(""); }}>{t("New card")}</Button>
     </div>
-    <details className="shrink-0 border-b px-6 pb-4"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">More filters</summary>
+    <details className="shrink-0 border-b px-6 pb-4"><summary className="cursor-pointer text-sm font-medium">{t("More filters")}</summary>
       <div className="mt-3 grid grid-cols-2 gap-3 xl:grid-cols-4">
-        {(["concept", "database", "table", "column"] as const).map(key => <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm capitalize" key={key}>{key}
+        {(["concept", "database", "table", "column"] as const).map(key => <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm capitalize" key={key}>{t(key)}
           <Input value={filters[key] ?? ""} onChange={e => filter(key, e.target.value)} /></label>)}
-        <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">Origin<select aria-label="Origin" className={control} value={filters.origin ?? ""} onChange={e => filter("origin", e.target.value)}>
-          <option value="">All origins</option><option value="manual">Manual</option><option value="workflow">Workflow</option></select></label>
-        {(["updated_after", "updated_before"] as const).map(key => <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm" key={key}>{key === "updated_after" ? "Updated from" : "Updated until"}
+        <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t("Origin")}<select aria-label={t("Origin")} className={control} value={filters.origin ?? ""} onChange={e => filter("origin", e.target.value)}>
+          <option value="">{t("All origins")}</option><option value="manual">{t("Manual")}</option><option value="workflow">{t("Workflow")}</option></select></label>
+        {(["updated_after", "updated_before"] as const).map(key => <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm" key={key}>{key === "updated_after" ? t("Updated from") : t("Updated until")}
           <Input type="date" onChange={e => filter(key, e.target.value ? `${e.target.value}T${key === "updated_before" ? "23:59:59" : "00:00:00"}Z` : "")} /></label>)}
       </div>
     </details>
-    {notice && <p role="status" className="border-b bg-muted/50 px-6 py-3 text-sm">{notice}</p>}
-    {error && <p role="alert" className="px-6 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">{error}</p>}
+    {notice && <p role="status" className="border-b bg-muted/50 px-6 py-3 text-sm">{t(notice)}</p>}
+    {error && <p role="alert" className="px-6 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">{t(error)}</p>}
     <div className="thot-administration-split">
-      <section aria-label="Memory cards" className="thot-administration-index">
-        <h2 className="thot-administration-section-label">Knowledge library</h2>
-        {list.isPending && <p role="status" className="p-6 text-sm">Loading Memory cards…</p>}
-        {list.isError && <div role="alert" className="p-6"><p>{apiErrorMessage(list.error)}</p><Button variant="outline" onClick={() => void list.refetch()}>Retry loading</Button></div>}
+      <section aria-label={t("Memory cards")} className="thot-administration-index">
+        <h2 className="thot-administration-section-label">{t("Knowledge library")}</h2>
+        {list.isPending && <p role="status" className="p-6 text-sm">{t("Loading Memory cards…")}</p>}
+        {list.isError && <div role="alert" className="p-6"><p>{t(apiErrorMessage(list.error))}</p><Button variant="outline" onClick={() => void list.refetch()}>{t("Retry loading")}</Button></div>}
         {list.data && <>
-          <p className="px-6 py-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{list.data.total} {list.data.total === 1 ? "card" : "cards"}</p>
-          {list.data.items.length === 0 && <p className="px-6 py-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No cards match these filters. Adjust the filters or create a card.</p>}
+          <p className="px-6 py-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{list.data.total === 1 ? t("{count} card", { count: list.data.total }) : t("{count} cards", { count: list.data.total })}</p>
+          {list.data.items.length === 0 && <p className="px-6 py-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No cards match these filters. Adjust the filters or create a card.")}</p>}
           <ul>{list.data.items.map(card => <li key={card.id} className="border-b">
             <button disabled={busy} aria-current={selected?.id === card.id ? "true" : undefined} onClick={() => void open(card.id)}
               className={`w-full px-6 py-4 text-left outline-none hover:bg-muted/50 focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/50 ${selected?.id === card.id ? "bg-muted" : ""}`}>
               <span className="block break-words text-sm font-semibold">{card.subject}</span>
-              <span className="mt-1 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{families[card.family]} · {card.origin === "manual" ? "Manual" : "Workflow"}</span>
-              <span className="mt-2 block text-xs">{card.indexed ? "Index up to date" : "Index update pending"}</span>
+              <span className="mt-1 block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(families[card.family])} · {card.origin === "manual" ? t("Manual") : t("Workflow")}</span>
+              <span className="mt-2 block text-xs">{card.indexed ? t("Index up to date") : t("Index update pending")}</span>
             </button></li>)}</ul>
-          <nav aria-label="Memory pagination" className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 p-4">
-            <Button variant="outline" disabled={page <= 1} onClick={() => setPage(p => p - 1)}>Previous</Button>
-            <span className="text-xs">Page {page} of {Math.max(1, Math.ceil(list.data.total / 25))}</span>
-            <Button variant="outline" disabled={page * 25 >= list.data.total} onClick={() => setPage(p => p + 1)}>Next</Button>
+          <nav aria-label={t("Memory pagination")} className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 p-4">
+            <Button variant="outline" disabled={page <= 1} onClick={() => setPage(p => p - 1)}>{t("Previous")}</Button>
+            <span className="text-xs">{t("Page")} {page} {t("of")} {Math.max(1, Math.ceil(list.data.total / 25))}</span>
+            <Button variant="outline" disabled={page * 25 >= list.data.total} onClick={() => setPage(p => p + 1)}>{t("Next")}</Button>
           </nav>
         </>}
       </section>
-      <section aria-label="Memory detail" className="thot-administration-detail">
-        {!draft && !selected && <p className="py-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Select a card to inspect its content, scope and provenance.</p>}
+      <section aria-label={t("Memory detail")} className="thot-administration-detail">
+        {!draft && !selected && <p className="py-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Select a card to inspect its content, scope and provenance.")}</p>}
         {selected && !draft && <div className="space-y-5">
-          <div><p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{families[selected.family]}</p><h2 className="mt-1 break-words font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{selected.subject}</h2></div>
+          <div><p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(families[selected.family])}</p><h2 className="mt-1 break-words font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{selected.subject}</h2></div>
           <dl className="space-y-4 text-sm">
             {(["detail", "scope", "rationale", "question", "sql"] as const).filter(k => selected[k]).map(key => <div key={key}>
-              <dt className="mb-1 font-semibold capitalize">{key === "detail" ? "Content" : key === "sql" ? "Approved SQL" : key}</dt>
+              <dt className="mb-1 font-semibold capitalize">{key === "detail" ? t("Content") : key === "sql" ? t("Approved SQL") : t(key)}</dt>
               <dd className={`max-w-[72ch] whitespace-pre-wrap break-words ${key === "sql" ? "font-mono text-xs" : ""}`}>{selected[key]}</dd></div>)}
-            <div><dt className="font-semibold">Provenance</dt><dd>{selected.origin === "manual" ? "Created manually" : `Workflow session ${selected.session_id}`}</dd></div>
-            {selected.decision_seq !== null && <div><dt className="font-semibold">Source decision</dt><dd>{selected.decision_seq}</dd></div>}
-            <div><dt className="font-semibold">Card ID</dt><dd className="break-all font-mono text-xs">{selected.id}</dd></div>
-            <div><dt className="font-semibold">Updated</dt><dd>{new Date(selected.updated_at).toLocaleString()}</dd></div>
-            <div><dt className="font-semibold">Created</dt><dd>{new Date(selected.created_at).toLocaleString()}</dd></div>
-            {selected.concepts.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">Concepts</dt><dd>{selected.concepts.join(", ")}</dd></div>}
-            {selected.dependencies.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">Schema dependencies</dt><dd><ul>{selected.dependencies.map((d, i) => <li key={i}>{[d.database, d.schema_name, d.table, d.column].filter(Boolean).join(" / ")}</li>)}</ul></dd></div>}
-            {selected.links.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">Linked cards</dt><dd><ul>{selected.links.map(link => <li key={link.target_id} className="my-2"><button className="text-left text-primary underline" onClick={() => void open(link.target_id)}>{link.meaning}</button></li>)}</ul></dd></div>}
+            <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Provenance")}</dt><dd>{selected.origin === "manual" ? t("Created manually") : t("Workflow session {session}", { session: selected.session_id ?? "" })}</dd></div>
+            {selected.decision_seq !== null && <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Source decision")}</dt><dd>{selected.decision_seq}</dd></div>}
+            <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Card ID")}</dt><dd className="break-all font-mono text-xs">{selected.id}</dd></div>
+            <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Updated")}</dt><dd>{new Date(selected.updated_at).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd></div>
+            <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Created")}</dt><dd>{new Date(selected.created_at).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd></div>
+            {selected.concepts.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Concepts")}</dt><dd>{selected.concepts.join(", ")}</dd></div>}
+            {selected.dependencies.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Schema dependencies")}</dt><dd><ul>{selected.dependencies.map((d, i) => <li key={i}>{[d.database, d.schema_name, d.table, d.column].filter(Boolean).join(" / ")}</li>)}</ul></dd></div>}
+            {selected.links.length > 0 && <div><dt className="font-semibold">{t("Linked cards")}</dt><dd><ul>{selected.links.map(link => <li key={link.target_id} className="my-2"><button className="text-left text-primary underline" onClick={() => void open(link.target_id)}>{link.meaning}</button></li>)}</ul></dd></div>}
           </dl>
-          <div className="flex gap-2"><Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDraft(memoryInput(selected))}>Edit card</Button>
-            <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDeleteConfirm(true)}>Delete card</Button></div>
-          {deleteConfirm && <div className="space-y-3 border-t pt-4"><p className="text-sm">Delete “{selected.subject}” and its links? Other cards will be kept.</p>
-            <div className="flex gap-2"><Button variant="destructive" disabled={busy} onClick={() => void mutate(() => deleteMemory(workspace, selected.id))}>Confirm deletion</Button>
-              <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDeleteConfirm(false)}>Keep card</Button></div></div>}
+          <div className="flex gap-2"><Button disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDraft(memoryInput(selected))}>{t("Edit card")}</Button>
+            <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDeleteConfirm(true)}>{t("Delete card")}</Button></div>
+          {deleteConfirm && <div className="space-y-3 border-t pt-4"><p className="text-sm">{t("Delete “")}{selected.subject}{t("” and its links? Other cards will be kept.")}</p>
+            <div className="flex gap-2"><Button variant="destructive" disabled={busy} onClick={() => void mutate(() => deleteMemory(workspace, selected.id))}>{t("Confirm deletion")}</Button>
+              <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDeleteConfirm(false)}>{t("Keep card")}</Button></div></div>}
         </div>}
         {draft && <form onSubmit={save} className="space-y-5">
-          <h2 className="font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{selected ? "Edit card" : "New Memory card"}</h2>
+          <h2 className="font-serif text-xl font-semibold">{selected ? t("Edit card") : t("New Memory card")}</h2>
           <fieldset disabled={busy} className="space-y-4">
-            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">Family<select aria-label="Family" className={control} value={draft.family} onChange={e => {
+            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{t("Family")}<select aria-label={t("Family")} className={control} value={draft.family} onChange={e => {
               update("family", e.target.value as MemoryFamily); if (e.target.value !== "solved_question") update("sql", "");
-            }}>{Object.entries(families).map(([k, v]) => <option key={k} value={k}>{v}</option>)}</select></label>
-            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">Title<Input required maxLength={1000} value={draft.subject} onChange={e => update("subject", e.target.value)} /></label>
-            {(["detail", "scope", "rationale", "question", "sql"] as const).filter(k => k !== "sql" || draft.family === "solved_question").map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{fieldLabels[key]}
-              <textarea aria-label={fieldLabels[key]} className={control} rows={key === "sql" ? 6 : 3} value={draft[key]}
+            }}>{Object.entries(families).map(([k, v]) => <option key={k} value={k}>{t(v)}</option>)}</select></label>
+            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{t("Title")}<Input required maxLength={1000} value={draft.subject} onChange={e => update("subject", e.target.value)} /></label>
+            {(["detail", "scope", "rationale", "question", "sql"] as const).filter(k => k !== "sql" || draft.family === "solved_question").map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{t(fieldLabels[key])}
+              <textarea aria-label={t(fieldLabels[key])} className={control} rows={key === "sql" ? 6 : 3} value={draft[key]}
                 required={key === "scope" || (draft.family === "solved_question" && (key === "sql" || key === "question")) || (draft.family === "explained_error" && (key === "detail" || key === "rationale"))}
                 onChange={e => update(key, e.target.value)} /></label>)}
-            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">Concepts (comma separated)<Input value={draft.concepts.join(",")} onChange={e => update("concepts", e.target.value.split(","))} /></label>
-            <fieldset className="space-y-3"><legend className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold">Schema dependencies</legend>
+            <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm font-medium">{t("Concepts (comma separated)")}<Input value={draft.concepts.join(",")} onChange={e => update("concepts", e.target.value.split(","))} /></label>
+            <fieldset className="space-y-3"><legend className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Schema dependencies")}</legend>
               {draft.dependencies.map((dep, i) => <div key={i} className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 border-b pb-3">
-                {(["database", "schema_name", "table", "column"] as const).map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-xs">{key === "schema_name" ? "Schema" : key[0].toUpperCase()+key.slice(1)}
-                  <Input required={key === "database"} aria-label={`Dependency ${i + 1} ${key}`} value={dep[key]} onChange={e => update("dependencies", draft.dependencies.map((d, n) => n === i ? { ...d, [key]: e.target.value } : d))} /></label>)}
-                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => update("dependencies", draft.dependencies.filter((_, n) => n !== i))}>Remove dependency {i + 1}</Button></div>)}
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => update("dependencies", [...draft.dependencies, { database: "", schema_name: "", table: "", column: "" }])}>Add dependency</Button>
+                {(["database", "schema_name", "table", "column"] as const).map(key => <label key={key} className="grid gap-1 text-xs">{key === "schema_name" ? t("Schema") : t(key[0].toUpperCase()+key.slice(1))}
+                  <Input required={key === "database"} aria-label={t("Dependency {number} {key}", { number: i + 1, key: t(key) })} value={dep[key]} onChange={e => update("dependencies", draft.dependencies.map((d, n) => n === i ? { ...d, [key]: e.target.value } : d))} /></label>)}
+                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => update("dependencies", draft.dependencies.filter((_, n) => n !== i))}>{t("Remove dependency")} {i + 1}</Button></div>)}
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => update("dependencies", [...draft.dependencies, { database: "", schema_name: "", table: "", column: "" }])}>{t("Add dependency")}</Button>
             </fieldset>
-            <fieldset className="space-y-3"><legend className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold">Linked cards</legend>
+            <fieldset className="space-y-3"><legend className="mb-2 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Linked cards")}</legend>
               {draft.links.map((link, i) => <div key={link.target_id} className="space-y-2 border-b pb-3"><p className="break-all font-mono text-xs">{link.target_id}</p>
-                <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">Link meaning<Input required value={link.meaning} onChange={e => update("links", draft.links.map((l, n) => n === i ? { ...l, meaning: e.target.value } : l))} /></label>
-                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => update("links", draft.links.filter((_, n) => n !== i))}>Remove link {i + 1}</Button></div>)}
-              <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">Search cards to link<Input value={linkSearch} onChange={e => setLinkSearch(e.target.value)} /></label>
-              {linkOptions.isError && <p role="alert">{apiErrorMessage(linkOptions.error)}</p>}
-              <ul>{linkOptions.data?.items.filter(c => c.id !== selected?.id && !draft.links.some(l => l.target_id === c.id)).map(c => <li key={c.id}><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { update("links", [...draft.links, { target_id: c.id, meaning: "" }]); setLinkSearch(""); }}>Link {c.subject}</Button></li>)}</ul>
+                <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t("Link meaning")}<Input required value={link.meaning} onChange={e => update("links", draft.links.map((l, n) => n === i ? { ...l, meaning: e.target.value } : l))} /></label>
+                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => update("links", draft.links.filter((_, n) => n !== i))}>{t("Remove link")} {i + 1}</Button></div>)}
+              <label className="grid gap-1 text-sm">{t("Search cards to link")}<Input value={linkSearch} onChange={e => setLinkSearch(e.target.value)} /></label>
+              {linkOptions.isError && <p role="alert">{t(apiErrorMessage(linkOptions.error))}</p>}
+              <ul>{linkOptions.data?.items.filter(c => c.id !== selected?.id && !draft.links.some(l => l.target_id === c.id)).map(c => <li key={c.id}><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { update("links", [...draft.links, { target_id: c.id, meaning: "" }]); setLinkSearch(""); }}>{t("Link")} {c.subject}</Button></li>)}</ul>
             </fieldset>
           </fieldset>
-          <footer className="flex gap-2 border-t pt-4"><Button type="submit" disabled={busy}>{busy ? "Saving…" : "Save card"}</Button>
-            <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDraft(null)}>Cancel</Button></footer>
+          <footer className="flex gap-2 border-t pt-4"><Button type="submit" disabled={busy}>{busy ? t("Saving…") : t("Save card")}</Button>
+            <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setDraft(null)}>{t("Cancel")}</Button></footer>
         </form>}
       </section>
     </div>
-    <section aria-label="Pending index updates" className="shrink-0 border-t bg-muted/30 px-6 py-4">
-      <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold">Pending index updates</h2>
-      {pending.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm">{apiErrorMessage(pending.error)}</p>}
-      {pending.data?.length === 0 && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">All saved changes have been indexed.</p>}
+    <section aria-label={t("Pending index updates")} className="shrink-0 border-t bg-muted/30 px-6 py-4">
+      <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold">{t("Pending index updates")}</h2>
+      {pending.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm">{t(apiErrorMessage(pending.error))}</p>}
+      {pending.data?.length === 0 && <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("All saved changes have been indexed.")}</p>}
       <ul>{pending.data?.map(p => <li key={p.card_id} className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 border-b py-3 text-sm">
-        <div><span>{p.action === "delete" ? "Deleted card: index cleanup pending" : "Saved card: index update pending"}</span><p className="mt-1 break-all font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">{p.card_id}</p></div>
-        <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy || dirty} onClick={() => void mutate(() => retryMemory(workspace, p.card_id))}>Retry index update</Button>
+        <div><span>{p.action === "delete" ? t("Deleted card: index cleanup pending") : t("Saved card: index update pending")}</span><p className="mt-1 break-all font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">{p.card_id}</p></div>
+        <Button variant="outline" disabled={busy || dirty} onClick={() => void mutate(() => retryMemory(workspace, p.card_id))}>{t("Retry index update")}</Button>
       </li>)}</ul>
     </section>
   </>;
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.test.tsx
index 2aee79a6..f10a0c12 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.test.tsx
@@ -6,8 +6,23 @@ import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { isNearBottom } from "./activityScroll";
 import * as activityPanelModule from "./ModelActivityPanel";
 import { ModelActivityPanel } from "./ModelActivityPanel";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 
 beforeEach(() => useSessionStore.getState().resetSession());
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("changes transcript chrome without translating model text that matches a message ID", () => {
+  useSessionStore.setState({ activityLog: [
+    { kind: "assistant", phase: "F1", text: "Choose a workspace" },
+  ] });
+  render(<ModelActivityPanel onClose={vi.fn()} />);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByText("Attività del modello")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Risposta")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("Fase F1")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Choose a workspace")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.queryByText("Scegli un workspace")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+});
 
 test("renders question, reasoning, and response in chronological order", () => {
   const store = useSessionStore.getState();
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.tsx
index f6acb0ab..cfa2ae8a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/ModelActivityPanel.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useLayoutEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import { Settings2, X } from "lucide-react";
 import ReactMarkdown from "react-markdown";
@@ -46,11 +47,12 @@ function MarkdownBody({ entry }: { entry: ActivityEntry }) {
 }
 
 function ActivityRow({ entry }: { entry: ActivityEntry }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <article className="w-full min-w-0 border-b border-border/50 py-2 last:border-b-0">
       <div className="mb-1 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-1 text-[0.65rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-muted-foreground">
-        <span className="text-foreground/80">{ACTIVITY_LABELS[entry.kind]}</span>
-        {entry.phase && <span aria-label={`Phase ${entry.phase}`}>{entry.phase}</span>}
+        <span className="text-foreground/80">{translate(ACTIVITY_LABELS[entry.kind] ?? entry.kind)}</span>
+        {entry.phase && <span aria-label={translate("Phase {phase}", { phase: entry.phase })}>{entry.phase}</span>}
       </div>
       <MarkdownBody entry={entry} />
     </article>
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ export function ModelActivityPanel({
   onOpenWorkspaceManager?: () => void;
   hidden?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const activityLog = useSessionStore((s) => s.activityLog);
   const visibleActivity = activityLog.filter(isVisibleModelActivity);
   const visibleCount = visibleActivity.length;
@@ -87,12 +90,11 @@ export function ModelActivityPanel({
       : "fixed inset-y-0 left-0 z-30 flex min-w-0 w-[min(90vw,24rem)] shrink-0 flex-col border-r border-border bg-sidebar"
     }>
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 border-b border-border/60 px-3 py-2">
-        <h2 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Model activity</h2>
+        <h2 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{translate("Model activity")}</h2>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
-          <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" aria-label="Workspace management" onClick={onOpenWorkspaceManager}>
-            <Settings2 className="size-3.5" />Workspace management
-          </Button>
-          <Button size="icon-sm" variant="ghost" aria-label="Close model activity" onClick={onClose}>
+          <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" aria-label={translate("Workspace management")} onClick={onOpenWorkspaceManager}>
+            <Settings2 className="size-3.5" />{translate("Workspace management")}</Button>
+          <Button size="icon-sm" variant="ghost" aria-label={translate("Close model activity")} onClick={onClose}>
             <X className="size-4" />
           </Button>
         </div>
@@ -101,14 +103,14 @@ export function ModelActivityPanel({
         ref={scrollRef}
         data-testid="activity-scroll"
         tabIndex={0}
-        aria-label="Model activity timeline"
+        aria-label={translate("Model activity timeline")}
         className="w-full min-w-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-3 py-2 outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-inset focus-visible:ring-ring/40"
         onScroll={(event) => {
           followRef.current = isNearBottom(event.currentTarget);
         }}
       >
         {visibleActivity.length === 0 ? (
-          <p className="py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No activity yet.</p>
+          <p className="py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("No activity yet.")}</p>
         ) : (
           visibleActivity.map((entry, index) => (
             <ActivityRow key={`${index}-${entry.toolCallId ?? entry.kind}`} entry={entry} />
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.test.tsx
index 9a633182..3d54cfeb 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { NavSessions } from "./NavSessions";
 import type { SessionSummary } from "../api/types";
@@ -8,6 +9,20 @@ const SESSIONS: SessionSummary[] = [
   { id: "s2", status: "closed", question: "Seconda domanda", summary: "r", created_at: "2026-01-02T00:00:00Z", updated_at: null, author: null, name: "Etichetta", group: null, archived: false },
 ];
 
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("translates session status and selection names while preserving authored names and IDs", async () => {
+  const onOpenPanel = vi.fn();
+  render(<NavSessions sessions={SESSIONS} activeSessionId="s2" showOwner onOpenPanel={onOpenPanel} menuFor={() => null} />);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Seleziona Etichetta" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByTitle("Interrotta dall'utente")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Come va?")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getAllByText("Autore: Sconosciuto")).toHaveLength(2);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByText("Etichetta"));
+  expect(onOpenPanel).toHaveBeenCalledWith("s2");
+});
+
 test("lists sessions and shows name when present", () => {
   render(<NavSessions sessions={SESSIONS} activeSessionId={null} onOpenPanel={vi.fn()} menuFor={() => null} />);
   expect(screen.getByText("Come va?")).toBeInTheDocument();
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.tsx
index 927d371d..263441ae 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 // frontend/src/shell/NavSessions.tsx
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
 import type { SessionSummary } from "../api/types";
@@ -24,10 +25,11 @@ export function NavSessions({
   sessions, activeSessionId, onOpenPanel, menuFor,
   selectedIds = new Set<string>(), onSelectionChange = () => undefined, showOwner = false,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   if (sessions.length === 0) {
     return (
       <p className="px-1 py-6 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-        No sessions yet. Start with <span className="font-medium text-foreground">New session</span>.
+        {translate("No sessions yet.")} <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{translate("Start with New session.")}</span>
       </p>
     );
   }
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ export function NavSessions({
               role="button"
               tabIndex={0}
               aria-label={label}
-              title={`${label} · ${s.status}`}
+              title={`${label} · ${translate(indicator.label)}`}
               onKeyDown={(e) => {
                 if (e.key === "Enter" || e.key === " ") {
                   e.preventDefault();
@@ -62,13 +64,13 @@ export function NavSessions({
             >
               <Checkbox
                 checked={selectedIds.has(s.id)}
-                aria-label={`Select ${label}`}
+                aria-label={translate("Select {name}", { name: label })}
                 onCheckedChange={(selected) => onSelectionChange(s.id, selected === true)}
                 onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
               />
               <span
                 aria-hidden
-                title={indicator.label}
+                title={translate(indicator.label)}
                 className={["size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full", indicator.color].join(" ")}
               />
               <span className="min-w-0 flex-1">
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ export function NavSessions({
                 </span>
                 {showOwner && (
                   <span className="block truncate text-[0.65rem] text-muted-foreground">
-                    Owner: {s.author ?? "Unknown"}
+                    {translate("Owner: {name}", { name: s.author ?? translate("Unknown") })}
                   </span>
                 )}
               </span>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.test.tsx
index e7a7878a..3c851d0c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
@@ -13,6 +14,20 @@ const readyStatus = {
   checkedAt: "2026-08-05T10:00:00.000Z",
 };
 
+test("updates Pi controls and host instructions when the locale changes without remounting", async () => {
+  renderManagement(true);
+  await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Test catalog default" });
+  try {
+    act(() => setLocale("it"));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Verifica il modello predefinito del catalogo" })).toBeVisible();
+    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Manutenzione host" }));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Apri la directory del progetto" })).toBeVisible();
+    act(() => setLocale("en"));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Open the project root" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Runtime and models" })).toBeVisible();
+  } finally { act(() => setLocale("en")); }
+});
+
 function renderManagement(page = false) {
   const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } });
   return render(
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.tsx
index 921db3c8..e4a818ee 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/PiManagement.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
+import { adminMessage, renderAdminMessage, type AdminMessage } from "./database-management/messages";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { CheckCircle2, CircleAlert, FlaskConical, LoaderCircle, ScrollText } from "lucide-react";
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 import { nextTabIndex } from "../components/ui/tab-navigation";
 import { WorkAreaPanel } from "./WorkAreaPanel";
 
-type Feedback = { tone: "success" | "error"; message: string } | undefined;
+type Feedback = { tone: "success" | "error"; message: AdminMessage } | undefined;
 type SmokeState = "passed" | "failed" | undefined;
 
 function errorMessage(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
@@ -25,21 +27,22 @@ function ReadinessRail({ ready, configured, credentials, smokeState }: {
   credentials: "present" | "missing";
   smokeState: SmokeState;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <section
       data-testid="pi-readiness-rail"
-      aria-label="Pi readiness sequence"
+      aria-label={t("Pi readiness sequence")}
       className="grid gap-3 border-y border-border py-4 sm:grid-cols-2"
     >
-      <RailItem label="Runtime" value={ready ? "Runtime ready" : "Runtime needs attention"} state={ready ? "ready" : "attention"} />
-      <RailItem label="Defaults" value={configured ? "Defaults ready" : "Defaults incomplete"} state={configured ? "ready" : "attention"} />
+      <RailItem label={t("Runtime")} value={ready ? "Runtime ready" : "Runtime needs attention"} state={ready ? "ready" : "attention"} />
+      <RailItem label={t("Defaults")} value={configured ? "Defaults ready" : "Defaults incomplete"} state={configured ? "ready" : "attention"} />
       <RailItem
-        label="Credentials"
+        label={t("Credentials")}
         value={`Credentials ${credentials}`}
         state={credentials === "present" ? "ready" : "attention"}
       />
       <RailItem
-        label="Configuration test"
+        label={t("Configuration test")}
         value={smokeState === "passed" ? "Saved configuration test passed" : smokeState === "failed" ? "Saved configuration test failed" : "Saved configuration test not run"}
         state={smokeState === "passed" ? "ready" : smokeState === "failed" ? "attention" : "idle"}
       />
@@ -48,12 +51,13 @@ function ReadinessRail({ ready, configured, credentials, smokeState }: {
 }
 
 function RailItem({ label, value, state }: { label: string; value: string; state: "ready" | "attention" | "idle" }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const iconClass = state === "ready" ? "text-[oklch(var(--success))]" : state === "attention" ? "text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400" : "text-muted-foreground";
   return <div className="min-w-0">
-    <p className="thot-label">{label}</p>
+    <p className="thot-label">{t(label)}</p>
     <p className={`mt-1 flex items-start gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold ${iconClass}`}>
       {state === "ready" ? <CheckCircle2 className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" /> : state === "attention" ? <CircleAlert className="mt-0.5 size-3.5 shrink-0" /> : <span className="mt-1.5 size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full bg-current" />}
-      <span>{value}</span>
+      <span>{t(value)}</span>
     </p>
   </div>;
 }
@@ -129,81 +133,84 @@ const piPlatforms: Array<{ id: PiPlatform; label: string; details: PiPlatformDet
 ];
 
 function PiCodeBlock({ children, className = "" }: { children: string; className?: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return <pre className={`overflow-x-auto rounded bg-muted p-2 ${className}`}><code>{children}</code></pre>;
 }
 
 function PiInstructionSteps({ details }: { details: PiPlatformDetails }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return <ol className="grid gap-4 pl-5 marker:font-semibold marker:text-muted-foreground">
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Open the project root</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Using {details.terminal}, before editing files or running any lifecycle command, enter the exact checkout or worktree root. Run the platform command below, then run every command in this list from that directory: <code>tht</code> resolves the installation descriptor and configuration from the selected project. A worktree is an independent checkout, so this prevents changing a different copy by mistake.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Open the project root")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Using")} {t(details.terminal)}{t(", before editing files or running any lifecycle command, enter the exact checkout or worktree root. Run the platform command below, then run every command in this list from that directory:")} <code>tht</code> {t("resolves the installation descriptor and configuration from the selected project. A worktree is an independent checkout, so this prevents changing a different copy by mistake.")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-2">{details.changeDirectoryCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">The relevant layout is:</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("The relevant layout is:")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-1">project-root/
 ├── compose.yaml
 ├── deploy/
 │   └── &lt;installation-id&gt;/
 │       └── thothii-installation.yaml
 └── docker/</PiCodeBlock>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">The <code>deploy/</code> directory contains the selected installation descriptor and profile files. You do not need to create or manage a <code>bin/</code> directory: <code>tht</code> is the installed host CLI. If discovery finds multiple descriptors, pass the intended one explicitly with <code>--installation &lt;absolute-path&gt;/thothii-installation.yaml</code>. If <code>tht</code> is not on your <code>PATH</code>, install it using the installation guide.</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("The")} <code>deploy/</code> {t("directory contains the selected installation descriptor and profile files. You do not need to create or manage a")} <code>bin/</code> {t("directory:")} <code>tht</code> {t("is the installed host CLI. If discovery finds multiple descriptors, pass the intended one explicitly with")} <code>--installation &lt;absolute-path&gt;/thothii-installation.yaml</code>{t(". If")} <code>tht</code> {t("is not on your")} <code>PATH</code>{t(", install it using the installation guide.")}</p>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Edit the Installation Model Catalog</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Edit <code>{details.catalogPath}</code> when adding or correcting a provider or model. Its <code>modelCatalog</code> block is the only authored model source for sessions, metadata generation, and embedding. It declares endpoint references and authentication modes, but never secret values. Provider integrations remain declarative; do not add model-provider code under <code>harness/.pi/extensions/</code> or edit files under <code>generated/</code>.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Edit the Installation Model Catalog")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Edit")} <code>{details.catalogPath}</code> {t("when adding or correcting a provider or model. Its")} <code>modelCatalog</code> {t("block is the only authored model source for sessions, metadata generation, and embedding. It declares endpoint references and authentication modes, but never secret values. Provider integrations remain declarative; do not add model-provider code under")} <code>harness/.pi/extensions/</code> {t("or edit files under")} <code>generated/</code>.</p>
       <dl className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-2 gap-y-1 text-muted-foreground">
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">providers </dt><dd>maps stable provider keys to endpoint, authentication, and runtime adapters.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">models </dt><dd>maps upstream model keys; the canonical identity is provider/model.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">session </dt><dd>makes a model selectable for interactive work.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">metadataGeneration </dt><dd>makes a model available to metadata generation.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">embedding </dt><dd>declares the one installation embedding identity and its dimensions.</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">providers </dt><dd>{t("maps stable provider keys to endpoint, authentication, and runtime adapters.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">models </dt><dd>{t("maps upstream model keys; the canonical identity is provider/model.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">session </dt><dd>{t("makes a model selectable for interactive work.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">metadataGeneration </dt><dd>{t("makes a model available to metadata generation.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">embedding </dt><dd>{t("declares the one installation embedding identity and its dimensions.")}</dd>
       </dl>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Choose eligibility and defaults</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Use <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code> as the single installation-wide LLM default for Core and Administration. When Admin AI is configured, a selectable model needs both <code>session</code> and <code>metadataGeneration</code> blocks. The user's last model choice takes precedence and does not depend on workspace. Runtime files such as Pi <code>models.json</code> and <code>settings.json</code> are generated projections and must not be edited.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Choose eligibility and defaults")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Use")} <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code> {t("as the single installation-wide LLM default for Core and Administration. When Admin AI is configured, a selectable model needs both")} <code>session</code> {t("and")} <code>metadataGeneration</code> {t("blocks. The user's last model choice takes precedence and does not depend on workspace. Runtime files such as Pi")} <code>models.json</code> {t("and")} <code>settings.json</code> {t("are generated projections and must not be edited.")}</p>
       <dl className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-2 gap-y-1 text-muted-foreground">
-        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">defaults.interaction </dt><dd>contains exactly one canonical provider/model identity for every workspace.</dd>
+        <dt className="font-mono text-foreground">defaults.interaction </dt><dd>{t("contains exactly one canonical provider/model identity for every workspace.")}</dd>
       </dl>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">Before making each model available, verify an actual Core tool-call/review cycle through Pi and a small test description-generation run through LiteLLM. Configuration validation and Pi smoke tests alone do not certify both paths. Use approved test data; generation may incur provider charges.</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("Before making each model available, verify an actual Core tool-call/review cycle through Pi and a small test description-generation run through LiteLLM. Configuration validation and Pi smoke tests alone do not certify both paths. Use approved test data; generation may incur provider charges.")}</p>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Complete the provider setup</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">During the initial installation, run <code>tht setup</code> and complete the prompt named “Pi credentials file location”; it can create the empty protected template. On an existing installation with a missing credential, correct the protected credential file selected during setup by following the installation guide. Keep {details.credentialProtection}, then restart and run <code>tht pi doctor</code> and <code>tht pi test</code>. Never paste credentials into the installation YAML, this page, a command, or a log: YAML may contain only approved environment-variable names or authentication modes.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Complete the provider setup")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("During the initial installation, run")} <code>tht setup</code> {t("and complete the prompt named “Pi credentials file location”; it can create the empty protected template. On an existing installation with a missing credential, correct the protected credential file selected during setup by following the installation guide. Keep")} {t(details.credentialProtection)}{t(", then restart and run")} <code>tht pi doctor</code> {t("and")} <code>tht pi test</code>{t(". Never paste credentials into the installation YAML, this page, a command, or a log: YAML may contain only approved environment-variable names or authentication modes.")}</p>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Reload Pi configuration</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">After changing the Installation Model Catalog or a provider credential, reload the running <code>core</code> service. The command validates the YAML and regenerates every runtime projection before recreation. This is a configuration reload, not a Pi version update; it keeps the current image.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Reload Pi configuration")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("After changing the Installation Model Catalog or a provider credential, reload the running")} <code>core</code> {t("service. The command validates the YAML and regenerates every runtime projection before recreation. This is a configuration reload, not a Pi version update; it keeps the current image.")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-2">{details.restartCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Update the Pi version</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Use <code>tht pi update</code> for the routine build: it resolves the latest stable Pi release from the registry, builds it locally, drains active sessions, and recreates only <code>core</code>. Add <code>--version &lt;VERSION&gt;</code> when an explicitly reviewed version is required. The digest-pinned <code>--source pull</code> form is for an already-built, reviewed registry image; its declared version must match the digest-pinned image. Configuration changes use Reload above, not update.</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Update the Pi version")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Use")} <code>tht pi update</code> {t("for the routine build: it resolves the latest stable Pi release from the registry, builds it locally, drains active sessions, and recreates only")} <code>core</code>{t(". Add")} <code>--version &lt;VERSION&gt;</code> {t("when an explicitly reviewed version is required. The digest-pinned")} <code>--source pull</code> {t("form is for an already-built, reviewed registry image; its declared version must match the digest-pinned image. Configuration changes use Reload above, not update.")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-2">{details.updateCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">Advanced: pull an immutable, digest-pinned image.</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{t("Advanced: pull an immutable, digest-pinned image.")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{details.pullCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
     </li>
     <li>
-      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Diagnose and recover a failed operation</h4>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Start with these diagnostics, in order:</p>
+      <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Diagnose and recover a failed operation")}</h4>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Start with these diagnostics, in order:")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-2 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{details.diagnosticCommands}</PiCodeBlock>
       <dl className="mt-2 grid gap-2 text-muted-foreground">
-        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">Configuration</dt><dd>Invalid YAML, an unknown model default, or an incompatible use/adapter combination: fix the reported <code>modelCatalog</code> field, then reload. Do not repair generated JSON directly.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">Credentials</dt><dd>Missing or unreadable credential: correct the protected credential file selected during setup and its permissions, without printing the file.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">Provider connectivity</dt><dd>Wrong <code>baseUrl</code>, network, or provider error: correct the catalog endpoint or network, then retry.</dd>
-        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">Docker and disk</dt><dd>Unhealthy Docker or insufficient disk: restore Docker health or free space before retrying.</dd>
+        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Configuration")}</dt><dd>{t("Invalid YAML, an unknown model default, or an incompatible use/adapter combination: fix the reported")} <code>modelCatalog</code> {t("field, then reload. Do not repair generated JSON directly.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Credentials")}</dt><dd>{t("Missing or unreadable credential: correct the protected credential file selected during setup and its permissions, without printing the file.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Provider connectivity")}</dt><dd>{t("Wrong")} <code>baseUrl</code>{t(", network, or provider error: correct the catalog endpoint or network, then retry.")}</dd>
+        <dt className="font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Docker and disk")}</dt><dd>{t("Unhealthy Docker or insufficient disk: restore Docker health or free space before retrying.")}</dd>
       </dl>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">If maintenance is inactive, no recovery is needed: correct the cause and retry the original command.</p>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">If maintenance is active after an update, rollback the previous image:</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("If maintenance is inactive, no recovery is needed: correct the cause and retry the original command.")}</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("If maintenance is active after an update, rollback the previous image:")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{details.rollbackCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">If maintenance is active after a restart, fix the cause first, then recover the captured lifecycle state:</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("If maintenance is active after a restart, fix the cause first, then recover the captured lifecycle state:")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{details.recoverCommand}</PiCodeBlock>
-      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">After the selected remedy, verify the installation:</p>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-muted-foreground">{t("After the selected remedy, verify the installation:")}</p>
       <PiCodeBlock className="mt-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">{details.verificationCommands}</PiCodeBlock>
     </li>
   </ol>;
 }
 
 function PiPlatformInstructions({ hostPlatform }: { hostPlatform?: PiPlatform }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [chosenPlatform, setActivePlatform] = useState<PiPlatform>();
   const activePlatform = chosenPlatform ?? hostPlatform ?? "linux";
   const tabRefs = useRef<Record<PiPlatform, HTMLButtonElement | null>>({ linux: null, macos: null, windows: null });
@@ -222,9 +229,9 @@ function PiPlatformInstructions({ hostPlatform }: { hostPlatform?: PiPlatform })
   }
 
   return (
-    <section aria-label="Pi operator workflow" className="mt-2 grid gap-2 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/5 p-3 text-xs">
-      <p className="text-muted-foreground">Using the host terminal:</p>
-      <div role="tablist" aria-label="Pi host platform" className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 rounded-md bg-muted p-1">
+    <section aria-label={t("Pi operator workflow")} className="mt-2 grid gap-2 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/5 p-3 text-xs">
+      <p className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Using the host terminal:")}</p>
+      <div role="tablist" aria-label={t("Pi host platform")} className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 rounded-md bg-muted p-1">
         {piPlatforms.map((platform) => (
           <button
             key={platform.id}
@@ -266,6 +273,7 @@ function PiPlatformInstructions({ hostPlatform }: { hostPlatform?: PiPlatform })
 }
 
 export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; onClose: () => void; page?: boolean }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [section, setSection] = useState<"runtime" | "instructions">("runtime");
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const [feedback, setFeedback] = useState<Feedback>();
@@ -297,7 +305,7 @@ export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; o
         tone: result.ready ? "success" : "error",
         message: result.ready
           ? "Catalog default test passed."
-          : `Catalog default test failed.${result.message ? ` ${result.message}` : ""}`,
+          : adminMessage("Catalog default test failed.{message}", { message: result.message ? ` ${result.message}` : "" }),
       });
     },
     onError: (error) => {
@@ -322,20 +330,20 @@ export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; o
     <WorkAreaPanel
       open={open}
       mode={page ? "page" : "panel"}
-      ariaLabel="Pi management"
+      ariaLabel={t("Pi management")}
       width="expanded"
-      eyebrow="Installation controls"
-      title="Pi management"
-      description="Review the bundled runtime, inspect the catalog default, and test its provider configuration."
+      eyebrow={t("Installation controls")}
+      title={t("Pi management")}
+      description={t("Review the bundled runtime, inspect the catalog default, and test its provider configuration.")}
       onClose={onClose}
-      closeLabel="Close Pi management"
+      closeLabel={t("Close Pi management")}
       bodyClassName={page ? "thot-work-area-page__body--pi" : undefined}
     >
       <div className={page ? "thot-pi-workbench" : undefined}>
-        {page && <nav aria-label="Pi sections" className="thot-pi-index">
-          <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">Installation</p>
-          <Button variant={section === "runtime" ? "navigationActive" : "ghost"} className="w-full justify-start mb-2" aria-current={section === "runtime" ? "page" : undefined} onClick={() => setSection("runtime")}>Runtime and models</Button>
-          <Button variant={section === "instructions" ? "navigationActive" : "ghost"} className="w-full justify-start whitespace-normal" aria-current={section === "instructions" ? "page" : undefined} onClick={() => setSection("instructions")}>Host maintenance</Button>
+        {page && <nav aria-label={t("Pi sections")} className="thot-pi-index">
+          <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow mb-3">{t("Installation")}</p>
+          <Button variant={section === "runtime" ? "navigationActive" : "ghost"} className="w-full justify-start mb-2" aria-current={section === "runtime" ? "page" : undefined} onClick={() => setSection("runtime")}>{t("Runtime and models")}</Button>
+          <Button variant={section === "instructions" ? "navigationActive" : "ghost"} className="w-full justify-start whitespace-normal" aria-current={section === "instructions" ? "page" : undefined} onClick={() => setSection("instructions")}>{t("Host maintenance")}</Button>
         </nav>}
         <div className={page ? "thot-pi-detail" : undefined}>
         <div hidden={page && section !== "instructions"}>
@@ -343,24 +351,24 @@ export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; o
         </div>
         <div className={page ? undefined : "mt-5"} hidden={page && section !== "runtime"}>
           {forbidden ? (
-            <div role="alert" aria-label="Pi management unavailable" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-4 text-sm">
-              <p className="font-semibold">Pi management is not permitted</p>
-              <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Ask an installation administrator to manage the model catalog and diagnostics.</p>
+            <div role="alert" aria-label={t("Pi management unavailable")} className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-4 text-sm">
+              <p className="font-semibold">{t("Pi management is not permitted")}</p>
+              <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Ask an installation administrator to manage the model catalog and diagnostics.")}</p>
             </div>
           ) : unavailable ? (
-            <div role="alert" aria-label="Pi management unavailable" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-4 text-sm">
-              <p className="font-semibold">{errorMessage(statusQuery.error, "Pi management is unavailable")}</p>
-              <Button className="mt-3" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => { void statusQuery.refetch(); }}>Retry</Button>
+            <div role="alert" aria-label={t("Pi management unavailable")} className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-4 text-sm">
+              <p className="font-semibold">{t(errorMessage(statusQuery.error, t("Pi management is unavailable")))}</p>
+              <Button className="mt-3" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => { void statusQuery.refetch(); }}>{t("Retry")}</Button>
             </div>
-          ) : loading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading Pi management…</p> : statusQuery.data && (
+          ) : loading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading Pi management…")}</p> : statusQuery.data && (
             <div className="grid gap-6">
               <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-3">
                 <div>
-                  <p className="thot-label">Bundled runtime</p>
-                  <p className="mt-1 font-mono text-sm font-semibold">Pi {statusQuery.data.version ?? "version unavailable"}</p>
+                  <p className="thot-label">{t("Bundled runtime")}</p>
+                  <p className="mt-1 font-mono text-sm font-semibold">Pi {statusQuery.data.version ?? t("version unavailable")}</p>
                 </div>
-                <p role="status" aria-label="Pi readiness" className={`rounded-md border px-2.5 py-1 text-xs font-semibold ${statusQuery.data.ready ? "border-[oklch(var(--success)/0.4)] bg-[oklch(var(--success)/0.1)] text-foreground" : "border-amber-500/35 bg-amber-500/10 text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300"}`}>
-                  {statusQuery.data.ready ? "Ready" : "Needs attention"}
+                <p role="status" aria-label={t("Pi readiness")} className={`rounded-md border px-2.5 py-1 text-xs font-semibold ${statusQuery.data.ready ? "border-[oklch(var(--success)/0.4)] bg-[oklch(var(--success)/0.1)] text-foreground" : "border-amber-500/35 bg-amber-500/10 text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300"}`}>
+                  {statusQuery.data.ready ? t("Ready") : t("Needs attention")}
                 </p>
               </div>
 
@@ -371,57 +379,57 @@ export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; o
                 smokeState={smokeState}
               />
 
-              {statusQuery.data.message && <p role="status" aria-live="polite" className="rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-amber-900 dark:text-amber-200">{statusQuery.data.message}</p>}
-              {feedback && <p role="status" aria-label="Pi management feedback" aria-live="polite" className={`flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border px-3 py-2 text-sm ${feedback.tone === "error" ? "border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5" : "border-border bg-muted/50"}`}>
+              {statusQuery.data.message && <p role="status" aria-live="polite" className="rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-amber-900 dark:text-amber-200">{t(statusQuery.data.message)}</p>}
+              {feedback && <p role="status" aria-label={t("Pi management feedback")} aria-live="polite" className={`flex items-start gap-2 rounded-md border px-3 py-2 text-sm ${feedback.tone === "error" ? "border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5" : "border-border bg-muted/50"}`}>
                 {feedback.tone === "error" ? <CircleAlert className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-destructive" /> : <CheckCircle2 className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-[oklch(var(--success))]" />}
-                {feedback.message}
+                {renderAdminMessage(t, feedback.message)}
               </p>}
 
-              <section aria-label="Installation catalog default" className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
+              <section aria-label={t("Installation catalog default")} className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
                 <div className="flex flex-wrap items-baseline justify-between gap-2">
-                  <div><h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">Installation catalog default</h3><p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">This value is read from <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code>. Change the installation YAML and reload Pi; this page never creates a second model default.</p></div>
+                  <div><h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">{t("Installation catalog default")}</h3><p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("This value is read from")} <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code>{t(". Change the installation YAML and reload Pi; this page never creates a second model default.")}</p></div>
                 </div>
                 {catalogReady ? (
                   <>
                     <div className="mt-4 grid gap-3 text-sm sm:grid-cols-3">
-                      <div><p className="thot-label">Provider</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.provider}</p></div>
-                      <div><p className="thot-label">Model</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.model}</p></div>
-                      <div><p className="thot-label">Reasoning</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.reasoning}</p></div>
+                      <div><p className="thot-label">{t("Provider")}</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.provider}</p></div>
+                      <div><p className="thot-label">{t("Model")}</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.model}</p></div>
+                      <div><p className="thot-label">{t("Reasoning")}</p><p className="mt-1 font-mono font-semibold">{statusQuery.data.config.reasoning}</p></div>
                     </div>
                     <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-2">
-                      <Button size="sm" variant="outline" disabled={smokeMutation.isPending} onClick={testCatalogDefault}>{smokeMutation.isPending ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" /> : <FlaskConical />}Test catalog default</Button>
+                      <Button size="sm" variant="outline" disabled={smokeMutation.isPending} onClick={testCatalogDefault}>{smokeMutation.isPending ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" /> : <FlaskConical />}{t("Test catalog default")}</Button>
                     </div>
                   </>
                 ) : (
                   <div className="mt-4">
-                    <div role="alert" aria-label="Pi configuration incomplete" className="rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 p-4 text-sm text-amber-900 dark:text-amber-200">
-                      <p className="font-semibold">The catalog default is unavailable.</p>
-                      <p className="mt-1">Fix <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code> in the installation YAML, reload Pi, then retry this panel.</p>
+                    <div role="alert" aria-label={t("Pi configuration incomplete")} className="rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 p-4 text-sm text-amber-900 dark:text-amber-200">
+                      <p className="font-semibold">{t("The catalog default is unavailable.")}</p>
+                      <p className="mt-1">{t("Fix")} <code>modelCatalog.defaults.interaction</code> {t("in the installation YAML, reload Pi, then retry this panel.")}</p>
                     </div>
                     <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap gap-2">
-                      <Button size="sm" variant="outline" disabled><FlaskConical />Test catalog default</Button>
-                      <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { void statusQuery.refetch(); }}>Retry status</Button>
+                      <Button size="sm" variant="outline" disabled><FlaskConical />{t("Test catalog default")}</Button>
+                      <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { void statusQuery.refetch(); }}>{t("Retry status")}</Button>
                     </div>
                   </div>
                 )}
               </section>
 
-              <section aria-label="Session models" className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
+              <section aria-label={t("Session models")} className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
                 <div className="flex flex-wrap items-baseline justify-between gap-2">
                   <div>
-                    <h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">Session models</h3>
-                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Models currently available for interactive sessions in this installation.</p>
+                    <h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">{t("Session models")}</h3>
+                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Models currently available for interactive sessions in this installation.")}</p>
                   </div>
                   {modelsQuery.data && (
-                    <span className="font-mono text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{modelsQuery.data.models.length} available</span>
+                    <span className="font-mono text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{modelsQuery.data.models.length} {t("available")}</span>
                   )}
                 </div>
                 {modelsQuery.isLoading ? (
-                  <p className="mt-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading session models…</p>
+                  <p className="mt-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading session models…")}</p>
                 ) : modelsQuery.isError ? (
                   <div className="mt-4 flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3" role="alert">
-                    <p className="text-sm text-destructive">Could not load the session model catalog.</p>
-                    <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { void modelsQuery.refetch(); }}>Retry models</Button>
+                    <p className="text-sm text-destructive">{t("Could not load the session model catalog.")}</p>
+                    <Button size="sm" variant="ghost" onClick={() => { void modelsQuery.refetch(); }}>{t("Retry models")}</Button>
                   </div>
                 ) : modelsQuery.data?.models.length ? (
                   <ul className="mt-4 divide-y divide-border/70 border-y border-border/70">
@@ -434,23 +442,23 @@ export function PiManagement({ open, onClose, page = false }: { open: boolean; o
                             <p className="truncate text-sm font-semibold" title={model.name}>{model.name}</p>
                             <p className="mt-0.5 truncate font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground" title={model.provider + "/" + model.id}>{model.provider}/{model.id}</p>
                           </div>
-                          {isDefault && <span className="shrink-0 rounded-md bg-muted px-2 py-1 text-xs font-semibold text-foreground">Default</span>}
+                          {isDefault && <span className="shrink-0 rounded-md bg-muted px-2 py-1 text-xs font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Default")}</span>}
                         </li>
                       );
                     })}
                   </ul>
                 ) : (
-                  <p className="mt-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No session models are configured for this installation.</p>
+                  <p className="mt-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No session models are configured for this installation.")}</p>
                 )}
               </section>
 
-              <section aria-label="Sanitized diagnostics" className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
+              <section aria-label={t("Sanitized diagnostics")} className="border-t border-border/70 pt-5">
                 <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3">
-                  <div><h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">Sanitized diagnostics</h3><p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Shows at most 200 recent lines with declared secret values removed.</p></div>
-                  <Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => setLogsRequested(true)} disabled={logsQuery.isFetching}>{logsQuery.isFetching ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" /> : <ScrollText />}Show sanitized logs</Button>
+                  <div><h3 className="font-heading text-sm font-semibold">{t("Sanitized diagnostics")}</h3><p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Shows at most 200 recent lines with declared secret values removed.")}</p></div>
+                  <Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => setLogsRequested(true)} disabled={logsQuery.isFetching}>{logsQuery.isFetching ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" /> : <ScrollText />}{t("Show sanitized logs")}</Button>
                 </div>
-                {logsQuery.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-sm text-destructive">Could not load sanitized Pi diagnostics.</p>}
-                {logsQuery.data && <pre aria-label="Sanitized Pi diagnostics" className="mt-3 max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/50 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-wrap">{logsQuery.data.lines.join("\n") || "No diagnostic lines are available."}</pre>}
+                {logsQuery.isError && <p role="alert" className="mt-3 text-sm text-destructive">{t("Could not load sanitized Pi diagnostics.")}</p>}
+                {logsQuery.data && <pre aria-label={t("Sanitized Pi diagnostics")} className="mt-3 max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/50 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-wrap">{logsQuery.data.lines.join("\n") || t("No diagnostic lines are available.")}</pre>}
               </section>
             </div>
           )}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/RenameDialog.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/RenameDialog.tsx
index 8c5d8926..1add1c13 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/RenameDialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/RenameDialog.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, DialogFooter } from "../components/ui/dialog";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
@@ -10,7 +11,8 @@ interface Props {
   title?: string;
 }
 
-export function RenameDialog({ open, initial, onOpenChange, onSubmit, title = "Rename session" }: Props) {
+export function RenameDialog({ open, initial, onOpenChange, onSubmit, title }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [name, setName] = useState(initial);
   useEffect(() => { if (open) setName(initial); }, [open, initial]);
 
@@ -24,21 +26,21 @@ export function RenameDialog({ open, initial, onOpenChange, onSubmit, title = "R
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
       <DialogContent>
-        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>{title}</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
+        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>{title ?? translate("Rename session")}</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
         <form onSubmit={submit} className="flex flex-col gap-3">
           <div>
-            <label className="mb-1.5 block text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground" htmlFor="rename-name">Name</label>
+            <label className="mb-1.5 block text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground" htmlFor="rename-name">{translate("Name")}</label>
             <input
               id="rename-name"
               value={name}
               onChange={(e) => setName(e.target.value)}
               className="w-full rounded-lg border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm shadow-xs outline-none transition-[border-color,box-shadow] focus:border-primary/50 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-              placeholder="Session name…"
+              placeholder={translate("Session name…")}
             />
           </div>
           <DialogFooter>
-            <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Cancel</Button>
-            <Button type="submit" size="sm">Save</Button>
+            <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>{translate("Cancel")}</Button>
+            <Button type="submit" size="sm">{translate("Save")}</Button>
           </DialogFooter>
         </form>
       </DialogContent>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.test.tsx
index 9f477bcc..36eac988 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { server } from "../test/msw";
@@ -22,6 +24,24 @@ const base: SessionSummary = {
   name: null, group: null, archived: false,
 };
 
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("offers a localized retry after document loading fails and preserves document content", async () => {
+  server.use(http.get("/api/sessions/s1/documents", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 503 })));
+  wrap(<SessionDocumentsPanel session={base} onClose={vi.fn()} onResume={vi.fn()} />);
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Session documents could not be loaded.");
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Impossibile caricare i documenti della sessione.");
+  server.use(http.get("/api/sessions/s1/documents", () => HttpResponse.json([
+    { phase: "—", key: "question", title: "Original question", format: "text", content: "Choose a workspace" },
+  ])));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Riprova" }));
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("heading", { name: "Domanda originale" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Choose a workspace")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Riprendi" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+});
+
 beforeEach(() => {
   server.use(http.get("/api/sessions/s1/documents", () =>
     HttpResponse.json([
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.tsx
index 2144cd45..1784abe4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/SessionDocumentsPanel.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n, translate } from "../i18n";
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { X } from "lucide-react";
 import { getSessionDocuments } from "../api/sessions";
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 function statusLabel(s: SessionSummary): string {
-  if (s.archived) return "Archived";
-  if (s.status === "finalized") return "Completed";
-  return `In progress · ${s.status}`;
+  if (s.archived) return translate("Archived");
+  if (s.status === "finalized") return translate("Completed");
+  return translate("In progress · {status}", { status: translate(s.status) });
 }
 
 type MemoryItem = {
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ const HIDDEN_DECISION_TYPES = new Set([
 ]);
 
 function DocBody({ doc }: { doc: SessionDocument }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   if (doc.format === "sql") return <SqlViewer blocks={[{ name: doc.title, sql: doc.content }]} />;
   if (doc.format === "markdown") return <MarkdownView source={doc.content} />;
   if (doc.format === "schema-linking") {
@@ -71,10 +73,10 @@ function DocBody({ doc }: { doc: SessionDocument }) {
         })
       : [];
     if (items.length === 0) {
-      return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No memories recorded.</p>;
+      return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("No memories recorded.")}</p>;
     }
     return (
-      <ul aria-label="Memories" className="flex flex-col divide-y divide-border/50">
+      <ul aria-label={translate("Memories")} className="flex flex-col divide-y divide-border/50">
         {items.map((item, index) => (
           <li key={`${item.status}:${item.subject}:${index}`} className="py-4 first:pt-0">
             <span className={[
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ function DocBody({ doc }: { doc: SessionDocument }) {
                 ? "bg-[oklch(var(--success)/0.15)] text-[oklch(0.47_0.12_165)]"
                 : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground",
             ].join(" ")}>
-              {item.status === "approved" ? "Approved" : "Declined"}
+              {item.status === "approved" ? translate("Approved") : translate("Declined")}
             </span>
             <div className="mt-2 font-medium text-foreground">
               <MarkdownView source={item.subject} />
@@ -114,13 +116,13 @@ function DocBody({ doc }: { doc: SessionDocument }) {
       .filter((d): d is { type?: string; subject?: string; detail?: string } => (
         d !== null && !HIDDEN_DECISION_TYPES.has(d.type ?? "")
       ));
-    if (items.length === 0) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No decisions recorded.</p>;
+    if (items.length === 0) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("No decisions recorded.")}</p>;
     return (
       <ul className="flex flex-col divide-y divide-border/50">
         {items.map((d, i) => (
           <li key={i} className="py-3 first:pt-0">
             <span className={`inline-block rounded-md px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.62rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide ${decisionChipClass(d.type ?? "")}`}>
-              {(d.type ?? "decision").replace(/_/g, " ")}
+              {translate((d.type ?? "decision").replace(/_/g, " "))}
             </span>
             {d.subject && (
               <div className="mt-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
@@ -152,7 +154,8 @@ function decisionChipClass(type: string): string {
 }
 
 export function SessionDocumentsPanel({ session, onClose, onResume, desktopSplit = false, hidden = false }: Props) {
-  const { data: docs = [], isLoading } = useQuery<SessionDocument[]>({
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
+  const { data: docs = [], isLoading, isError, refetch } = useQuery<SessionDocument[]>({
     queryKey: ["session-documents", session.id],
     queryFn: () => getSessionDocuments(session.id),
   });
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ export function SessionDocumentsPanel({ session, onClose, onResume, desktopSplit
 
   return (
     <aside
-      aria-label="Session summary"
+      aria-label={translate("Session summary")}
       aria-hidden={hidden || undefined}
       hidden={hidden}
       className={[
@@ -179,16 +182,21 @@ export function SessionDocumentsPanel({ session, onClose, onResume, desktopSplit
         </div>
         <div className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1">
           {resumable && (
-            <Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => onResume(session.id)}>Resume</Button>
+            <Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={() => onResume(session.id)}>{translate("Resume")}</Button>
           )}
-          <Button size="icon-sm" variant="ghost" aria-label="Close panel" onClick={onClose}>
+          <Button size="icon-sm" variant="ghost" aria-label={translate("Close panel")} onClick={onClose}>
             <X className="size-4" />
           </Button>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div className="flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-3 py-5">
         {isLoading ? (
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Loading…</p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{translate("Loading…")}</p>
+        ) : isError ? (
+          <div role="alert" className="space-y-2 text-sm text-destructive">
+            <p>{translate("Session documents could not be loaded.")}</p>
+            <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => void refetch()}>{translate("Retry")}</Button>
+          </div>
         ) : (
           <div className="flex w-full flex-col gap-7">
             {docs.map((doc, idx) => (
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ export function SessionDocumentsPanel({ session, onClose, onResume, desktopSplit
               >
                 <div className="mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
                   <h3 className="thot-label">
-                    {doc.title}
+                    {translate(doc.title)}
                   </h3>
                   {doc.phase !== "—" && (
                     <span className="rounded-md bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-[0.6rem] font-medium text-muted-foreground">
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/SessionMenu.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/SessionMenu.tsx
index 5263941d..aebe3540 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/SessionMenu.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/SessionMenu.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
 import { MoreVertical } from "lucide-react";
 import type { SessionSummary } from "../api/types";
@@ -18,13 +19,14 @@ const itemCls =
   "flex w-full cursor-default select-none items-center rounded-md px-2 py-1.5 text-sm outline-none data-highlighted:bg-accent data-highlighted:text-accent-foreground";
 
 export function SessionMenu({ session, groups, onResume, onView, onRename, onMove, onNewGroup, onArchiveToggle, onDelete }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   // Resume re-enters the workflow; only meaningful while the session is still live
   // (the backend returns 409 for finalized/archived, matching this guard).
   const canResume = session.status !== "finalized" && !session.archived;
   return (
     <Menu.Root>
       <Menu.Trigger
-        aria-label="Session actions"
+        aria-label={translate("Session actions")}
         className="rounded-md p-1 text-muted-foreground transition-opacity hover:bg-accent data-popup-open:opacity-100"
         onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
       >
@@ -34,12 +36,12 @@ export function SessionMenu({ session, groups, onResume, onView, onRename, onMov
         <Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="end" sideOffset={4}>
           <Menu.Popup className="z-50 min-w-44 rounded-lg bg-popover p-1 text-popover-foreground shadow-md ring-1 ring-foreground/10 outline-none">
             {canResume && (
-              <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onResume}>Resume</Menu.Item>
+              <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onResume}>{translate("Resume")}</Menu.Item>
             )}
-            <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onView}>Split view</Menu.Item>
-            <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onRename}>Rename</Menu.Item>
+            <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onView}>{translate("Split view")}</Menu.Item>
+            <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onRename}>{translate("Rename")}</Menu.Item>
             <Menu.SubmenuRoot>
-              <Menu.SubmenuTrigger className={itemCls}>Move to group ›</Menu.SubmenuTrigger>
+              <Menu.SubmenuTrigger className={itemCls}>{translate("Move to group ›")}</Menu.SubmenuTrigger>
               <Menu.Portal>
                 <Menu.Positioner side="right" align="start">
                   <Menu.Popup className="z-50 min-w-44 rounded-lg bg-popover p-1 text-popover-foreground shadow-md ring-1 ring-foreground/10 outline-none">
@@ -47,18 +49,18 @@ export function SessionMenu({ session, groups, onResume, onView, onRename, onMov
                       <Menu.Item key={g} className={itemCls} onClick={() => onMove(g)}>{g}</Menu.Item>
                     ))}
                     {session.group && (
-                      <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={() => onMove("")}>No group</Menu.Item>
+                      <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={() => onMove("")}>{translate("No group")}</Menu.Item>
                     )}
-                    <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onNewGroup}>New group…</Menu.Item>
+                    <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onNewGroup}>{translate("New group…")}</Menu.Item>
                   </Menu.Popup>
                 </Menu.Positioner>
               </Menu.Portal>
             </Menu.SubmenuRoot>
             <Menu.Item className={itemCls} onClick={onArchiveToggle}>
-              {session.archived ? "Restore" : "Archive"}
+              {session.archived ? translate("Restore") : translate("Archive")}
             </Menu.Item>
             <Menu.Separator className="my-1 h-px bg-border" />
-            <Menu.Item className={`${itemCls} text-destructive`} onClick={onDelete}>Delete</Menu.Item>
+            <Menu.Item className={`${itemCls} text-destructive`} onClick={onDelete}>{translate("Delete")}</Menu.Item>
           </Menu.Popup>
         </Menu.Positioner>
       </Menu.Portal>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.test.tsx
index 73968e43..7215a1c2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.test.tsx
@@ -9,6 +9,55 @@ import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { workspacePreferences } from "../workspaces/preferences";
 import { ComposerFooter, ContextGauge, SteerInput } from "./SteerInput";
 import { setAuthState } from "../auth/authState";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+function wouldWarnBeforeReload() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test.each([null, "s1"])("protects an unsent composer draft for session %s without storing text", async sessionId => {
+  const view = render(<SteerInput sessionId={sessionId} />);
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Private draft {{patient}");
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(true);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: sessionId ? "Indicazioni" : "Nuova domanda" }))
+    .toHaveValue("Private draft {patient}");
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Invia" })).toBeEnabled();
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(true);
+  for (const storage of [localStorage, sessionStorage]) {
+    for (let index = 0; index < storage.length; index++) {
+      expect(storage.getItem(storage.key(index)!)).not.toContain("Private draft");
+    }
+  }
+  await userEvent.clear(screen.getByRole("textbox"));
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "   ");
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Unsent");
+  view.unmount();
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("retains the reload guard after a failed send and removes it after successful retry", async () => {
+  server.use(http.post("/api/sessions/s1/steer", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 503 })));
+  render(<SteerInput sessionId="s1" />);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Keep my steering");
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" }));
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("The service is temporarily unavailable. Please retry.");
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(true);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Il servizio è temporaneamente non disponibile. Riprova.");
+  server.use(http.post("/api/sessions/s1/steer", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 204 })));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Invia" }));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole("textbox")).toHaveValue(""));
+  expect(wouldWarnBeforeReload()).toBe(false);
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("alert")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+});
 
 const userA = {
   issuer: "local", subject: "user-a", roles: ["user"] as const,
@@ -52,7 +101,7 @@ test("new sessions send the ephemeral workspace, model, provider, and thinking",
   await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /send/i }));
 
   await waitFor(() => expect(body).toEqual({
-    question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "high",
+    question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "zai", model: "glm-5.2", thinking: "high", interactionLanguage: "en",
   }));
 });
 
@@ -360,7 +409,7 @@ test("switching workspaces preserves a globally available catalog model", async
   await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /send/i }));
 
   await waitFor(() => expect(body).toEqual({
-    question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "deepseek", model: "deepseek-v4-pro", thinking: "medium",
+    question: "q", workspaceId: "psd-clinical", provider: "deepseek", model: "deepseek-v4-pro", thinking: "medium", interactionLanguage: "en",
   }));
 });
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.tsx
index 008b79b0..76715014 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 // frontend/src/shell/SteerInput.tsx
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { CornerDownLeft } from "lucide-react";
@@ -46,9 +47,21 @@ export function SteerInput({
   awaitingInput = false,
   working = false,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const context = useWorkingContextScope();
   const [text, setText] = useState("");
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
+  const [sendError, setSendError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!text.trim()) return;
+    const protectDraft = (event: BeforeUnloadEvent) => {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      // Browsers display their own localized warning, not application copy.
+      event.returnValue = "";
+    };
+    window.addEventListener("beforeunload", protectDraft);
+    return () => window.removeEventListener("beforeunload", protectDraft);
+  }, [text]);
   const setLastUserEntry = useSessionStore((s) => s.setLastUserEntry);
   const setPhase = useSessionStore((s) => s.setPhase);
   const taRef = useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement | null>(null);
@@ -59,6 +72,7 @@ export function SteerInput({
     // before it can write the old session's completion into the new target.
     operationEpochRef.current += 1;
     setBusy(false);
+    setSendError(null);
   }, [sessionId]);
 
   // Merge our own ref (for autosizing) with the forwarded one (parent focus).
@@ -83,12 +97,17 @@ export function SteerInput({
     const operation = captureAuthOperation({ sessionId, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current });
     if (!operation) return;
     setBusy(true);
+    setSendError(null);
     if (sessionId) {
       try {
         await postSteer(sessionId, trimmed);
         if (!isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) return;
         setLastUserEntry({ kind: "input", text: trimmed });
         setText("");
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) {
+          setSendError(apiErrorMessage(error));
+        }
       } finally {
         if (isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: operationEpochRef.current })) {
           setBusy(false);
@@ -137,14 +156,14 @@ export function SteerInput({
     }
   }
 
-  return (
+  return (<>
     <div className="flex items-end gap-2">
       {sessionId && (
         <button
           type="button"
           onClick={onStop}
-          title="Stop & save session"
-          aria-label="Stop and save session"
+          title={translate("Stop & save session")}
+          aria-label={translate("Stop and save session")}
           className="grid size-7 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md border border-border text-primary transition-colors hover:bg-muted"
         >
           <span
@@ -159,8 +178,8 @@ export function SteerInput({
         value={text}
         onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
         onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
-        placeholder={sessionId ? "Free steering (!)…" : "Ask a question to start a new session…"}
-        aria-label={sessionId ? "Steering" : "New question"}
+        placeholder={sessionId ? translate("Free steering (!)…") : translate("Ask a question to start a new session…")}
+        aria-label={sessionId ? translate("Steering") : translate("New question")}
         data-awaiting-input={awaitingInput ? "true" : undefined}
         className={["max-h-40 flex-1 resize-none rounded-lg bg-card px-1 py-1 text-sm leading-relaxed outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground", awaitingInput && "thot-awaiting-input"].filter(Boolean).join(" ")}
       />
@@ -168,14 +187,15 @@ export function SteerInput({
         type="button"
         onClick={submit}
         disabled={!text.trim() || busy || Boolean(context && (!context.ready || context.administrationBusy))}
-        aria-label="Send"
-        title="Send"
+        aria-label={translate("Send")}
+        title={translate("Send")}
         className="grid size-7 shrink-0 place-items-center rounded-md border border-border text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-40"
       >
         <CornerDownLeft className="size-3.5" />
       </button>
     </div>
-  );
+    {sendError && <p role="alert" className="mt-1 text-sm text-destructive">{translate(sendError)}</p>}
+  </>);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -183,6 +203,7 @@ export function SteerInput({
  * Right: live context usage plus ephemeral workspace/model/thinking selectors.
  */
 export function ComposerFooter() {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const globalContext = useWorkingContextScope();
   const interactionBusy = useInteractionModelBusy();
   const { data: settings } = useQuery({ queryKey: ["settings"], queryFn: getSettings });
@@ -264,9 +285,9 @@ export function ComposerFooter() {
   return (
     <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 border-t border-border/60 px-3 py-1.5">
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-        {!globalContext && <FooterSelect aria-label="Workspace" value={workspace} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={(v) => update({ workspaceId: v })}>
+        {!globalContext && <FooterSelect aria-label={translate("Workspace")} value={workspace} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={(v) => update({ workspaceId: v })}>
           {workspaces.length === 0 ? (
-            <option value="">— workspace —</option>
+            <option value="">{translate("— workspace —")}</option>
           ) : (
             workspaces.filter((w) => w.revision).map((w) => (
               <option key={w.id} value={w.id}>
@@ -277,19 +298,19 @@ export function ComposerFooter() {
         </FooterSelect>}
         <span
           className="whitespace-nowrap font-mono text-[0.7rem] tabular-nums text-muted-foreground"
-          aria-label="Input, cached, and output tokens"
+          aria-label={translate("Input, cached, and output tokens")}
         >
           {formatTokenUsage(tokenUsage)}
         </span>
       </div>
 
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-        {!globalContext && <FooterSelect aria-label="Model" value={model} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={onModelChange}>
+        {!globalContext && <FooterSelect aria-label={translate("Model")} value={model} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={onModelChange}>
           {policyModels.length === 0 ? (
-            <option value={model}>{model || "— model —"}</option>
+            <option value={model}>{model || translate("— model —")}</option>
           ) : (
             <>
-              {showModelFallback && <option value={model}>{model || "— model —"}</option>}
+              {showModelFallback && <option value={model}>{model || translate("— model —")}</option>}
               {policyModels.map((m) => (
                 <option key={`${m.provider}/${m.id}`} value={`${m.provider}/${m.id}`}>
                   {m.name}
@@ -298,10 +319,10 @@ export function ComposerFooter() {
             </>
           )}
         </FooterSelect>}
-        <FooterSelect aria-label="Thinking level" value={thinking} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={(v) => update({ thinking: v })} className="capitalize">
+        <FooterSelect aria-label={translate("Thinking level")} value={thinking} disabled={interactionBusy} onChange={(v) => update({ thinking: v })} className="capitalize">
           {THINKING_LEVELS.map((l) => (
             <option key={l} value={l}>
-              {l}
+              {translate(l)}
             </option>
           ))}
         </FooterSelect>
@@ -355,6 +376,7 @@ export function formatTokenUsage(usage: {
 
 /** Circular context-usage gauge. `pct` in [0,1]; 0 renders an empty track. */
 export function ContextGauge({ pct = 0 }: { pct?: number }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const r = 6;
   const circ = 2 * Math.PI * r;
   const clamped = Math.min(Math.max(pct, 0), 1);
@@ -366,8 +388,8 @@ export function ContextGauge({ pct = 0 }: { pct?: number }) {
       : "stroke-red-500";
   return (
     <span
-      title="Context usage"
-      aria-label={`Context usage ${Math.round(clamped * 100)}%`}
+      title={translate("Context usage")}
+      aria-label={translate("Context usage {percent}%", { percent: Math.round(clamped * 100) })}
       data-level={level}
       className="inline-flex items-center"
     >
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/StopConfirmDialog.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/StopConfirmDialog.tsx
index 35b916cb..75ab1ee6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/StopConfirmDialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/StopConfirmDialog.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, DialogDescription, DialogFooter } from "../components/ui/dialog";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 
@@ -8,16 +9,16 @@ interface Props {
 }
 
 export function StopConfirmDialog({ open, onOpenChange, onConfirm }: Props) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={onOpenChange}>
       <DialogContent>
-        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>Stop the session?</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
+        <DialogHeader><DialogTitle>{translate("Stop the session?")}</DialogTitle></DialogHeader>
         <DialogDescription>
-          The running process will be interrupted. Progress so far is saved, and you can resume the session later.
-        </DialogDescription>
+          {translate("The running process will be interrupted. Progress so far is saved, and you can resume the session later.")}</DialogDescription>
         <DialogFooter>
-          <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Cancel</Button>
-          <Button type="button" variant="destructive" size="sm" onClick={() => { onConfirm(); onOpenChange(false); }}>Stop &amp; save</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>{translate("Cancel")}</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="destructive" size="sm" onClick={() => { onConfirm(); onOpenChange(false); }}>{translate("Stop & save")}</Button>
         </DialogFooter>
       </DialogContent>
     </Dialog>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.i18n.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.i18n.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edcc7029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.i18n.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { WidgetHost } from "./WidgetHost";
+import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  act(() => { setLocale("en"); useSessionStore.getState().resetSession(); });
+});
+
+test("gate chrome follows UI locale while model questions and choices remain in their session language", () => {
+  useSessionStore.setState({ pendingWidget: {
+    id: "approval", widget: "select", title: "Domanda del revisore",
+    options: [
+      { id: "approve", label: "Salva e procedi", label_i18n: "Save and proceed" },
+      { id: "proposal", label: "Usa la data del ricovero" },
+    ],
+  } });
+  render(<WidgetHost sessionId="s1" />);
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save and proceed" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Domanda del revisore")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Usa la data del ricovero" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Salva e procedi" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(useSessionStore.getState().pendingWidget?.options?.[0].label).toBe("Salva e procedi");
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.test.tsx
index d2a380af..cf145a2c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.test.tsx
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
-import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
+import { server } from "../test/msw";
+import { setAuthState } from "../auth/authState";
 import { WidgetHost } from "./WidgetHost";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import type { WidgetDescriptor } from "../api/types";
 
 // Replace the widget registry with a renderer that always throws, simulating a
 // viewer/widget that crashes on malformed gate data (the real white-screen path).
-vi.mock("../widgets", () => ({
-  resolve: () => function Exploding() {
-    throw new Error("bad gate payload");
-  },
-}));
+vi.mock("../widgets", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const widgets = await importOriginal<typeof import("../widgets")>();
+  return {
+    ...widgets,
+    resolve: (kind: string) => kind === "crashing-test" ? function Exploding() {
+      throw new Error("bad gate payload");
+    } : widgets.resolve(kind),
+  };
+});
 
 let errorSpy: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn>;
 beforeEach(() => {
@@ -22,7 +30,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
   act(() => useSessionStore.getState().resetSession());
 });
 
-const gate: WidgetDescriptor = { id: "g1", widget: "select", title: "Choose" };
+const gate: WidgetDescriptor = { id: "g1", widget: "crashing-test", title: "Choose" };
 
 test("a crashing widget shows a fallback instead of unmounting the app", async () => {
   useSessionStore.setState({ pendingWidget: gate });
@@ -33,3 +41,43 @@ test("a crashing widget shows a fallback instead of unmounting the app", async (
   // The store (and thus the surrounding app) is still alive and interactive.
   expect(useSessionStore.getState().pendingWidget).toEqual(gate);
 });
+
+test("keeps answer drafts protected during a failed POST and retry, then clears the warning on success", async () => {
+  setAuthState({ issuer: "local", subject: "reviewer", roles: ["user"], permissions: ["session.use"],
+    isAdmin: false, csrfToken: "a".repeat(43), session: null });
+  let release!: () => void;
+  const held = new Promise<void>(resolve => { release = resolve; });
+  let requests = 0;
+  server.use(http.post("/api/sessions/s1/response", async () => {
+    requests += 1;
+    if (requests === 1) {
+      await held;
+      return HttpResponse.json({ error: "Temporary failure" }, { status: 500 });
+    }
+    return new HttpResponse(null, { status: 204 });
+  }));
+  const reloadIsBlocked = () => {
+    const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+    window.dispatchEvent(event);
+    return event.defaultPrevented;
+  };
+  useSessionStore.setState({ pendingWidget: { id: "answer", widget: "freetext" } });
+  render(<WidgetHost sessionId="s1" />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Unsaved answer");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" }));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("status")).toHaveTextContent("Sending response");
+  try {
+    expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  } finally {
+    release();
+  }
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" })).toBeEnabled());
+  expect(screen.getByRole("textbox")).toHaveValue("Unsaved answer");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" }));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.queryByRole("textbox")).not.toBeInTheDocument());
+  expect(requests).toBe(2);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.tsx
index 7b5a60be..1bd0b0a0 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WidgetHost.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { resolve } from "../widgets";
@@ -5,9 +6,12 @@ import { postResponse } from "../api/sessions";
 import type { UiResponse } from "../api/types";
 import { ErrorBoundary } from "../components/ErrorBoundary";
 import { captureAuthOperation, isAuthOperationCurrent } from "../auth/authOperation";
+import { localizeWidget } from "../widgets/localize";
 
 export function WidgetHost({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
-  const pending = useSessionStore((s) => s.pendingWidget);
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
+  const source = useSessionStore((s) => s.pendingWidget);
+  const pending = source ? localizeWidget(source, translate) : null;
   const clearPending = useSessionStore((s) => s.clearPending);
   const pushToast = useSessionStore((s) => s.pushToast);
   const setLastUserEntry = useSessionStore((s) => s.setLastUserEntry);
@@ -41,8 +45,8 @@ export function WidgetHost({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
           level: "error",
           text:
             err instanceof Error
-              ? `Failed to send response: ${err.message}`
-              : "Failed to send response.",
+              ? translate("Failed to send response: {error}", { error: translate(err.message) })
+              : translate("Failed to send response."),
         });
         responseInFlight.current = false;
         setResponding(false);
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ export function WidgetHost({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
       kind: "choice",
       text:
         r.kind === "schema-linking"
-          ? `${r.tables?.filter((t) => t.enacted).length ?? 0} tables curated`
+          ? translate("{count} tables curated", { count: r.tables?.filter((t) => t.enacted).length ?? 0 })
           : r.text ?? r.choices?.join(", ") ?? r.decision?.type ?? r.control ?? "(choice)",
     });
     clearPending();
@@ -64,15 +68,14 @@ export function WidgetHost({ sessionId }: { sessionId: string | null }) {
   // A malformed gate payload must not white-screen the whole app: isolate the
   // widget render. resetKeys on the descriptor id so the next gate starts clean.
   return (
-    <ErrorBoundary resetKeys={[pending.id]} label="step">
+    <ErrorBoundary resetKeys={[pending.id]} label={translate("step")}>
       <div className="space-y-2">
         <fieldset disabled={responding} className="min-w-0 border-0 p-0">
           <Renderer descriptor={pending} onRespond={onRespond} sessionId={sessionId ?? undefined} />
         </fieldset>
         {responding && (
           <p role="status" aria-live="polite" className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            Sending response…
-          </p>
+            {translate("Sending response…")}</p>
         )}
       </div>
     </ErrorBoundary>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkAreaPanel.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkAreaPanel.tsx
index 4468572a..abe2b3ff 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkAreaPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkAreaPanel.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from "react";
 import { createPortal } from "react-dom";
 import { X } from "lucide-react";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
 
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ export const WorkAreaPanel = forwardRef<HTMLElement, WorkAreaPanelProps>(
       title,
       description,
       onClose,
-      closeLabel = "Close panel",
+      closeLabel,
       children,
       bodyClassName,
       footer,
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ export const WorkAreaPanel = forwardRef<HTMLElement, WorkAreaPanelProps>(
     },
     forwardedRef,
   ) {
+    const { t: translate } = useI18n();
     const panelHost = useContext(WorkAreaPanelHostContext);
     const titleId = useId();
     const descriptionId = useId();
@@ -236,8 +238,8 @@ export const WorkAreaPanel = forwardRef<HTMLElement, WorkAreaPanelProps>(
             data-drawer-close
             onClick={onClose}
             disabled={busy}
-            aria-label={closeLabel}
-            title={closeLabel}
+            aria-label={closeLabel ?? translate("Close panel")}
+            title={closeLabel ?? translate("Close panel")}
           >
             <X aria-hidden="true" />
           </Button>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.test.tsx
index 86b6b5b4..6e7db656 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.test.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
 // frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.test.tsx
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import { WorkflowBar } from "./WorkflowBar";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 
 beforeEach(() => useSessionStore.getState().resetSession());
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("updates phase names, state and timer accessibility live when the locale changes", () => {
+  useSessionStore.getState().setPhase("F4");
+  render(<WorkflowBar />);
+  expect(screen.getByText("Linking the schema")).toBeVisible();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("navigation", { name: "Avanzamento del workflow" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Collegamento dello schema")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("F4 Collegamento dello schema: in corso")).toHaveTextContent("F4");
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("Tempo di elaborazione")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(useSessionStore.getState().currentPhase).toBe("F4");
+  act(() => setLocale("en"));
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("F4 Schema linking — running")).toBeVisible();
+});
 
 test("highlights the phase matching currentPhase", () => {
   useSessionStore.getState().setPhase("F4");
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.tsx
index 0e0d8341..1197fe5b 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 // frontend/src/shell/WorkflowBar.tsx
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 import { ElapsedTimer } from "./ElapsedTimer";
@@ -16,19 +17,16 @@ const PHASES = [
   { id: "F8", name: "Datamart" },
 ];
 
-// Synthetic, human-readable title for the current phase, shown under the dots.
-// Static bilingual strings (no LLM): PHASE_LANG picks which set is displayed.
-// The rest of the app chrome is English, so the label follows suit.
-const PHASE_LANG: "en" | "it" = "en";
-const PHASE_TITLES: Record<string, { en: string; it: string }> = {
-  F1: { en: "Clarifying the question", it: "Chiarimento della domanda" },
-  F2: { en: "Recalling relevant memory", it: "Recupero delle memorie utili" },
-  F3: { en: "Rewriting the question", it: "Riscrittura della domanda" },
-  F4: { en: "Linking the schema", it: "Collegamento dello schema" },
-  F5: { en: "Planning the SQL", it: "Pianificazione della query" },
-  F6: { en: "Building the CTEs", it: "Costruzione delle CTE" },
-  F7: { en: "Finalizing the SQL", it: "Finalizzazione della query" },
-  F8: { en: "Building the datamart", it: "Costruzione del datamart" },
+// Message IDs stay locale-neutral until render, including for an active session.
+const PHASE_TITLES: Record<string, string> = {
+  F1: "Clarifying the question",
+  F2: "Recalling relevant memory",
+  F3: "Rewriting the question",
+  F4: "Linking the schema",
+  F5: "Planning the SQL",
+  F6: "Building the CTEs",
+  F7: "Finalizing the SQL",
+  F8: "Building the datamart",
 };
 
 type DotState = "done" | "running" | "error" | "pending";
@@ -54,18 +52,19 @@ export function WorkflowBar({
   /** Active session id — remounts the timer (resets it) when the session changes. */
   resetKey?: string | null;
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const currentPhase = useSessionStore((s) => s.currentPhase);
   const phaseError = useSessionStore((s) => s.phaseError);
   const activeIdx = PHASES.findIndex((p) => p.id === currentPhase);
   // On a finalized session all phases are done — surface the closing phase's title.
   const titleId = finalized ? "F8" : currentPhase;
-  const phaseTitle = titleId ? PHASE_TITLES[titleId]?.[PHASE_LANG] : null;
+  const phaseTitle = titleId ? PHASE_TITLES[titleId] : null;
 
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-1">
       <div className="flex items-center justify-center gap-3">
       <nav
-        aria-label="Workflow progress"
+        aria-label={translate("Workflow progress")}
         className="flex items-center gap-0 overflow-x-auto py-0.5"
       >
       {PHASES.map((p, i) => {
@@ -103,8 +102,8 @@ export function WorkflowBar({
                 data-testid={`phase-${p.id}`}
                 data-active={isActive ? "true" : "false"}
                 data-state={state}
-                title={`${p.id}: ${p.name}`}
-                aria-label={`${p.id} ${p.name} — ${state}`}
+                title={`${p.id}: ${translate(p.name)}`}
+                aria-label={translate("{phase} {name} — {state}", { phase: p.id, name: translate(p.name), state: translate(state) })}
                 aria-current={isActive ? "step" : undefined}
                 className={[
                   "relative inline-flex size-6 items-center justify-center rounded-full",
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ export function WorkflowBar({
           data-testid="phase-title"
           className="thot-label"
         >
-          {phaseTitle}
+          {translate(phaseTitle)}
         </span>
       )}
     </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkingContextShelf.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkingContextShelf.tsx
index 1597a474..d3b79cef 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkingContextShelf.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkingContextShelf.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { ChevronDown, Cpu, Layers, LockKeyhole, SlidersHorizontal } from "lucide-react";
 import { Button } from "../components/ui/button";
@@ -8,33 +9,34 @@ export function WorkingContextShelf({ context, locked, onWorkspace, onModel }: {
   context: ReturnType<typeof useWorkingContext>; locked: boolean;
   onWorkspace: (id: string) => void; onModel: (id: string) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false);
   const open = expanded || !context.ready;
-  return <section className="thot-context-shelf" aria-label="Global working context">
+  return <section className="thot-context-shelf" aria-label={translate("Global working context")}>
     <button className="thot-context-trigger" aria-expanded={open} aria-controls="thoth-working-context"
       onClick={() => setExpanded(!open)}>
       <SlidersHorizontal size={18} aria-hidden />
-      <span className="thot-context-summary"><small>WORKING CONTEXT</small><strong>{context.workspace?.displayName ?? "Choose workspace"}<span aria-hidden> / </span>{context.model?.name ?? "Choose model"}</strong></span>
-      <span className="thot-context-action">{locked && <LockKeyhole size={15} aria-hidden />}<span>{locked ? "Locked" : open ? "Close" : "Change context"}</span><ChevronDown size={16} aria-hidden /></span>
+      <span className="thot-context-summary"><small>{translate("WORKING CONTEXT")}</small><strong>{context.workspace?.displayName ?? translate("Choose workspace")}<span aria-hidden> / </span>{context.model?.name ?? translate("Choose model")}</strong></span>
+      <span className="thot-context-action">{locked && <LockKeyhole size={15} aria-hidden />}<span>{locked ? translate("Locked") : open ? translate("Close") : translate("Change context")}</span><ChevronDown size={16} aria-hidden /></span>
     </button>
     <div id="thoth-working-context" hidden={!open} className="thot-context-body">
-      <p className="thot-context-explanation">Your last choices take precedence over installation defaults. Workspace and model are remembered independently.</p>
+      <p className="thot-context-explanation">{translate("Your last choices take precedence over installation defaults. Workspace and model are remembered independently.")}</p>
       <div className="thot-context-fields">
-        <label><span><Layers size={15} aria-hidden />Workspace</span>
-          <select aria-label="Workspace" value={context.workspace ? context.workspaceId : ""} disabled={locked || context.loading} onChange={event => onWorkspace(event.target.value)}>
-            <option value="" disabled>Choose a workspace</option>{context.workspaces.map(workspace => <option key={workspace.id} value={workspace.id}>{workspace.displayName}</option>)}
-          </select><small>{context.origins.workspace}</small>
+        <label><span><Layers size={15} aria-hidden />{translate("Workspace")}</span>
+          <select aria-label={translate("Workspace")} value={context.workspace ? context.workspaceId : ""} disabled={locked || context.loading} onChange={event => onWorkspace(event.target.value)}>
+            <option value="" disabled>{translate("Choose a workspace")}</option>{context.workspaces.map(workspace => <option key={workspace.id} value={workspace.id}>{workspace.displayName}</option>)}
+          </select><small>{translate(context.origins.workspace)}</small>
         </label>
-        <label><span><Cpu size={15} aria-hidden />AI interaction model</span>
-          <select aria-label="Model" value={context.model ? context.modelId : ""} disabled={locked || context.loading} onChange={event => onModel(event.target.value)}>
-            <option value="" disabled>Choose a model</option>{context.models.map(model => <option key={`${model.provider}/${model.id}`} value={`${model.provider}/${model.id}`}>{model.name}</option>)}
-          </select><small>{context.origins.model}</small>
+        <label><span><Cpu size={15} aria-hidden />{translate("AI interaction model")}</span>
+          <select aria-label={translate("Model")} value={context.model ? context.modelId : ""} disabled={locked || context.loading} onChange={event => onModel(event.target.value)}>
+            <option value="" disabled>{translate("Choose a model")}</option>{context.models.map(model => <option key={`${model.provider}/${model.id}`} value={`${model.provider}/${model.id}`}>{model.name}</option>)}
+          </select><small>{translate(context.origins.model)}</small>
         </label>
       </div>
-      {locked && <p role="status">Workspace and model are locked until the current operation finishes.</p>}
-      {context.ready && context.error && <p role="status">Context refresh failed. Your current choices and unsaved work have been retained.</p>}
-      {!context.ready && <p role="status">{context.loading ? "Loading working context…" : context.error ? "Working context is unavailable. Retry or ask the installation operator to check configuration." : "Select an available workspace and model to enable Core and Administration. Unavailable saved choices are not replaced automatically."}</p>}
-      <div className="thot-context-footer">{context.error && <Button variant="outline" onClick={context.retry}>Retry context</Button>}{context.ready && <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => setExpanded(false)}>Done</Button>}</div>
+      {locked && <p role="status">{translate("Workspace and model are locked until the current operation finishes.")}</p>}
+      {context.ready && context.error && <p role="status">{translate("Context refresh failed. Your current choices and unsaved work have been retained.")}</p>}
+      {!context.ready && <p role="status">{context.loading ? translate("Loading working context…") : context.error ? translate("Working context is unavailable. Retry or ask the installation operator to check configuration.") : translate("Select an available workspace and model to enable Core and Administration. Unavailable saved choices are not replaced automatically.")}</p>}
+      <div className="thot-context-footer">{context.error && <Button variant="outline" onClick={context.retry}>{translate("Retry context")}</Button>}{context.ready && <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => setExpanded(false)}>{translate("Done")}</Button>}</div>
     </div>
   </section>;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.test.tsx
index 64f3df24..8fa6605e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { act, render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
 import { beforeEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
@@ -136,6 +137,21 @@ test("defaults workspace mutations and secrets to denied", async () => {
   expect(screen.queryByRole("heading", { name: "Runtime secrets" })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
 });
 
+test("switches workspace controls and runtime secret help in place", async () => {
+  renderManager();
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "PSD Clinical" }));
+  await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Validate workspace source" });
+  try {
+    act(() => setLocale("it"));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Valida origine del workspace" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Verifica connessioni del workspace" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Segreti runtime" })).toBeVisible();
+    act(() => setLocale("en"));
+    expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Validate workspace source" })).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByRole("heading", { name: "Runtime secrets" })).toBeVisible();
+  } finally { act(() => setLocale("en")); }
+});
+
 test("page tabs group workspace areas and preserve unsaved secrets across tabs", async () => {
   const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } });
   render(<QueryClientProvider client={client}>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.tsx
index 72bee9fd..9878fd70 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspaceManager.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { useI18n, translate } from "../i18n";
+import { renderAdminDiagnostic } from "./database-management/messages";
 import { useEffect, useId, useLayoutEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import {
@@ -44,10 +46,11 @@ function QueryError({ name, message, retryLabel, onRetry }: {
   retryLabel: string;
   onRetry: () => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
-    <div role="alert" aria-label={name} className="grid gap-2 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-3 text-sm">
-      <p>{message}</p>
-      <div><Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onRetry}>{retryLabel}</Button></div>
+    <div role="alert" aria-label={t(name)} className="grid gap-2 rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-3 text-sm">
+      <p>{t(message)}</p>
+      <div><Button size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onRetry}>{t(retryLabel)}</Button></div>
     </div>
   );
 }
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ function publicError(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
 }
 
 function stateLabel(state: "ready" | "configuration_required"): string {
-  return state === "ready" ? "Ready" : "Runtime configuration required";
+  return state === "ready" ? translate("Ready") : translate("Runtime configuration required");
 }
 
 const workspaceAuthoringGuideUrl =
@@ -98,6 +101,7 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
   canManageWorkspace?: boolean;
   canManageSecrets?: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const workingContext = useWorkingContextScope();
   const tabsId = useId();
   const [activeArea, setActiveArea] = useState<typeof workspaceAreas[number]>("Preparation");
@@ -232,7 +236,7 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
   const workspaces = (workspacesQuery.data ?? []).filter(workspace => !workingContext || workspace.id === workingContext.workspaceId);
   const selectedSummary = useMemo(
     () => workspaces.find(({ id }) => id === selectedId),
-    [selectedId, workspaces],
+    [selectedId, workspaces, t],
   );
   const detailQuery = useQuery({
     queryKey: ["workspace", selectedId],
@@ -251,13 +255,13 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
   };
 
   const selectWorkspace = (id: string) => {
-    if (page && (busyAction || (hasEnteredSecrets && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved workspace secrets?")))) return;
+    if (page && (busyAction || (hasEnteredSecrets && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved workspace secrets?"))))) return;
     invalidateWorkspaceContext();
     setSelectedId(id);
   };
 
   const showLevelOne = () => {
-    if (page && (busyAction || (hasEnteredSecrets && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved workspace secrets?")))) return;
+    if (page && (busyAction || (hasEnteredSecrets && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved workspace secrets?"))))) return;
     invalidateWorkspaceContext();
     setSelectedId(undefined);
   };
@@ -409,7 +413,7 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
   const repository = statusQuery.data?.repository;
   const repositoryLabel = repository
     ? `${repository.host}/${repository.repository}`
-    : "the repository configured for this ThothII installation";
+    : t("the repository configured for this ThothII installation");
   const repositoryWebUrl = repository && repository.transport !== "local"
     ? `https://${repository.host}/${repository.repository}`
     : undefined;
@@ -424,17 +428,17 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
     <WorkAreaPanel
       open={open}
       mode={page ? "page" : "panel"}
-      ariaLabel="Workspace management"
+      ariaLabel={t("Workspace management")}
       width="expanded"
-      eyebrow="Workspace configuration"
-      title="Workspace management"
-      description="Read, validate, and complete the runtime configuration of workspaces supplied by the installation repository."
+      eyebrow={t("Workspace configuration")}
+      title={t("Workspace management")}
+      description={t("Read, validate, and complete the runtime configuration of workspaces supplied by the installation repository.")}
       onClose={close}
-      closeLabel="Close workspace management"
+      closeLabel={t("Close workspace management")}
       bodyClassName="thot-work-area-panel__body--flush"
     >
         <div className="thot-workspace-manager__layout">
-          <nav aria-label="Workspaces" className="thot-workspace-manager__navigation flex min-h-0 flex-col bg-muted/30 p-3">
+          <nav aria-label={t("Workspaces")} className="thot-workspace-manager__navigation flex min-h-0 flex-col bg-muted/30 p-3">
             <Button
               type="button"
               size="sm"
@@ -442,13 +446,13 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
               className="mb-3 w-full justify-start"
               onClick={showLevelOne}
             >
-              <ArrowLeft />{page ? "Repository overview" : "Back to Level 1"}
+              <ArrowLeft />{page ? t("Repository overview") : t("Back to Level 1")}
             </Button>
-            <p className="mb-2 px-2 text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">Available workspaces</p>
+            <p className="mb-2 px-2 text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{t("Available workspaces")}</p>
             <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto">
-              {workspacesQuery.isLoading && <p className="p-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Loading workspaces…</p>}
+              {workspacesQuery.isLoading && <p className="p-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading workspaces…")}</p>}
               {workspacesQuery.isError && (
-                <QueryError name="Workspace list failed" message="Could not load workspaces." retryLabel="Retry workspace list" onRetry={() => { void workspacesQuery.refetch(); }} />
+                <QueryError name="Workspace list failed" message={t("Could not load workspaces.")} retryLabel={t("Retry workspace list")} onRetry={() => { void workspacesQuery.refetch(); }} />
               )}
               {workspaces.map((workspace) => (
                 <button
@@ -461,26 +465,26 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
                 >
                   <span className="block truncate">{workspace.displayName}</span>
                   <span className="block truncate text-xs text-muted-foreground">{workspace.id}</span>
-                  <span className="mt-1 block text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">{stateLabel(workspace.configurationState)}</span>
+                  <span className="mt-1 block text-[0.7rem] text-muted-foreground">{t(stateLabel(workspace.configurationState))}</span>
                 </button>
               ))}
             </div>
           </nav>
 
           <section
-            aria-label="Workspace configuration"
+            aria-label={t("Workspace configuration")}
             className="thot-workspace-manager__content min-h-0 min-w-0 overflow-y-auto overscroll-contain px-6 py-5"
           >
             {notice && (
               <p role="status" className="mb-4 flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/50 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
-                <CheckCircle2 className="size-4 text-primary" />{notice}
+                <CheckCircle2 className="size-4 text-primary" />{t(notice)}
               </p>
             )}
             {diagnostics.length > 0 && (
               <div data-testid="workspace-diagnostics" aria-live="polite" className="mb-4 grid gap-1 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
                 {diagnostics.map((diagnostic) => (
                   <p key={diagnostic} className="flex items-start gap-2">
-                    <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{diagnostic}
+                    <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{renderAdminDiagnostic(t, diagnostic)}
                   </p>
                 ))}
               </div>
@@ -489,63 +493,58 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
             {!selectedSummary ? (
               <section data-testid="workspace-overview" className="mx-auto max-w-3xl space-y-5">
                 <div>
-                  <p className="thot-label">Repository</p>
-                  <h2 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold">What workspace files tell ThothII</h2>
+                  <p className="thot-label">{t("Repository")}</p>
+                  <h2 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold">{t("What workspace files tell ThothII")}</h2>
                 </div>
                 <div className="grid gap-3 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
                   <p>
-                    A workspace file describes one data environment. Its <code>workspace.yaml</code> gives ThothII the workspace identity and language, plus any Evidence sources that support analysis. Database metadata and connection settings are managed separately in the PostgreSQL Catalog.
-                  </p>
+                    {t("A workspace file describes one data environment. Its")} <code>workspace.yaml</code> {t("gives ThothII the workspace identity and language, plus any Evidence sources that support analysis. Database metadata and connection settings are managed separately in the PostgreSQL Catalog.")}</p>
                   <p>
-                    One Git repository can contain many workspaces. At its root, <code>thoth-workspaces.yaml</code> lists them, and each workspace has its own directory and <code>workspace.yaml</code>. This keeps workspace identity and supporting Evidence distinct while versioning them together.
-                  </p>
+                    {t("One Git repository can contain many workspaces. At its root,")} <code>thoth-workspaces.yaml</code> {t("lists them, and each workspace has its own directory and")} <code>workspace.yaml</code>{t(". This keeps workspace identity and supporting Evidence distinct while versioning them together.")}</p>
                 </div>
                 <div>
-                  <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold text-foreground">How this installation uses the repository</h3>
+                  <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold text-foreground">{t("How this installation uses the repository")}</h3>
                   <ol className="mt-1 grid list-decimal gap-0 pl-5 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
                     <li>
-                      The repository address, branch, and read-only Git credentials are configured during ThothII installation. This installation reads{" "}
+                      {t("The repository address, branch, and read-only Git credentials are configured during ThothII installation. This installation reads")}{" "}
                       {repositoryWebUrl ? (
                         <a href={repositoryWebUrl} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="break-all font-medium text-foreground underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-primary">{repositoryLabel}</a>
                       ) : (
                         <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{repositoryLabel}</span>
                       )}{" "}
-                      on branch <span className="font-mono text-foreground">{statusQuery.data?.branch ?? "main"}</span>.
+                      {t("on branch")} <span className="font-mono text-foreground">{statusQuery.data?.branch ?? "main"}</span>.
                     </li>
-                    <li>ThothII fetches the configured branch into its managed read-only checkout, reads the workspaces listed in the repository, and validates the complete candidate revision before activating it.</li>
-                    <li>The active revision stays read-only. ThothII never edits, commits, pushes, or publishes workspace files; if validation fails, the previous valid revision stays active.</li>
+                    <li>{t("ThothII fetches the configured branch into its managed read-only checkout, reads the workspaces listed in the repository, and validates the complete candidate revision before activating it.")}</li>
+                    <li>{t("The active revision stays read-only. ThothII never edits, commits, pushes, or publishes workspace files; if validation fails, the previous valid revision stays active.")}</li>
                   </ol>
                 </div>
                 <p className="text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
-                  The <a href={workspaceAuthoringGuideUrl} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="font-medium text-foreground underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-primary">workspace authoring instructions on GitHub</a> explain the required layout and validation rules for people who maintain the repository.
-                </p>
+                  {t("The")} <a href={workspaceAuthoringGuideUrl} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" className="font-medium text-foreground underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-primary">{t("workspace authoring instructions on GitHub")}</a> {t("explain the required layout and validation rules for people who maintain the repository.")}</p>
                 {canManageWorkspace && <div className="rounded-lg border border-border bg-muted/30 p-4">
                   <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-4">
                     <div className="max-w-2xl">
-                      <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold">Update workspace repository</h3>
-                      <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">Fetches the configured branch directly into the managed read-only checkout and validates it. No workspace selection is required. If candidate validation fails, the current active revision remains unchanged.</p>
+                      <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold">{t("Update workspace repository")}</h3>
+                      <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{t("Fetches the configured branch directly into the managed read-only checkout and validates it. No workspace selection is required. If candidate validation fails, the current active revision remains unchanged.")}</p>
                     </div>
                     <Button disabled={busyAction === "repository"} onClick={() => { void updateRepository(); }}>
-                      <GitPullRequest />Update workspace repository
-                    </Button>
+                      <GitPullRequest />{t("Update workspace repository")}</Button>
                   </div>
                 </div>}
                 {!canManageWorkspace && (
                   <p className="rounded-lg border border-border bg-muted/30 p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                    You can inspect workspaces. Workspace updates, validation, and connection tests require workspace management permission.
-                  </p>
+                    {t("You can inspect workspaces. Workspace updates, validation, and connection tests require workspace management permission.")}</p>
                 )}
-                <p className="text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">Selecting a workspace from the left opens its own revision, Evidence configuration, runtime requirements, validation, and connection checks. Database configuration is available in Database management.</p>
+                <p className="text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{t("Selecting a workspace from the left opens its own revision, Evidence configuration, runtime requirements, validation, and connection checks. Database configuration is available in Database management.")}</p>
               </section>
             ) : (
               <section className="mx-auto max-w-4xl space-y-5">
                 <div className="border-b border-border/70 pb-4">
-                  <p className="thot-label">Selected workspace</p>
+                  <p className="thot-label">{t("Selected workspace")}</p>
                   <h2 className="font-heading text-xl font-semibold">{selectedSummary.displayName}</h2>
                   <p className="font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">{selectedSummary.id}</p>
                 </div>
 
-                {page && <div role="tablist" aria-label="Workspace areas" className="thot-workspace-area-tabs">
+                {page && <div role="tablist" aria-label={t("Workspace areas")} className="thot-workspace-area-tabs">
                   {workspaceAreas.map((area, index) => <button
                     key={area}
                     ref={element => { areaTabs.current[index] = element; }}
@@ -563,105 +562,101 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
                       setActiveArea(workspaceAreas[next]);
                       areaTabs.current[next]?.focus();
                     }}
-                  >{area}</button>)}
+                  >{t(area)}</button>)}
                 </div>}
                 {page && selectedId && <div {...areaPanel("Preparation")}>
                   <WorkspacePreparation workspaceId={selectedId} canManage={canPreprocess} />
                 </div>}
 
-                {(detailQuery.isLoading || runtimeQuery.isLoading) && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading workspace configuration…</p>}
+                {(detailQuery.isLoading || runtimeQuery.isLoading) && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading workspace configuration…")}</p>}
                 {(detailQuery.isError || runtimeQuery.isError) && (
-                  <QueryError name="Workspace configuration failed" message="Could not load this workspace configuration." retryLabel="Retry workspace configuration" onRetry={() => { void Promise.all([detailQuery.refetch(), runtimeQuery.refetch()]); }} />
+                  <QueryError name="Workspace configuration failed" message={t("Could not load this workspace configuration.")} retryLabel={t("Retry workspace configuration")} onRetry={() => { void Promise.all([detailQuery.refetch(), runtimeQuery.refetch()]); }} />
                 )}
 
                 {detailQuery.data && runtime && (
                   <>
                     <div {...areaPanel("About")}>
                     <div className="max-w-3xl">
-                      <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold">About this workspace</h3>
+                      <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold">{t("About this workspace")}</h3>
                       <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
-                        <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{selectedSummary.displayName}</span> is one workspace in the shared repository. Its workspace.yaml defines identity, language, and optional Evidence sources for this data environment. Its database is configured and described in the PostgreSQL Catalog.
-                      </p>
+                        <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{selectedSummary.displayName}</span> {t("is one workspace in the shared repository. Its workspace.yaml defines identity, language, and optional Evidence sources for this data environment. Its database is configured and described in the PostgreSQL Catalog.")}</p>
                       <p className="mt-2 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
-                        The active revision shown below is the exact version currently activated by ThothII. Reading or checking it does not modify the repository. Source changes are made in Git and become available after a new revision is fetched, validated, and activated.
-                      </p>
+                        {t("The active revision shown below is the exact version currently activated by ThothII. Reading or checking it does not modify the repository. Source changes are made in Git and become available after a new revision is fetched, validated, and activated.")}</p>
                     </div>
 
                     <dl className="grid gap-3 rounded-lg border border-border bg-muted/20 p-4 text-sm sm:grid-cols-2">
-                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Source file</dt><dd className="font-mono">{selectedSummary.file}</dd></div>
-                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Active revision</dt><dd className="truncate font-mono">{detailQuery.data.revision.commit}</dd></div>
-                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Workspace language</dt><dd className="font-mono text-xs">{detailQuery.data.workspace.workspace.language}</dd></div>
-                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Runtime status</dt><dd>{stateLabel(runtime.configurationState)}</dd></div>
+                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Source file")}</dt><dd className="font-mono">{selectedSummary.file}</dd></div>
+                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Active revision")}</dt><dd className="truncate font-mono">{detailQuery.data.revision.commit}</dd></div>
+                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Workspace language")}</dt><dd className="font-mono text-xs">{detailQuery.data.workspace.workspace.language}</dd></div>
+                      <div><dt className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Runtime status")}</dt><dd>{t(stateLabel(runtime.configurationState))}</dd></div>
                     </dl>
                     </div>
 
                     <div {...areaPanel("Specific actions")}>
                     <div>
-                      <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold">Workspace-specific actions</h3>
-                      <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">The validation and connection checks below apply only to <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{selectedSummary.displayName}</span> and read its active revision without changing or publishing it.</p>
+                      <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold">{t("Workspace-specific actions")}</h3>
+                      <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-muted-foreground">{t("The validation and connection checks below apply only to")} <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{selectedSummary.displayName}</span> {t("and read its active revision without changing or publishing it.")}</p>
                     </div>
 
                     <div className="grid gap-3 lg:grid-cols-2">
                       <div data-testid="workspace-validation-card" className="rounded-lg border border-border p-4">
-                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">Validate workspace source</h4>
-                        <p className="mt-1 min-h-12 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">Confirms that workspace.yaml and the directories belonging to this workspace follow the supported format. This identifies source problems before activation, without changing repository files.</p>
+                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">{t("Validate workspace source")}</h4>
+                        <p className="mt-1 min-h-12 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Confirms that workspace.yaml and the directories belonging to this workspace follow the supported format. This identifies source problems before activation, without changing repository files.")}</p>
                         {validationNotice && (
                           <p role="status" className="mt-3 rounded-md border border-emerald-500/30 bg-emerald-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-emerald-700">
-                            <CheckCircle2 className="mr-1 inline size-4 text-emerald-600" />{validationNotice}
+                            <CheckCircle2 className="mr-1 inline size-4 text-emerald-600" />{t(validationNotice)}
                           </p>
                         )}
                         {validationDiagnostics.length > 0 && (
                           <div role="alert" aria-live="polite" className="mt-3 grid gap-1 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
                             {validationDiagnostics.map((diagnostic) => (
                               <p key={diagnostic} className="flex items-start gap-2">
-                                <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{diagnostic}
+                                <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{renderAdminDiagnostic(t, diagnostic)}
                               </p>
                             ))}
                           </div>
                         )}
                         {canManageWorkspace && <Button className="mt-3" size="sm" variant="outline" disabled={busyAction === "validate"} onClick={() => { void validateSource(); }}>
-                          <ClipboardCheck />Validate workspace source
-                        </Button>}
+                          <ClipboardCheck />{t("Validate workspace source")}</Button>}
                       </div>
                       <div data-testid="workspace-connection-card" className="rounded-lg border border-border p-4">
-                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">Test workspace connections</h4>
-                        <p className="mt-1 min-h-12 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">Verifies the database configured in Database Management, plus this workspace&apos;s Evidence source and the installation semantic services. The result is informational.</p>
+                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">{t("Test workspace connections")}</h4>
+                        <p className="mt-1 min-h-12 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Verifies the database configured in Database Management, plus this workspace's Evidence source and the installation semantic services. The result is informational.")}</p>
                         {connectionNotice && (
                           <p role="status" className="mt-3 rounded-md border border-emerald-500/30 bg-emerald-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm text-emerald-700">
-                            <CheckCircle2 className="mr-1 inline size-4 text-emerald-600" />{connectionNotice}
+                            <CheckCircle2 className="mr-1 inline size-4 text-emerald-600" />{renderAdminDiagnostic(t, connectionNotice)}
                           </p>
                         )}
                         {connectionDiagnostics.length > 0 && (
                           <div role="alert" aria-live="polite" className="mt-3 grid gap-1 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
                             {connectionDiagnostics.map((diagnostic) => (
                               <p key={diagnostic} className="flex items-start gap-2">
-                                <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{diagnostic}
+                                <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />{renderAdminDiagnostic(t, diagnostic)}
                               </p>
                             ))}
                           </div>
                         )}
                         {canManageWorkspace && <Button className="mt-3" size="sm" variant="outline" disabled={busyAction === "test"} onClick={() => { void testConnections(); }}>
-                          <FlaskConical />Test workspace connections
-                        </Button>}
+                          <FlaskConical />{t("Test workspace connections")}</Button>}
                       </div>
                     </div>
 
                     </div>
 
                     <div {...areaPanel("Authentication")}>
-                    {!authentication && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Run a connection test in Specific actions to inspect authentication diagnostics.</p>}
+                    {!authentication && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Run a connection test in Specific actions to inspect authentication diagnostics.")}</p>}
                     {authentication && <section data-testid="workspace-authentication" className="rounded-lg border border-border p-4">
                       <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2">
-                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">Authentication</h4>
+                        <h4 className="font-heading font-semibold">{t("Authentication")}</h4>
                         <span className={authentication.ready ? "text-sm font-medium text-emerald-700" : "text-sm font-medium text-amber-700"}>
-                          {authentication.ready ? "Passed" : "Failed"}
+                          {authentication.ready ? t("Passed") : t("Failed")}
                         </span>
                       </div>
                       {authentication.checks.some(({ level }) => level === "error") && <div role="alert" className="mt-3 grid gap-1 rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-sm">
                         {authentication.checks.filter(({ level }) => level === "error").map(({ code, field, message }) => (
                           <p key={`${code}:${field ?? ""}`} className="flex items-start gap-2">
                             <AlertCircle className="mt-0.5 size-4 shrink-0 text-amber-700" />
-                            {code}: {field === undefined ? message : `${field} — ${message}`}
+                            {code}: {field === undefined ? t(message) : `${field} — ${t(message)}`}
                           </p>
                         ))}
                       </div>}
@@ -671,28 +666,28 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
                       <div className="mb-4 flex items-start gap-3">
                         <KeyRound className="mt-0.5 size-5 text-primary" />
                         <div>
-                          <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold">Runtime secrets</h3>
-                          <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">Some connectors need credentials at runtime. ThothII stores these values separately from Git and never displays stored values. Enter a value only when adding or replacing a credential for this workspace.</p>
+                          <h3 className="font-heading font-semibold">{t("Runtime secrets")}</h3>
+                          <p className="mt-1 text-sm leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t("Some connectors need credentials at runtime. ThothII stores these values separately from Git and never displays stored values. Enter a value only when adding or replacing a credential for this workspace.")}</p>
                         </div>
                       </div>
                       {runtime.requirements.length === 0 ? (
-                        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">This workspace does not require user-provided runtime secrets for its selected connectors.</p>
+                        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("This workspace does not require user-provided runtime secrets for its selected connectors.")}</p>
                       ) : (
                         <div className="grid gap-4">
                           {runtime.requirements.map((requirement) => (
                             <div key={requirement.id} className="grid gap-2 rounded-md bg-muted/30 p-3">
                               <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2">
-                                <label htmlFor={`workspace-secret-${requirement.id}`} className="font-medium">{requirement.label}</label>
+                                <label htmlFor={`workspace-secret-${requirement.id}`} className="font-medium">{t(requirement.label)}</label>
                                 <span className={requirement.configured ? "text-xs font-medium text-emerald-700" : "text-xs font-medium text-amber-700"}>
-                                  {requirement.configured ? "Configured" : "Not configured"}
+                                  {requirement.configured ? t("Configured") : t("Not configured")}
                                 </span>
                               </div>
-                              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{requirement.description}{requirement.required ? " Required for this workspace." : " Optional."}</p>
+                              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(requirement.description)}{requirement.required ? t(" Required for this workspace.") : t(" Optional.")}</p>
                               {requirement.input === "textarea" ? (
                                 <textarea
                                   id={`workspace-secret-${requirement.id}`}
                                   value={secretValues[requirement.id] ?? ""}
-                                  placeholder="Enter a new or replacement value"
+                                  placeholder={t("Enter a new or replacement value")}
                                   autoComplete="off"
                                   rows={4}
                                   onChange={(event) => setSecretValues((current) => ({ ...current, [requirement.id]: event.target.value }))}
@@ -703,7 +698,7 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
                                   id={`workspace-secret-${requirement.id}`}
                                   type="password"
                                   value={secretValues[requirement.id] ?? ""}
-                                  placeholder="Enter a new or replacement value"
+                                  placeholder={t("Enter a new or replacement value")}
                                   autoComplete="new-password"
                                   onChange={(event) => setSecretValues((current) => ({ ...current, [requirement.id]: event.target.value }))}
                                   className="h-9 w-full rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring"
@@ -715,27 +710,24 @@ export function WorkspaceManager({
                                     size="sm"
                                     variant="ghost"
                                     disabled={busyAction === `forget:${requirement.id}`}
-                                    aria-label={`Forget stored ${requirement.label}`}
+                                    aria-label={t("Forget stored {label}", { label: t(requirement.label) })}
                                     onClick={() => { void forgetSecret(requirement.id); }}
                                   >
-                                    <Trash2 />Forget stored value
-                                  </Button>
+                                    <Trash2 />{t("Forget stored value")}</Button>
                                 </div>
                               )}
                             </div>
                           ))}
                           <div>
                             <Button disabled={!hasEnteredSecrets || busyAction === "save-secrets"} onClick={() => { void saveSecrets(); }}>
-                              <KeyRound />Save entered secrets
-                            </Button>
+                              <KeyRound />{t("Save entered secrets")}</Button>
                           </div>
                         </div>
                       )}
                     </div>}
                     {!canManageSecrets && (
                       <p className="rounded-lg border border-border bg-muted/30 p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                        Runtime secret controls are available only to authorized workspace operators.
-                      </p>
+                        {t("Runtime secret controls are available only to authorized workspace operators.")}</p>
                     )}
                     </div>
                   </>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.test.tsx
index 91a7d1ee..99d527c6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen, waitFor } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
@@ -6,6 +7,16 @@ import { server } from "../test/msw";
 import type { WorkspacePreprocessingStatus } from "../api/workspace-preprocessing";
 import { WorkspacePreprocessingControl } from "./WorkspacePreprocessingControl";
 
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("translates a live readiness diagnostic while preserving its catalog revision", () => {
+  renderControl({ schemaVersion: 1, workspaceId: "catalog-workspace", state: "ready",
+    actionable: true, clearable: true, detail: "Catalog revision 18 is indexed." });
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByText("La revisione 18 del Catalogo è indicizzata.")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Esegui di nuovo" })).toBeEnabled();
+});
+
 function renderControl(status: WorkspacePreprocessingStatus) {
   const client = new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { retry: false } } });
   return render(
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.tsx
index 5bb7ab2d..3f80c88e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/WorkspacePreprocessingControl.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, translate, useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { AlertTriangle, Check, CircleAlert, Clock3, LoaderCircle, ShieldCheck, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
@@ -34,6 +35,20 @@ const INITIAL_PROGRESS: PreprocessingProgress = {
   totalSteps: 4,
 };
 
+// Only deterministic service diagnostics are localized. Unknown diagnostic text
+// falls back unchanged; revision numbers remain technical values.
+function diagnosticMessage(message: string): string {
+  const revision = /^Catalog revision (\d+) is (not )?indexed\.$/.exec(message);
+  if (revision) return translate(revision[2]
+    ? "Catalog revision {revision} is not indexed."
+    : "Catalog revision {revision} is indexed.", { revision: revision[1] });
+  const version = /^Database configuration v(\d+) is newer than the latest Catalog synchronization(?: v(\d+))?\.$/.exec(message);
+  if (version) return version[2]
+    ? translate("Database configuration v{version} is newer than the latest Catalog synchronization v{synced}.", { version: version[1], synced: version[2] })
+    : translate("Database configuration v{version} is newer than the latest Catalog synchronization.", { version: version[1] });
+  return translate(message);
+}
+
 function stateClasses(state: WorkspacePreprocessingState | undefined): string {
   switch (state) {
     case "ready": return "text-emerald-700";
@@ -55,12 +70,13 @@ function StatusIcon({ state }: { state?: WorkspacePreprocessingState }) {
 }
 
 function PhaseProgress({ progress }: { progress: PreprocessingProgress }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const step = Math.max(1, Math.min(progress.step, progress.totalSteps));
   return (
     <div className="col-span-2 mt-1 grid min-w-0 max-w-full gap-1">
       <div className="flex min-w-0 max-w-full items-center justify-between gap-[0.5rem] text-[9px] leading-none">
         <span className="min-w-0 truncate font-medium text-foreground">
-          {PROGRESS_LABELS[progress.stage]}
+          {translate(PROGRESS_LABELS[progress.stage])}
         </span>
         <span className="shrink-0 font-mono tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
           {step} / {progress.totalSteps}
@@ -68,11 +84,11 @@ function PhaseProgress({ progress }: { progress: PreprocessingProgress }) {
       </div>
       <div
         role="progressbar"
-        aria-label="Preprocessing progress"
+        aria-label={translate("Preprocessing progress")}
         aria-valuemin={1}
         aria-valuemax={progress.totalSteps}
         aria-valuenow={step}
-        aria-valuetext={`${PROGRESS_LABELS[progress.stage]}, stage ${step} of ${progress.totalSteps}`}
+        aria-valuetext={translate("{stage}, stage {step} of {total}", { stage: translate(PROGRESS_LABELS[progress.stage]), step, total: progress.totalSteps })}
         className="grid grid-cols-4 gap-1"
       >
         {Array.from({ length: progress.totalSteps }, (_, index) => (
@@ -96,14 +112,15 @@ function PhaseProgress({ progress }: { progress: PreprocessingProgress }) {
 
 function formatFinishedAt(value: string): string {
   const parsed = new Date(value);
-  if (Number.isNaN(parsed.getTime())) return "Unavailable";
-  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(undefined, {
+  if (Number.isNaN(parsed.getTime())) return translate("Unavailable");
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(getLocale(), {
     dateStyle: "medium",
     timeStyle: "short",
   }).format(parsed);
 }
 
 function Diagnostic({ status }: { status: WorkspacePreprocessingStatus }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   if (status.state !== "blocked" && status.state !== "failed") return null;
   return (
     <div
@@ -115,46 +132,44 @@ function Diagnostic({ status }: { status: WorkspacePreprocessingStatus }) {
       ].join(" ")}
     >
       <div className="grid gap-0.5">
-        <strong className="font-semibold text-foreground">Why this happened</strong>
-        <span className="text-muted-foreground">{status.reason}</span>
+        <strong className="font-semibold text-foreground">{translate("Why this happened")}</strong>
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground">{status.reason && diagnosticMessage(status.reason)}</span>
       </div>
       <div className="grid gap-0.5">
-        <strong className="font-semibold text-foreground">Next step</strong>
-        <span className="text-muted-foreground">{status.nextStep}</span>
+        <strong className="font-semibold text-foreground">{translate("Next step")}</strong>
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground">{status.nextStep && diagnosticMessage(status.nextStep)}</span>
       </div>
       {status.state === "failed" && status.lastFailure ? (
         <details className="overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card">
           <summary className="cursor-pointer px-2 py-1.5 font-semibold text-foreground">
-            Last run details
-          </summary>
+            {translate("Last run details")}</summary>
           <dl className="grid gap-1.5 border-t border-border px-2 py-2">
             <div className="grid grid-cols-[4.5rem_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-1.5">
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Failed stage</dt>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{translate("Failed stage")}</dt>
               <dd className="min-w-0 break-all font-mono font-medium text-foreground">
                 {status.lastFailure.stage}
               </dd>
             </div>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-[4.5rem_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-1.5">
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Error code</dt>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{translate("Error code")}</dt>
               <dd className="min-w-0 break-all font-mono font-medium text-foreground">
                 {status.lastFailure.errorCode}
               </dd>
             </div>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-[4.5rem_minmax(0,1fr)] gap-1.5">
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Finished</dt>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{translate("Finished")}</dt>
               <dd className="font-medium text-foreground">
                 {formatFinishedAt(status.lastFailure.finishedAt)}
               </dd>
             </div>
           </dl>
           <p className="border-t border-border px-2 py-1.5 text-muted-foreground">
-            Only the latest diagnostic is retained. Service log: <code>docker compose logs core</code>.
+            {translate("Only the latest diagnostic is retained. Service log: ")}<code>docker compose logs core</code>.
           </p>
         </details>
       ) : (
         <p className="border-t border-border pt-2 text-muted-foreground">
-          No preprocessing log is available because a run did not start.
-        </p>
+          {translate("No preprocessing log is available because a run did not start.")}</p>
       )}
     </div>
   );
@@ -175,6 +190,7 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
   canManage: boolean;
   presentation?: "rail" | "page";
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const [confirmingClear, setConfirmingClear] = useState(false);
   const mutation = useMutation({
@@ -196,7 +212,7 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
         },
       );
     },
-    onError: (error) => toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)),
+    onError: (error) => toast.error(translate(apiErrorMessage(error))),
     onSettled: async () => {
       if (!workspaceId) return;
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["workspace-preprocessing", workspaceId] });
@@ -209,9 +225,9 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
     },
     onSuccess: () => {
       setConfirmingClear(false);
-      toast.success("Reference vectors and LSH cleared. Memory preserved.");
+      toast.success(translate("Reference vectors and LSH cleared. Memory preserved."));
     },
-    onError: (error) => toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)),
+    onError: (error) => toast.error(translate(apiErrorMessage(error))),
     onSettled: async () => {
       if (!workspaceId) return;
       await queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["workspace-preprocessing", workspaceId] });
@@ -241,14 +257,13 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
 
   return (
     <section
-      aria-label="Workspace preprocessing"
+      aria-label={translate("Workspace preprocessing")}
       aria-busy={state === "running" || loading || clearMutation.isPending}
       className="thot-preprocessing-control mt-0.5 min-w-0 max-w-full border-t border-border/90 px-0.5 pt-2"
       data-presentation={presentation}
     >
       <p className="mb-2 px-0.5 font-mono text-[9px] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.08em] text-primary">
-        Preprocessing
-      </p>
+        {translate("Preprocessing")}</p>
       {confirmingClear ? (
         <div className="rounded-lg border border-destructive/25 bg-destructive/[0.045] p-2.5">
           <div className="grid grid-cols-[1.5rem_minmax(0,1fr)] items-center gap-1.5">
@@ -256,10 +271,9 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
               <AlertTriangle aria-hidden="true" className="size-3.5" />
             </span>
             <span className="grid gap-0.5">
-              <strong className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-foreground">Clear derived data?</strong>
+              <strong className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-foreground">{translate("Clear derived data?")}</strong>
               <small className="text-[8px] leading-tight text-muted-foreground">
-                The workspace will require preprocessing.
-              </small>
+                {translate("The workspace will require preprocessing.")}</small>
             </span>
           </div>
           <div className="my-2 grid gap-1.5 border-y border-destructive/15 py-2 text-[8px]">
@@ -267,22 +281,21 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
               <span className="grid size-[18px] place-items-center rounded bg-destructive/10 text-destructive">
                 <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" className="size-3" />
               </span>
-              <span><strong className="block text-foreground">Clear</strong><small className="text-muted-foreground">Schema/Evidence vectors, LSH and derived checkpoints</small></span>
+              <span><strong className="block text-foreground">{translate("Clear")}</strong><small className="text-muted-foreground">{translate("Schema/Evidence vectors, LSH and derived checkpoints")}</small></span>
             </div>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-[1.2rem_minmax(0,1fr)] items-center gap-1.5">
               <span className="grid size-[18px] place-items-center rounded bg-emerald-600/10 text-emerald-700">
                 <ShieldCheck aria-hidden="true" className="size-3" />
               </span>
-              <span><strong className="block text-foreground">Keep</strong><small className="text-muted-foreground">Memory and solved questions</small></span>
+              <span><strong className="block text-foreground">{translate("Keep")}</strong><small className="text-muted-foreground">{translate("Memory and solved questions")}</small></span>
             </div>
           </div>
           <div className="grid min-w-0 max-w-full grid-cols-[minmax(0,0.78fr)_minmax(0,1.22fr)] gap-1.5">
             <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="xs" className="h-7 min-w-0 max-w-full px-[0.625rem] text-[9px]" disabled={clearMutation.isPending} onClick={() => setConfirmingClear(false)}>
-              Cancel
-            </Button>
+              {translate("Cancel")}</Button>
             <Button type="button" variant="destructive" size="xs" className="h-7 min-w-0 max-w-full px-[0.625rem] text-[9px]" disabled={clearMutation.isPending} onClick={() => clearMutation.mutate()}>
               {clearMutation.isPending ? <LoaderCircle aria-hidden="true" className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" /> : <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" />}
-              {clearMutation.isPending ? "Clearing" : "Clear derived data"}
+              {clearMutation.isPending ? translate("Clearing") : translate("Clear derived data")}
             </Button>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -293,8 +306,8 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
               <StatusIcon state={state} />
             </span>
             <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-0.5" role="status" aria-live="polite">
-              <strong className="text-[11px] font-semibold leading-tight text-foreground">{title}</strong>
-              {state !== "running" && <span className="text-[9px] leading-tight text-muted-foreground" title={detail}>{detail}</span>}
+              <strong className="text-[11px] font-semibold leading-tight text-foreground">{translate(title)}</strong>
+              {state !== "running" && <span className="text-[9px] leading-tight text-muted-foreground" title={diagnosticMessage(detail)}>{diagnosticMessage(detail)}</span>}
             </div>
             {progress && <PhaseProgress progress={progress} />}
             <div className="col-span-2 mt-0.5 grid min-w-0 max-w-full grid-cols-[minmax(0,0.78fr)_minmax(0,1.22fr)] gap-1.5">
@@ -304,22 +317,21 @@ export function WorkspacePreprocessingControl({
                 size="xs"
                 className="h-7 min-w-0 max-w-full px-[0.5rem] text-[10px] hover:border-destructive/35 hover:bg-destructive/5 hover:text-destructive"
                 disabled={!clearable}
-                title={!canManage ? "Database management permission is required" : undefined}
+                title={!canManage ? translate("Database management permission is required") : undefined}
                 onClick={() => setConfirmingClear(true)}
               >
-                <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" /> Clear
-              </Button>
+                <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" /> {translate("Clear")}</Button>
               <Button
                 type="button"
                 variant="outline"
                 size="xs"
                 className="h-7 min-w-0 max-w-full px-[0.5rem] text-[10px]"
                 disabled={!actionable}
-                title={!canManage ? "Database management permission is required" : undefined}
+                title={!canManage ? translate("Database management permission is required") : undefined}
                 onClick={() => mutation.mutate()}
               >
                 {state === "running" && <LoaderCircle aria-hidden="true" className="animate-spin motion-reduce:animate-none" />}
-                {state === "running" ? "Running" : actionLabel}
+                {state === "running" ? translate("Running") : translate(actionLabel)}
               </Button>
             </div>
           </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/administration/WorkspacePreparation.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/administration/WorkspacePreparation.tsx
index 56bb3580..142fbb2f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/administration/WorkspacePreparation.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/administration/WorkspacePreparation.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { getWorkspacePreprocessingStatus } from "../../api/workspace-preprocessing";
 import { WorkspacePreprocessingControl } from "../WorkspacePreprocessingControl";
 import { AdministrationLink } from "./AdministrationNavigation";
@@ -6,19 +7,20 @@ import { AdministrationLink } from "./AdministrationNavigation";
 export function WorkspacePreparation({ workspaceId, canManage }: {
   workspaceId: string; canManage: boolean;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const query = useQuery({ queryKey: ["workspace-preprocessing", workspaceId],
     queryFn: () => getWorkspacePreprocessingStatus(workspaceId), enabled: canManage, retry: false, refetchInterval: 5000 });
-  if (!canManage) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Database management permission is required to inspect or run preprocessing.</p>;
-  return <section aria-label="Workspace readiness" className="thot-workspace-preparation">
-    <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow">Preparation</p>
-    <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold mt-1">Ready for analysis</h3>
-    <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Preprocessing prepares this workspace's schema, value lookup and Evidence indexes from the Database catalog. Memory remains separate.</p>
-    <AdministrationLink surface="database-management" workspace={workspaceId} className="thot-administration-link">Open Database configuration and schema</AdministrationLink>
+  if (!canManage) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Database management permission is required to inspect or run preprocessing.")}</p>;
+  return <section aria-label={t("Workspace readiness")} className="thot-workspace-preparation">
+    <p className="thot-administration-eyebrow">{t("Preparation")}</p>
+    <h3 className="font-heading text-lg font-semibold mt-1">{t("Ready for analysis")}</h3>
+    <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Preprocessing prepares this workspace's schema, value lookup and Evidence indexes from the Database catalog. Memory remains separate.")}</p>
+    <AdministrationLink surface="database-management" workspace={workspaceId} className="thot-administration-link">{t("Open Database configuration and schema")}</AdministrationLink>
     {query.data && <dl className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-5 text-sm">
-      <div><dt className="text-muted-foreground">Catalog revision</dt><dd className="font-mono">{query.data.metadataRevision ?? "Unavailable"}</dd></div>
-      <div><dt className="text-muted-foreground">Prepared revision</dt><dd className="font-mono">{query.data.preprocessedMetadataRevision ?? "Not prepared"}</dd></div>
+      <div><dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Catalog revision")}</dt><dd className="font-mono">{query.data.metadataRevision ?? t("Unavailable")}</dd></div>
+      <div><dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Prepared revision")}</dt><dd className="font-mono">{query.data.preprocessedMetadataRevision ?? t("Not prepared")}</dd></div>
     </dl>}
     <WorkspacePreprocessingControl key={workspaceId} workspaceId={workspaceId} status={query.data} loading={query.isLoading} unavailable={query.isError} canManage={canManage} presentation="page" />
-    {query.isError && <button className="thot-administration-link" onClick={() => void query.refetch()}>Retry readiness</button>}
+    {query.isError && <button className="thot-administration-link" onClick={() => void query.refetch()}>{t("Retry readiness")}</button>}
   </section>;
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/CatalogSyncDrawer.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/CatalogSyncDrawer.tsx
index 308a22fb..14ba4b5d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/CatalogSyncDrawer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/CatalogSyncDrawer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, translate, useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { AlertTriangle, Check, CheckCircle2, Circle, LoaderCircle, Minus, RotateCcw, X } from "lucide-react";
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ function elapsed(run: CatalogSyncRun, now: number): string {
 }
 
 function stateLabel(run: CatalogSyncRun): string {
-  return run.state.replaceAll("_", " ");
+  return translate(run.state.replaceAll("_", " "));
 }
 
 export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
   onRunUpdate,
   onCatalogChanged,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const [events, setEvents] = useState<CatalogSyncEvent[]>([]);
   const [now, setNow] = useState(Date.now());
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
     || (run && !terminal(run) ? currentPhase > confirmationPhase : furthestEventPhase > confirmationPhase);
   const deletionCount = useMemo(() => run?.plannedDiff
     ? run.plannedDiff.deletedTables.length + run.plannedDiff.deletedColumns.length + run.plannedDiff.deletedRelationships.length
-    : 0, [run]);
+    : 0, [run, t]);
 
   const perform = async (kind: "confirm" | "cancel" | "retry") => {
     if (!run) return;
@@ -233,28 +235,26 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
       queryClient.setQueryData(["catalog-sync-run", next.id], next);
       await historyQuery.refetch();
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setAction(null);
     }
   };
 
   const historySection = (
-    <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history mt-5" aria-label="Synchronization history">
-      <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Recent runs</h3>
-      {historyQuery.isLoading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading recent runs…</p> : null}
+    <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history mt-5" aria-label={t("Synchronization history")}>
+      <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Recent runs")}</h3>
+      {historyQuery.isLoading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading recent runs…")}</p> : null}
       {historyQuery.isError ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/5 p-3 text-sm" role="alert">
-          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">Synchronization history could not be loaded.</p>
+          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("Synchronization history could not be loaded.")}</p>
           <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="mt-3" disabled={historyQuery.isFetching} onClick={() => void historyQuery.refetch()}>
-            <RotateCcw className={historyQuery.isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Retry history
-          </Button>
+            <RotateCcw className={historyQuery.isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Retry history")}</Button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
       {!historyQuery.isLoading && !historyQuery.isError && (historyQuery.data ?? []).length === 0 ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-dashed border-border bg-muted/20 px-3 py-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-          No synchronization runs yet.
-        </div>
+          {t("No synchronization runs yet.")}</div>
       ) : null}
       {(historyQuery.data ?? []).length > 0 ? (
         <div className="divide-y divide-border rounded-md border border-border">
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
               className="flex w-full items-center justify-between gap-3 px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted/50 aria-[current=true]:bg-primary/8"
               onClick={() => onRunChange(item)}
             >
-              <span>{item.scope}</span>
-              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{stateLabel(item)} · {new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString()}</span>
+              <span>{t(item.scope)}</span>
+              <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(stateLabel(item))} · {new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</span>
             </button>
           ))}
         </div>
@@ -281,43 +281,41 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
     <>
       {run.state === "awaiting_confirmation" ? (
         <Button type="button" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => void perform("confirm")}>
-          {action === "confirm" ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin" /> : <Check />} Confirm removals
-        </Button>
+          {action === "confirm" ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin" /> : <Check />} {t("Confirm removals")}</Button>
       ) : null}
       {["queued", "running", "awaiting_confirmation"].includes(run.state) ? (
-        <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => void perform("cancel")}>Cancel</Button>
+        <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => void perform("cancel")}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
       ) : null}
       {["failed", "cancelled", "interrupted"].includes(run.state) ? (
         <Button type="button" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => void perform("retry")}>
-          <RotateCcw className={action === "retry" ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> Retry
-        </Button>
+          <RotateCcw className={action === "retry" ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> {t("Retry")}</Button>
       ) : null}
     </>
   ) : undefined;
   return (
     <FleetLedgerDrawer
       open
-      ariaLabel="Schema synchronization"
-      eyebrow="Schema synchronization"
+      ariaLabel={t("Schema synchronization")}
+      eyebrow={t("Schema synchronization")}
       title={run ? (
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
           {!terminal(run) ? <LoaderCircle className="size-5 animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" /> : null}
-          {stateLabel(run)[0].toUpperCase()}{stateLabel(run).slice(1)}
+          {t(stateLabel(run)[0].toUpperCase())}{t(stateLabel(run).slice(1))}
         </span>
-      ) : "Synchronization history"}
-      description={run ? `${run.scope} · ${elapsed(run, now)}` : undefined}
+      ) : t("Synchronization history")}
+      description={run ? `${t(run.scope.replaceAll("_", " "))} · ${elapsed(run, now)}` : undefined}
       onClose={onClose}
-      closeLabel="Close synchronization drawer"
+      closeLabel={t("Close synchronization drawer")}
       busy={action !== null}
       bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__history-layout"
       footer={footer}
     >
-      {runQuery.isLoading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading synchronization…</p> : null}
+      {runQuery.isLoading ? <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading synchronization…")}</p> : null}
         {run ? (
           <>
             <section aria-labelledby="synchronization-steps-heading">
-              <h3 id="synchronization-steps-heading" className="thot-label mb-3">Synchronization steps</h3>
-              <ol className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-4 gap-y-2.5 sm:grid-cols-3" aria-label="Synchronization steps">
+              <h3 id="synchronization-steps-heading" className="thot-label mb-3">{t("Synchronization steps")}</h3>
+              <ol className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-4 gap-y-2.5 sm:grid-cols-3" aria-label={t("Synchronization steps")}>
                 {phases.map((phase, index) => {
                   const confirmationUnknown = phase === "awaiting_confirmation"
                     && passedConfirmation
@@ -340,9 +338,9 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
                   const current = index === currentPhase && !terminal(run);
                   const label = phase === "awaiting_confirmation"
                     ? confirmationSkipped
-                      ? "Confirmation not required"
+                      ? t("Confirmation not required")
                       : confirmationUnknown
-                        ? "Checking confirmation"
+                        ? t("Checking confirmation")
                         : confirmationWasReceived
                           ? phaseLabels[phase].completed
                           : current
@@ -360,17 +358,17 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
                   const status = terminalOutcome
                     ? run.state
                     : confirmationSkipped
-                      ? "not required"
+                      ? t("not required")
                       : complete
                         ? "completed"
                         : current
-                          ? "in progress"
+                          ? t("in progress")
                           : "pending";
                   return (
                     <li
                       key={phase}
                       aria-current={current ? "step" : undefined}
-                      aria-label={`${label}, ${status}`}
+                      aria-label={`${t(label)}, ${t(status)}`}
                       className={`flex items-center gap-2 text-xs ${failedOutcome ? "font-semibold text-destructive" : interruptedOutcome ? "font-semibold text-amber-600" : terminalOutcome || current ? "font-semibold text-foreground" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}
                     >
                       {confirmationSkipped ? (
@@ -388,7 +386,7 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
                       ) : (
                         <Circle aria-hidden="true" className="size-3.5" />
                       )}
-                      {label}
+                      {t(label)}
                     </li>
                   );
                 })}
@@ -405,40 +403,39 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
             </div>
 
             {run.state === "awaiting_confirmation" && run.plannedDiff ? (
-              <section className="mt-5 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4" aria-label="Destructive changes">
+              <section className="mt-5 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4" aria-label={t("Destructive changes")}>
                 <div className="flex gap-3">
                   <AlertTriangle className="mt-0.5 size-5 shrink-0 text-amber-600" />
                   <div>
-                    <h3 className="font-semibold">Confirm {deletionCount} removals</h3>
-                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">The database will be scanned again before anything is removed.</p>
-                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Memory cards that depend on removed tables or columns will also be deleted, including their links and search entries.</p>
+                    <h3 className="font-semibold">{t("Confirm")} {deletionCount} {t("removals")}</h3>
+                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("The database will be scanned again before anything is removed.")}</p>
+                    <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Memory cards that depend on removed tables or columns will also be deleted, including their links and search entries.")}</p>
                   </div>
                 </div>
                 <ul className="mt-3 max-h-40 space-y-1 overflow-y-auto font-mono text-xs">
-                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedTables.map((name) => <li key={`t-${name}`}>table · {name}</li>)}
-                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedColumns.map((item) => <li key={`c-${item.tableName}-${item.columnName}`}>column · {item.tableName}.{item.columnName}</li>)}
-                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedRelationships.map((item) => <li key={`r-${item.sourceTableName}-${item.constraintName}`}>relationship · {item.sourceTableName}.{item.constraintName}</li>)}
+                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedTables.map((name) => <li key={`t-${name}`}>{t("table ·")} {name}</li>)}
+                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedColumns.map((item) => <li key={`c-${item.tableName}-${item.columnName}`}>{t("column ·")} {item.tableName}.{item.columnName}</li>)}
+                  {run.plannedDiff.deletedRelationships.map((item) => <li key={`r-${item.sourceTableName}-${item.constraintName}`}>{t("relationship ·")} {item.sourceTableName}.{item.constraintName}</li>)}
                 </ul>
               </section>
             ) : null}
 
             {run.counts.memoryDeleted !== undefined && <p className="mt-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-              Dependent Memory cards removed: {run.counts.memoryDeleted}
+              {t("Dependent Memory cards removed:")} {run.counts.memoryDeleted}
             </p>}
             {run.errorMessage ? (
               <div className="mt-5 rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-                {run.errorMessage}
+                {t(run.errorMessage)}
               </div>
             ) : null}
 
-            <section className="mt-5" aria-label="Synchronization log">
+            <section className="mt-5" aria-label={t("Synchronization log")}>
               <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between">
-                <h3 className="thot-label">Live log</h3>
+                <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Live log")}</h3>
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                   {!followingEventTail && events.length > 0 ? (
                     <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="xs" onClick={jumpToLatestEvent}>
-                      Jump to latest
-                    </Button>
+                      {t("Jump to latest")}</Button>
                   ) : null}
                   <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{events.length}</span>
                 </div>
@@ -446,15 +443,15 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
               <div
                 ref={eventLogRef}
                 role="log"
-                aria-label="Synchronization events"
+                aria-label={t("Synchronization events")}
                 aria-relevant="additions"
                 tabIndex={0}
                 onScroll={handleEventLogScroll}
                 className="thot-catalog-drawer__event-log max-h-64 overflow-y-auto rounded-md bg-zinc-950 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-5 text-zinc-200"
               >
-                {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">Waiting for events…</p> : events.map((event) => (
+                {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">{t("Waiting for events…")}</p> : events.map((event) => (
                   <p key={event.sequence} className={event.level === "error" ? "text-red-300" : event.level === "warning" ? "text-amber-300" : undefined}>
-                    <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString()}</span>{event.message}
+                    <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString(getLocale())}</span>{t(event.message)}
                   </p>
                 ))}
               </div>
@@ -465,12 +462,11 @@ export function CatalogSyncDrawer({
         ) : (
           <>
             <div className="rounded-lg border border-dashed border-primary/30 bg-primary/5 px-5 py-6 text-sm">
-              <p className="font-semibold">{runQuery.isError ? "This synchronization run could not be loaded." : historyQuery.isLoading ? "Loading synchronization history…" : "No run selected."}</p>
-              <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Choose a recent run to inspect its steps and event log.</p>
+              <p className="font-semibold">{runQuery.isError ? t("This synchronization run could not be loaded.") : historyQuery.isLoading ? t("Loading synchronization history…") : t("No run selected.")}</p>
+              <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Choose a recent run to inspect its steps and event log.")}</p>
               {runQuery.isError ? (
                 <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="mt-3" disabled={runQuery.isFetching} onClick={() => void runQuery.refetch()}>
-                  <RotateCcw className={runQuery.isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Retry run
-                </Button>
+                  <RotateCcw className={runQuery.isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Retry run")}</Button>
               ) : null}
             </div>
             {historySection}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseColumns.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseColumns.tsx
index e8870a39..18616852 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseColumns.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseColumns.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { useAdminGridLocale } from "./useAdminGridLocale";
+import { adminMessage, type AdminMessage } from "./messages";
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ interface Props {
   onDescriptionGenerationRunStarted: (run: DescriptionGenerationRun) => void;
   onCatalogSyncRunStarted?: (run: CatalogSyncRun) => void;
   onNavigationStateChange: (state: DatabaseNavigationState) => void;
-  onSuggestSensitive: (selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest, scopeLabel: string) => Promise<void>;
+  onSuggestSensitive: (selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest, scopeLabel: AdminMessage) => Promise<void>;
   catalogOperationActive?: boolean;
   onCatalogMetricsChanged?: () => void | Promise<void>;
   presentation?: "legacy" | "fleet";
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ interface GridContext {
 }
 
 function KeyCell({ data }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data) return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center gap-1.5">
@@ -60,11 +64,12 @@ function KeyCell({ data }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn>) {
 }
 
 function ActionCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn, unknown, GridContext>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data || !context) return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-end" onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}>
-      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Edit metadata" : undefined}>
-        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon-lg" disabled={!context.canManage} aria-label={`Edit metadata for ${data.name}`} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? `Edit metadata for ${data.name}` : undefined} onClick={(event) => context.onEdit(data, event.currentTarget)}>
+      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Edit metadata") : undefined}>
+        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon-lg" disabled={!context.canManage} aria-label={t("Edit metadata for {name}", { name: data.name })} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? t("Edit metadata for {name}", { name: data.name }) : undefined} onClick={(event) => context.onEdit(data, event.currentTarget)}>
           <Pencil aria-hidden="true" />
         </Button>
       </span>
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ function ActionCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn, unknow
 }
 
 function SensitiveCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn, unknown, GridContext>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data || !context) return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-center" onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}>
@@ -81,8 +87,8 @@ function SensitiveCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogColumn, unk
         className="size-4 accent-primary outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/50"
         checked={data.sensitive}
         disabled={!context.canManage || context.busy}
-        aria-label={`Sensitive data for ${data.name}`}
-        title="Mark this column as sensitive; this does not select it for actions."
+        aria-label={t("Sensitive data for {name}", { name: data.name })}
+        title={t("Mark this column as sensitive; this does not select it for actions.")}
         onChange={(event) => context.onSensitiveChange(data, event.target.checked)}
         onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
       />
@@ -107,6 +113,7 @@ function ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix({
   onDescriptionChange: (value: string) => void;
   onGeneratedDescriptionChange: (value: string) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const fieldClass = [
     "thot-column-metadata-field flex min-h-0 flex-col gap-1.5",
     "text-sm font-semibold",
@@ -122,16 +129,14 @@ function ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix({
   return (
     <div
       role="group"
-      aria-label="Column metadata fields"
+      aria-label={t("Column metadata fields")}
       className="thot-column-metadata-matrix mt-5 grid min-h-0 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2"
     >
       <label className={fieldClass}>
-        Source comment
-        <textarea className={readOnlyClass} value={column.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly />
+        {t("Source comment")}<textarea className={readOnlyClass} value={column.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly />
       </label>
       <label className={fieldClass}>
-        Description
-        <textarea
+        {t("Description")}<textarea
           className={editableClass}
           value={description}
           disabled={!canManage || busy}
@@ -139,8 +144,7 @@ function ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix({
         />
       </label>
       <label className={fieldClass}>
-        Generated description
-        <textarea
+        {t("Generated description")}<textarea
           className={editableClass}
           value={generatedDescription}
           disabled={!canManage || busy}
@@ -148,11 +152,10 @@ function ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix({
         />
       </label>
       <label className={fieldClass}>
-        Sensitive motivation
-        <textarea
+        {t("Sensitive motivation")}<textarea
           className={readOnlyClass}
           value={column.sensitivityReason ?? ""}
-          placeholder="No sensitivity motivation recorded."
+          placeholder={t("No sensitivity motivation recorded.")}
           readOnly
         />
       </label>
@@ -175,6 +178,8 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
   onCatalogMetricsChanged,
   presentation = "legacy",
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { locale, gridLocaleProps } = useAdminGridLocale();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const queryKey = ["catalog-columns", databaseId, table.id] as const;
   const { data = [], error, isError, isLoading, isFetching, refetch } = useQuery({
@@ -208,7 +213,7 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
     Object.hasOwn(sensitiveDrafts, column.id)
       ? { ...column, sensitive: sensitiveDrafts[column.id]! }
       : column
-  )), [data, sensitiveDrafts]);
+  )), [data, sensitiveDrafts, t]);
 
   useEffect(() => { onNavigationStateChange({ dirty, busy }); }, [busy, dirty, onNavigationStateChange]);
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -229,7 +234,7 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
   };
   const closeEditor = () => {
     if (busy) return;
-    if (editorDirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved column metadata?")) return;
+    if (editorDirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved column metadata?"))) return;
     setEditingId(null);
     window.setTimeout(() => originRef.current?.focus(), 0);
   };
@@ -248,13 +253,13 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
       setVersion(updated.version);
       setStale(false);
       void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
-      toast.success("Column metadata saved");
+      toast.success(t("Column metadata saved"));
     } catch (error) {
       if (error instanceof ApiError && error.code === "column_stale") {
         await refetch();
         setStale(true);
         setStaleBannerOpen(true);
-      } else toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      } else toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(false); }
   };
   const reloadColumn = async () => {
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
       setVersion(latest.version);
       setStale(false);
       setStaleBannerOpen(true);
-    } catch (error) { toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)); } finally { setBusy(false); }
+    } catch (error) { toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error))); } finally { setBusy(false); }
   };
   const consolidateDescriptions = async () => {
     setBusy(true);
@@ -280,9 +285,9 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
       gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll();
       setSelectedIds([]);
       void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
-      toast.success(`Copied ${counts.copied} description${counts.copied === 1 ? "" : "s"}; skipped ${counts.skipped}`);
+      toast.success((counts.copied === 1 ? t("Copied {copied} description; skipped {skipped}", { copied: counts.copied, skipped: counts.skipped }) : t("Copied {copied} descriptions; skipped {skipped}", { copied: counts.copied, skipped: counts.skipped })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(false); }
   };
   const generateDescriptions = async () => {
@@ -296,9 +301,9 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
         selectedIds,
       );
       onDescriptionGenerationRunStarted(run);
-      toast.success(`Description generation started for ${selectedIds.length} column${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`);
+      toast.success((selectedIds.length === 1 ? t("Description generation started for {count} column", { count: selectedIds.length }) : t("Description generation started for {count} columns", { count: selectedIds.length })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(false); }
   };
 
@@ -320,7 +325,7 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
     try {
       await onSuggestSensitive(
         { scope: "selected_columns", targetIds: selectedIds },
-        `${selectedIds.length} selected column${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} in ${table.name}`,
+        (selectedIds.length === 1 ? adminMessage("{count} selected column in {name}", { count: selectedIds.length, name: table.name }) : adminMessage("{count} selected columns in {name}", { count: selectedIds.length, name: table.name })),
       );
     } catch {
       // The page-level request reports the safe, specific reason and preserves the selection.
@@ -363,9 +368,9 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
         void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
       }
       if (failed.length > 0) {
-        toast.error(`${failed.length} sensitive flag${failed.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} could not be saved: ${apiErrorMessage(failed[0])}`);
+        toast.error((failed.length === 1 ? t("{count} sensitive flag could not be saved: {error}", { count: failed.length, error: apiErrorMessage(failed[0]) }) : t("{count} sensitive flags could not be saved: {error}", { count: failed.length, error: apiErrorMessage(failed[0]) })));
       } else {
-        toast.success("Sensitive fields saved");
+        toast.success(t("Sensitive fields saved"));
       }
     } finally {
       setSensitiveAction(null);
@@ -382,69 +387,69 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
   const fleetActions: readonly FleetActionOption<FleetColumnAction>[] = [
     {
       id: "sync-columns",
-      label: "Synchronize columns for this table",
-      group: "Synchronization",
-      scopeLabel: "Selected table",
-      runLabel: "Synchronize",
+      label: t("Synchronize columns for this table"),
+      group: t("Synchronization"),
+      scopeLabel: t("Selected table"),
+      runLabel: t("Synchronize"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || catalogOperationActive || busy,
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one column."
+          ? t("Select at least one column.")
           : catalogOperationActive
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : busy
-              ? "Another action is running."
+              ? t("Another action is running.")
               : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "generate-descriptions",
-      label: "Generate column descriptions",
-      group: "Descriptions",
-      runLabel: "Generate",
+      label: t("Generate column descriptions"),
+      group: t("Descriptions"),
+      runLabel: t("Generate"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || catalogOperationActive || busy,
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to generate descriptions."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to generate descriptions.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one column."
+          ? t("Select at least one column.")
           : !selectedMetadataModel
             ? NO_METADATA_GENERATION_LLM_MODEL_MESSAGE
             : descriptionGenerationActive || catalogOperationActive
-              ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+              ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
               : busy
-                ? "Another action is running."
+                ? t("Another action is running.")
                 : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "consolidate-descriptions",
-      label: "Copy generated descriptions to Description",
-      group: "Descriptions",
-      runLabel: "Move",
+      label: t("Copy generated descriptions to Description"),
+      group: t("Descriptions"),
+      runLabel: t("Move"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || catalogOperationActive || busy,
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to update metadata."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to update metadata.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one column."
+          ? t("Select at least one column.")
           : catalogOperationActive
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : busy
-              ? "Another action is running."
+              ? t("Another action is running.")
             : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "suggest-sensitive",
-      label: "Analyze sensitive fields",
-      group: "Sensitive data",
-      runLabel: "Analyze",
+      label: t("Analyze sensitive fields"),
+      group: t("Sensitive data"),
+      runLabel: t("Analyze"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || descriptionGenerationActive || catalogOperationActive || busy,
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to review sensitive data."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to review sensitive data.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one column."
+          ? t("Select at least one column.")
         : descriptionGenerationActive || catalogOperationActive
-              ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+              ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
               : busy
-                ? "Another action is running."
+                ? t("Another action is running.")
                 : undefined,
     },
   ];
@@ -469,9 +474,9 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
       onCatalogSyncRunStarted?.(run);
       gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll();
       setSelectedIds([]);
-      toast.success("Column synchronization started");
+      toast.success(t("Column synchronization started"));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -479,31 +484,30 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
 
   const columns = useMemo<ColDef<CatalogColumn>[]>(() => [
     { field: "ordinalPosition", headerName: "#", width: 64, maxWidth: 64, filter: "agNumberColumnFilter" },
-    { field: "sensitive", headerName: "Sensitive", headerTooltip: "Mark this column as sensitive; this does not select it for actions.", minWidth: 110, width: 110, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, cellRenderer: SensitiveCell },
-    { field: "name", headerName: "Name", minWidth: 190, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
-    { field: "dataType", headerName: "Type", minWidth: 150, flex: 0.8, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
-    { headerName: "Keys", minWidth: 125, width: 125, sortable: false, filter: false, cellRenderer: KeyCell },
-    { headerName: "Nullable", minWidth: 100, width: 100, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row ? (row.isNullable ? "Yes" : "No") : "" },
-    { field: "sourceComment", headerName: "Source comment", minWidth: 220, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { field: "generatedDescription", headerName: "Generated description", minWidth: 230, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { field: "description", headerName: "Description", minWidth: 230, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { colId: "actions", headerName: "Actions", width: 64, maxWidth: 64, pinned: "right", lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: ActionCell },
-  ], []);
+    { field: "sensitive", headerName: t("Sensitive"), headerTooltip: t("Mark this column as sensitive; this does not select it for actions."), minWidth: 110, width: 110, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, cellRenderer: SensitiveCell },
+    { field: "name", headerName: t("Name"), minWidth: 190, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
+    { field: "dataType", headerName: t("Type"), minWidth: 150, flex: 0.8, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
+    { headerName: t("Keys"), minWidth: 125, width: 125, sortable: false, filter: false, cellRenderer: KeyCell },
+    { headerName: t("Nullable"), minWidth: 100, width: 100, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row ? (row.isNullable ? t("Yes") : t("No")) : "" },
+    { field: "sourceComment", headerName: t("Source comment"), minWidth: 220, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { field: "generatedDescription", headerName: t("Generated description"), minWidth: 230, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { field: "description", headerName: t("Description"), minWidth: 230, flex: 1.2, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { colId: "actions", headerName: t("Actions"), width: 64, maxWidth: 64, pinned: "right", lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: ActionCell },
+  ], [t]);
   const context = useMemo<GridContext>(() => ({
     canManage,
     busy: busy || catalogOperationActive,
     presentation,
     onEdit: edit,
     onSensitiveChange: changeSensitive,
-  }), [busy, canManage, catalogOperationActive, data, presentation]);
+  }), [busy, canManage, catalogOperationActive, data, presentation, t]);
   const fleetQueryError = presentation === "fleet" && isError ? (
     <div className="grid min-h-[280px] flex-1 place-items-center p-6" role="alert">
       <div className="max-w-lg rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 p-5 text-sm">
-        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">Catalog columns could not be loaded.</p>
-        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{apiErrorMessage(error)}</p>
+        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("Catalog columns could not be loaded.")}</p>
+        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t(apiErrorMessage(error))}</p>
         <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="mt-4" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refetch()}>
-          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Retry loading columns
-        </Button>
+          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Retry loading columns")}</Button>
       </div>
     </div>
   ) : null;
@@ -511,13 +515,13 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
   if (editingId && active && presentation === "legacy") {
     return (
       <div className="mx-auto w-full max-w-4xl px-4 py-6 sm:px-5">
-        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>← Back to columns</Button>
-        <p className="thot-label">{table.name} · column</p>
+        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>{t("← Back to columns")}</Button>
+        <p className="thot-label">{table.name} {t("· column")}</p>
         <h3 className="mt-1 font-heading text-2xl font-semibold">{active.name}</h3>
-        <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited.</p>
+        <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited.")}</p>
         {stale ? (
-          staleBannerOpen ? <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm"><p className="font-semibold">Newer column metadata is available.</p><p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Your draft is preserved until you reload.</p><div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>Reload latest</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>Keep editing</Button></div></div>
-            : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>Reload the latest value before this metadata can be saved.</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>Reload latest</Button></div>
+          staleBannerOpen ? <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm"><p className="font-semibold">{t("Newer column metadata is available.")}</p><p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Your draft is preserved until you reload.")}</p><div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>{t("Keep editing")}</Button></div></div>
+            : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>{t("Reload the latest value before this metadata can be saved.")}</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button></div>
         ) : null}
         <ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix
           column={active}
@@ -529,8 +533,8 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
           onGeneratedDescriptionChange={setGeneratedDescription}
         />
         <div className="mt-5 flex justify-end gap-2 border-t border-border pt-4">
-          <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>Cancel</Button>
-          <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save />{busy ? "Saving…" : "Save metadata"}</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
+          <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save />{busy ? t("Saving…") : t("Save metadata")}</Button>
         </div>
       </div>
     );
@@ -546,31 +550,31 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
                 actions={fleetActions}
                 selectedCount={selectedIds.length}
                 busy={busy}
-                busyLabel={sensitiveAction === "suggest" ? "Suggesting…" : sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Running…"}
+                busyLabel={sensitiveAction === "suggest" ? t("Suggesting…") : sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Running…")}
                 onRun={runFleetAction}
                 onClear={clearSelection}
-                label="Column action"
+                label={t("Column action")}
               />
-              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save sensitive fields"}</Button> : null}
+              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save sensitive fields")}</Button> : null}
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
-              <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedIds.length} selected</span>
+              <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedIds.length} {t("selected")}</span>
               <Menu.Root>
-                <Menu.Trigger className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={busy}>Actions <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
+                <Menu.Trigger className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={busy}>{t("Actions")} <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
                 <Menu.Portal>
                   <Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="start" sideOffset={4}>
                     <Menu.Popup className="z-50 min-w-64 rounded-lg bg-popover p-1 text-popover-foreground shadow-md ring-1 ring-foreground/10 outline-none">
-                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedIds.length || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void synchronizeColumns()}>Synchronize columns for this table</Menu.Item>
-                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy} onClick={() => void generateDescriptions()}>Generate {selectedIds.length === 1 ? "column description" : "column descriptions"}</Menu.Item>
-                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void consolidateDescriptions()}>Copy generated descriptions to Description</Menu.Item>
+                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedIds.length || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void synchronizeColumns()}>{t("Synchronize columns for this table")}</Menu.Item>
+                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy} onClick={() => void generateDescriptions()}>{t("Generate")} {selectedIds.length === 1 ? t("column description") : t("column descriptions")}</Menu.Item>
+                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void consolidateDescriptions()}>{t("Copy generated descriptions to Description")}</Menu.Item>
                     </Menu.Popup>
                   </Menu.Positioner>
                 </Menu.Portal>
               </Menu.Root>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || descriptionGenerationActive || busy} title={descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for the active description generation to finish" : undefined} onClick={() => void suggestSensitive()}><Sparkles />{sensitiveAction === "suggest" ? "Analyzing…" : "Analyze sensitive fields"}</Button>
-              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save sensitive fields"}</Button> : null}
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={clearSelection}><X />Clear</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || descriptionGenerationActive || busy} title={descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for the active description generation to finish") : undefined} onClick={() => void suggestSensitive()}><Sparkles />{sensitiveAction === "suggest" ? t("Analyzing…") : t("Analyze sensitive fields")}</Button>
+              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save sensitive fields")}</Button> : null}
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={clearSelection}><X />{t("Clear")}</Button>
             </>
           )
         ) : (
@@ -580,30 +584,30 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
                 actions={fleetActions}
                 selectedCount={0}
                 busy={busy}
-                busyLabel={sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Running…"}
+                busyLabel={sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Running…")}
                 onRun={runFleetAction}
                 onClear={clearSelection}
-                label="Column action"
+                label={t("Column action")}
               />
-              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save sensitive fields"}</Button> : null}
-              <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label="Search columns" placeholder="Search" value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
+              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || catalogOperationActive || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save sensitive fields")}</Button> : null}
+              <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label={t("Search columns")} placeholder={t("Search")} value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
               <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{data.length}</span>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />Refresh</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />{t("Refresh")}</Button>
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
-              <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">Catalog columns</span>
-              <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label="Search columns" placeholder="Search" value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
+              <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">{t("Catalog columns")}</span>
+              <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label={t("Search columns")} placeholder={t("Search")} value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
               <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{data.length}</span>
-              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save sensitive fields"}</Button> : null}
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />Refresh</Button>
+              {changedSensitiveColumns.length > 0 ? <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void saveSensitive()}><Save />{sensitiveAction === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save sensitive fields")}</Button> : null}
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />{t("Refresh")}</Button>
             </>
           )
         )}
       </div>
       {fleetQueryError ?? <div className="relative min-h-[280px] flex-1">
         <div className={`thot-database-grid ${presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-ledger-grid " : ""}ag-theme-alpine absolute inset-0 h-full w-full`}>
-          <AgGridReact<CatalogColumn>
+          <AgGridReact<CatalogColumn> key={locale} {...gridLocaleProps}
             ref={gridRef}
             rowData={displayedColumns}
             columnDefs={columns}
@@ -614,8 +618,8 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
             getRowId={({ data: row }) => row.id}
             rowSelection={{ mode: "multiRow", selectAll: "filtered", enableClickSelection: false }}
             selectionColumnDef={{
-              headerName: "Select",
-              headerTooltip: "Select columns for actions",
+              headerName: t("Select"),
+              headerTooltip: t("Select columns for actions"),
               width: 72,
               minWidth: 72,
               maxWidth: 72,
@@ -628,32 +632,32 @@ export function DatabaseColumns({
             rowHeight={44}
             headerHeight={38}
             animateRows={false}
-            overlayNoRowsTemplate="No columns synchronized for this table."
+            overlayNoRowsTemplate={t("No columns synchronized for this table.")}
           />
         </div>
       </div>}
       {presentation === "fleet" && active ? (
         <FleetLedgerDrawer
           open
-          eyebrow="Catalog metadata"
-          title="Review column description"
-          description="Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited."
+          eyebrow={t("Catalog metadata")}
+          title={t("Review column description")}
+          description={t("Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited.")}
           onClose={closeEditor}
-          closeLabel="Close column metadata"
+          closeLabel={t("Close column metadata")}
           busy={busy}
           bodyClassName="thot-column-metadata-drawer-body"
           footer={(
             <>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>Cancel</Button>
-              <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{busy ? "Saving…" : "Save metadata"}</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeEditor}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
+              <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save aria-hidden="true" />{busy ? t("Saving…") : t("Save metadata")}</Button>
             </>
           )}
         >
-          <p className="thot-label">{table.name} · column</p>
+          <p className="thot-label">{table.name} {t("· column")}</p>
           <h3 className="mt-1 break-words font-heading text-xl font-semibold">{active.name}</h3>
           {stale ? (
-            staleBannerOpen ? <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm"><p className="font-semibold">Newer column metadata is available.</p><p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Your draft is preserved until you reload.</p><div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>Reload latest</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>Keep editing</Button></div></div>
-              : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>Reload the latest value before this metadata can be saved.</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>Reload latest</Button></div>
+            staleBannerOpen ? <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm"><p className="font-semibold">{t("Newer column metadata is available.")}</p><p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Your draft is preserved until you reload.")}</p><div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>{t("Keep editing")}</Button></div></div>
+              : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>{t("Reload the latest value before this metadata can be saved.")}</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadColumn()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button></div>
           ) : null}
           <ColumnMetadataFieldMatrix
             column={active}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseForm.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseForm.tsx
index edd1be16..d83f711d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseForm.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseForm.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import type { RefObject, ReactNode } from "react";
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
@@ -34,11 +35,12 @@ interface FieldProps {
 }
 
 function Field({ label, hint, children }: FieldProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <label className={labelClass}>
-      <span>{label}</span>
+      <span>{t(label)}</span>
       {children}
-      {hint ? <span className="font-normal leading-4 text-muted-foreground">{hint}</span> : null}
+      {hint ? <span className="font-normal leading-4 text-muted-foreground">{t(hint)}</span> : null}
     </label>
   );
 }
@@ -64,14 +66,15 @@ function SecretField({
   onChange,
   multiline = false,
 }: SecretFieldProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (readOnly) {
     return (
-      <Field label={label} hint="Secret values are never displayed.">
+      <Field label={t(label)} hint={t("Secret values are never displayed.")}>
         <input
           className={inputClass}
           value={row.secrets[name] ? "Configured" : "Not configured"}
           readOnly
-          aria-label={label}
+          aria-label={t(label)}
         />
       </Field>
     );
@@ -79,29 +82,29 @@ function SecretField({
 
   const permissionHint = canManageSecrets
     ? undefined
-    : "You do not have permission to replace secret values.";
+    : t("You do not have permission to replace secret values.");
 
   return (
-    <Field label={label} hint={permissionHint}>
+    <Field label={t(label)} hint={permissionHint}>
       {multiline ? (
         <textarea
           className={`${inputClass} min-h-24 resize-y py-2 font-mono text-xs leading-5`}
-          aria-label={label}
+          aria-label={t(label)}
           autoComplete="off"
           value={draft.secrets[name] ?? ""}
           disabled={!canManageSecrets}
-          placeholder={row.secrets[name] ? "Configured; leave blank to keep" : "Paste value"}
+          placeholder={row.secrets[name] ? t("Configured; leave blank to keep") : t("Paste value")}
           onChange={(event) => onChange(name, event.target.value)}
         />
       ) : (
         <input
           className={inputClass}
           type="password"
-          aria-label={label}
+          aria-label={t(label)}
           autoComplete="new-password"
           value={draft.secrets[name] ?? ""}
           disabled={!canManageSecrets}
-          placeholder={row.secrets[name] ? "Configured; leave blank to keep" : "Not configured"}
+          placeholder={row.secrets[name] ? t("Configured; leave blank to keep") : t("Not configured")}
           onChange={(event) => onChange(name, event.target.value)}
         />
       )}
@@ -146,10 +149,10 @@ export function databaseFormTitle(
   mode: DatabaseFormMode,
   presentation: "page" | "drawer" = "page",
 ): string {
-  if (mode === "configure") return "Configure catalog";
-  if (mode === "edit") return "Edit database";
-  if (mode === "delete") return presentation === "drawer" ? "Remove configuration" : "Delete database";
-  return "Database details";
+  if (mode === "configure") return translate("Configure catalog");
+  if (mode === "edit") return translate("Edit database");
+  if (mode === "delete") return presentation === "drawer" ? translate("Remove configuration") : translate("Delete database");
+  return translate("Database details");
 }
 
 export function DatabaseForm({
@@ -184,6 +187,7 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
   activeSyncRun,
   presentation = "page",
 }: DatabaseFormProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const title = databaseFormTitle(mode, presentation);
   const readOnly = mode === "view" || mode === "delete";
   const editable = mode === "configure" || mode === "edit";
@@ -208,83 +212,77 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
     >
       {mode === "delete" ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/8 p-4 text-sm text-foreground" role="alert">
-          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">This removes the local database configuration.</p>
+          <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("This removes the local database configuration.")}</p>
           <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
             {row.workspaceAvailable
-              ? "The repository workspace remains available and will return to the list as Not configured. "
-              : "This orphaned catalog row will disappear from the list. "}
-            Secret references associated with this configuration are removed too. The source database is not modified.
-          </p>
+              ? t("The repository workspace remains available and will return to the list as Not configured. ")
+              : t("This orphaned catalog row will disappear from the list. ")}
+            {t("Secret references associated with this configuration are removed too. The source database is not modified.")}</p>
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
       {stale ? (
         staleBannerOpen ? (
           <div className="rounded-md border border-amber-300/70 bg-amber-50 p-4 text-sm text-amber-950 dark:border-amber-700 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:text-amber-100" role="alert">
-            <p className="font-semibold">A newer database configuration is available.</p>
-            <p className="mt-1 leading-5">Reload the latest values before saving, testing, or deleting. Your draft is still intact.</p>
+            <p className="font-semibold">{t("A newer database configuration is available.")}</p>
+            <p className="mt-1 leading-5">{t("Reload the latest values before saving, testing, or deleting. Your draft is still intact.")}</p>
             <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-2">
               <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={onReloadLatest}>
-                <RefreshCw /> Reload latest
-              </Button>
+                <RefreshCw /> {t("Reload latest")}</Button>
               <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="ghost" disabled={busy} onClick={onKeepEditing}>
-                Keep editing
-              </Button>
+                {t("Keep editing")}</Button>
             </div>
           </div>
         ) : (
           <div className="rounded-md border border-amber-300/70 bg-amber-50 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-amber-950 dark:border-amber-700 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:text-amber-100" role="status">
-            Reload the latest values before this configuration can be changed.
-          </div>
+            {t("Reload the latest values before this configuration can be changed.")}</div>
         )
       ) : null}
 
       {partialSecretFailure ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-amber-300/70 bg-amber-50 p-4 text-sm text-amber-950 dark:border-amber-700 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:text-amber-100" role="alert">
-          <p className="font-semibold">Database configuration saved; secret update could not be confirmed.</p>
-          <p className="mt-1 leading-5">{partialSecretFailure} The values you entered are retained in this form.</p>
+          <p className="font-semibold">{t("Database configuration saved; secret update could not be confirmed.")}</p>
+          <p className="mt-1 leading-5">{t(partialSecretFailure)} {t("The values you entered are retained in this form.")}</p>
           <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" className="mt-3" disabled={busy || stale} onClick={onRetrySecrets}>
-            <RefreshCw /> {busyAction === "retry-secrets" ? "Retrying…" : "Retry secrets"}
+            <RefreshCw /> {busyAction === "retry-secrets" ? t("Retrying…") : t("Retry secrets")}
           </Button>
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
       {editable && !canManageSecrets ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/45 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground" role="note">
-          Secret status is visible, but replacing secret values requires the workspace.secrets.manage permission.
-        </div>
+          {t("Secret status is visible, but replacing secret values requires the workspace.secrets.manage permission.")}</div>
       ) : null}
 
       {!row.workspaceAvailable ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">
-          This configuration references a workspace that is no longer present in the repository YAML.
-        </div>
+          {t("This configuration references a workspace that is no longer present in the repository YAML.")}</div>
       ) : null}
 
       <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
-        <Field label="Workspace">
+        <Field label={t("Workspace")}>
           <input className={inputClass} value={row.workspaceName} readOnly />
         </Field>
-        <Field label="Workspace ID">
+        <Field label={t("Workspace ID")}>
           <input className={`${inputClass} font-mono text-xs`} value={row.workspaceId} readOnly />
         </Field>
-        <Field label="Database engine">
+        <Field label={t("Database engine")}>
           <input className={inputClass} value="PostgreSQL" readOnly />
         </Field>
-        <Field label="Transport">
+        <Field label={t("Transport")}>
           <select
             className={inputClass}
-            aria-label="Transport"
+            aria-label={t("Transport")}
             value={draft.binding.transport}
             disabled={readOnly || busy}
             onChange={(event) => onTransportChange(event.target.value as DatabaseTransport)}
           >
-            <option value="postgres_direct">Direct PostgreSQL connection</option>
-            <option value="rest_api">REST API</option>
-            <option value="ssh_tunnel">SSH tunnel</option>
+            <option value="postgres_direct">{t("Direct PostgreSQL connection")}</option>
+            <option value="rest_api">{t("REST API")}</option>
+            <option value="ssh_tunnel">{t("SSH tunnel")}</option>
           </select>
         </Field>
-        <Field label="Database name">
+        <Field label={t("Database name")}>
           <input
             className={inputClass}
             required={editable}
@@ -294,7 +292,7 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
             onChange={(event) => onFieldChange("databaseName", event.target.value)}
           />
         </Field>
-        <Field label="Schema">
+        <Field label={t("Schema")}>
           <input
             className={inputClass}
             required={editable}
@@ -307,44 +305,44 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
       </div>
 
       <div className="border-t border-border pt-5">
-        <p className="thot-label mb-4">Installation binding</p>
+        <p className="thot-label mb-4">{t("Installation binding")}</p>
 
         {draft.binding.transport === "postgres_direct" ? (
           <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
-            <Field label="Host">
+            <Field label={t("Host")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.host ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("host", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="Port">
+            <Field label={t("Port")}>
               <input className={inputClass} type="number" min={1} max={65535} required={editable} value={draft.binding.port ?? 5432} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("port", Number(event.target.value))} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="Username">
+            <Field label={t("Username")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.username ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("username", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="TLS server name">
+            <Field label={t("TLS server name")}>
               <input className={inputClass} value={draft.binding.tlsServername ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("tlsServername", event.target.value || undefined)} />
             </Field>
-            <SecretField label="Password" name="password" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
-            <SecretField label="TLS CA certificate" name="tlsCa" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
+            <SecretField label={t("Password")} name="password" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
+            <SecretField label={t("TLS CA certificate")} name="tlsCa" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
         {draft.binding.transport === "rest_api" ? (
           <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
-            <Field label="Base URL">
+            <Field label={t("Base URL")}>
               <input className={inputClass} type="url" required={editable} placeholder="https://dwh.example/api" value={draft.binding.baseUrl ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("baseUrl", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="Diagnostic endpoint" hint="This relative path is fixed by the runtime contract.">
-              <input className={inputClass} value={draft.binding.restPath ?? "/health"} readOnly aria-label="Diagnostic endpoint" />
+            <Field label={t("Diagnostic endpoint")} hint={t("This relative path is fixed by the runtime contract.")}>
+              <input className={inputClass} value={draft.binding.restPath ?? "/health"} readOnly aria-label={t("Diagnostic endpoint")} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="Authentication">
-              <select className={inputClass} aria-label="Authentication" value={draft.binding.restAuth ?? "x-api-key"} disabled={readOnly || busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("restAuth", event.target.value as DatabaseBinding["restAuth"])}>
+            <Field label={t("Authentication")}>
+              <select className={inputClass} aria-label={t("Authentication")} value={draft.binding.restAuth ?? "x-api-key"} disabled={readOnly || busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("restAuth", event.target.value as DatabaseBinding["restAuth"])}>
                 <option value="x-api-key">X-API-Key</option>
-                <option value="bearer">Bearer token</option>
-                <option value="none">None</option>
+                <option value="bearer">{t("Bearer token")}</option>
+                <option value="none">{t("None")}</option>
               </select>
             </Field>
             {draft.binding.restAuth !== "none" ? (
-              <SecretField label="API key" name="apiKey" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
+              <SecretField label={t("API key")} name="apiKey" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
             ) : null}
           </div>
         ) : null}
@@ -352,63 +350,62 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
         {draft.binding.transport === "ssh_tunnel" ? (
           <div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
             <div className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/45 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground md:col-span-2" role="note">
-              SSH host verification is strict. Provide the trusted known_hosts entry before testing this binding.
-            </div>
-            <Field label="Database username">
+              {t("SSH host verification is strict. Provide the trusted known_hosts entry before testing this binding.")}</div>
+            <Field label={t("Database username")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.username ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("username", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <SecretField label="Database password" name="password" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
-            <Field label="SSH host">
+            <SecretField label={t("Database password")} name="password" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
+            <Field label={t("SSH host")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.sshHost ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("sshHost", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="SSH port">
+            <Field label={t("SSH port")}>
               <input className={inputClass} type="number" min={1} max={65535} required={editable} value={draft.binding.sshPort ?? 22} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("sshPort", Number(event.target.value))} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="SSH username">
+            <Field label={t("SSH username")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.sshUsername ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("sshUsername", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <SecretField label="SSH private key" name="sshPrivateKey" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
-            <SecretField label="Private key passphrase" name="sshPrivateKeyPassphrase" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
-            <SecretField label="SSH known hosts" name="sshKnownHosts" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
-            <Field label="Target host">
+            <SecretField label={t("SSH private key")} name="sshPrivateKey" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
+            <SecretField label={t("Private key passphrase")} name="sshPrivateKeyPassphrase" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} />
+            <SecretField label={t("SSH known hosts")} name="sshKnownHosts" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
+            <Field label={t("Target host")}>
               <input className={inputClass} required={editable} value={draft.binding.sshTargetHost ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("sshTargetHost", event.target.value)} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="Target port">
+            <Field label={t("Target port")}>
               <input className={inputClass} type="number" min={1} max={65535} required={editable} value={draft.binding.sshTargetPort ?? 5432} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("sshTargetPort", Number(event.target.value))} />
             </Field>
-            <Field label="TLS server name">
+            <Field label={t("TLS server name")}>
               <input className={inputClass} value={draft.binding.tlsServername ?? ""} readOnly={readOnly} disabled={busy} onChange={(event) => onBindingChange("tlsServername", event.target.value || undefined)} />
             </Field>
-            <SecretField label="TLS CA certificate" name="tlsCa" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
+            <SecretField label={t("TLS CA certificate")} name="tlsCa" row={row} draft={draft} readOnly={readOnly} canManageSecrets={canManageSecrets} onChange={onSecretChange} multiline />
           </div>
         ) : null}
       </div>
 
       {row.lastErrorMessage ? (
         <div className="rounded-md border border-destructive/25 bg-destructive/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive" role="status">
-          Last connection error: {row.lastErrorMessage}
+          {t("Last connection error:")} {t(row.lastErrorMessage)}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
       <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2 border-t border-border pt-4">
         {mode === "view" || mode === "edit" ? (
           <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={testDisabled} onClick={onTest}>
-            <TestTube2 /> {busyAction === "test" ? "Testing…" : "Test connection"}
+            <TestTube2 /> {busyAction === "test" ? t("Testing…") : t("Test connection")}
           </Button>
         ) : null}
         {mode === "configure" || mode === "edit" ? (
           <Button type="submit" disabled={saveDisabled}>
             <Save />
             {busyAction === "save"
-              ? "Saving…"
+              ? t("Saving…")
               : mode === "configure"
-                ? "Save catalog configuration"
-                : "Save changes"}
+                ? t("Save catalog configuration")
+                : t("Save changes")}
           </Button>
         ) : null}
         {mode === "delete" ? (
           <Button type="button" variant="destructive" disabled={!canManage || !row.configured || !row.id || busy || stale} onClick={onDelete}>
-            <Trash2 /> {busyAction === "delete" ? "Removing…" : presentation === "drawer" ? "Remove configuration" : "Delete database"}
+            <Trash2 /> {busyAction === "delete" ? t("Removing…") : presentation === "drawer" ? t("Remove configuration") : t("Delete database")}
           </Button>
         ) : null}
       </div>
@@ -417,33 +414,30 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
 
   if (presentation === "drawer") {
     return (
-      <section aria-label={`${title} form`} className="thot-fleet-drawer-form">
+      <section aria-label={t("{title} form", { title })} className="thot-fleet-drawer-form">
         <h2 ref={headingRef} tabIndex={-1} className="sr-only">{title}</h2>
         <div className="thot-fleet-drawer-form__context">
           <div className="min-w-0">
-            <p className="thot-label">Workspace</p>
+            <p className="thot-label">{t("Workspace")}</p>
             <p className="mt-1 truncate text-sm font-semibold">{row.workspaceName}</p>
             <p className="mt-0.5 truncate font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">{row.workspaceId}</p>
           </div>
           <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2">
             <Database className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" aria-hidden="true" />
             <span className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted px-2.5 py-1 text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
-              {statusLabel(row)}
+              {t(statusLabel(row))}
             </span>
             {mode === "view" && row.configured ? (
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="thot-fleet-nav-action thot-fleet-nav-action--below" data-tooltip="Synchronization history" onClick={onOpenSync}>
-                {activeSyncRun ? <RefreshCw className="animate-spin" /> : <History />} Sync history
-              </Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" className="thot-fleet-nav-action thot-fleet-nav-action--below" data-tooltip={t("Synchronization history")} onClick={onOpenSync}>
+                {activeSyncRun ? <RefreshCw className="animate-spin" /> : <History />} {t("Sync history")}</Button>
             ) : null}
             {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenDescriptionHistory ? (
               <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={onOpenDescriptionHistory}>
-                <History /> Description history
-              </Button>
+                <History /> {t("Description history")}</Button>
             ) : null}
             {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenSensitiveHistory ? (
               <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={onOpenSensitiveHistory}>
-                <History /> Sensitive history
-              </Button>
+                <History /> {t("Sensitive history")}</Button>
             ) : null}
             {mode === "view" ? (
               <DatabaseSyncMenu
@@ -451,12 +445,12 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
                 onSelect={onSync}
               />
             ) : null}
-            {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenDescriptionHistory ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenDescriptionHistory}><History /> Description history</Button> : null}
-            {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenSensitiveHistory ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSensitiveHistory}><History /> Sensitive history</Button> : null}
+            {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenDescriptionHistory ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenDescriptionHistory}><History /> {t("Description history")}</Button> : null}
+            {mode === "view" && row.configured && onOpenSensitiveHistory ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSensitiveHistory}><History /> {t("Sensitive history")}</Button> : null}
           </div>
         </div>
         {row.lastTestedAt ? (
-          <p className="mb-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Last tested {new Date(row.lastTestedAt).toLocaleString()}</p>
+          <p className="mb-4 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Last tested")} {new Date(row.lastTestedAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</p>
         ) : null}
         {form}
       </section>
@@ -464,15 +458,14 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
   }
 
   return (
-    <section aria-label={`${title} form`} className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto bg-background">
+    <section aria-label={t("{title} form", { title })} className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto bg-background">
       <div className="mx-auto w-full max-w-[900px] px-4 py-5 sm:px-6 sm:py-6">
         <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-5" disabled={busy} onClick={onBack}>
-          <ArrowLeft /> Back to list
-        </Button>
+          <ArrowLeft /> {t("Back to list")}</Button>
 
         <div className="mb-6 flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-4 border-b border-border pb-5">
           <div className="min-w-0">
-            <p className="thot-label mb-1">Database management</p>
+            <p className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Database management")}</p>
             <h2 ref={headingRef} tabIndex={-1} className="font-heading text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight outline-none">
               {title}
             </h2>
@@ -480,16 +473,16 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
               {row.workspaceName} · {row.workspaceId}
             </p>
             {row.lastTestedAt ? (
-              <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">Last tested {new Date(row.lastTestedAt).toLocaleString()}</p>
+              <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Last tested")} {new Date(row.lastTestedAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</p>
             ) : null}
           </div>
           <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-end gap-2">
             <Database className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" aria-hidden="true" />
             <span className="rounded-full border border-border bg-muted px-2.5 py-1 text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground">
-              {statusLabel(row)}
+              {t(statusLabel(row))}
             </span>
             {mode === "view" && activeSyncRun ? (
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />View sync</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />{t("View sync")}</Button>
             ) : null}
             {mode === "view" ? (
               <DatabaseSyncMenu
@@ -501,15 +494,14 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
         </div>
 
         {mode === "view" ? (
-          <nav aria-label="Database sections" className="mb-6 flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
+          <nav aria-label={t("Database sections")} className="mb-6 flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
             <button
               type="button"
               role="tab"
               aria-selected="true"
               className="border-b-2 border-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground"
             >
-              Overview
-            </button>
+              {t("Overview")}</button>
             <button
               type="button"
               role="tab"
@@ -518,8 +510,7 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
               className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground transition hover:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/20 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-45"
               onClick={(event) => onOpenTables(event.currentTarget)}
             >
-              Tables
-            </button>
+              {t("Tables")}</button>
             <button
               type="button"
               role="tab"
@@ -528,8 +519,7 @@ export function DatabaseForm({
               className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground transition hover:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/20 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-45"
               onClick={onOpenRelationships}
             >
-              Relationships
-            </button>
+              {t("Relationships")}</button>
           </nav>
         ) : null}
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseGrid.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseGrid.tsx
index cebcef90..e0a7fe4f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseGrid.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseGrid.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { useAdminGridLocale } from "./useAdminGridLocale";
+import { useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, type RefObject } from "react";
 import { useQueries } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
@@ -91,8 +93,8 @@ function useCompactViewport(): boolean {
     const query = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 767px)");
     const update = () => setCompact(query.matches);
     update();
-    query.addEventListener("change", update);
-    return () => query.removeEventListener("change", update);
+    query.addEventListener(translate("change"), update);
+    return () => query.removeEventListener(translate("change"), update);
   }, []);
 
   return compact;
@@ -119,19 +121,20 @@ function StateCell({
   tone: StateTone;
   detailClassName?: string;
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full min-w-0 flex-col justify-center gap-0.5 py-1 leading-tight">
       <span className="flex min-w-0 items-center gap-1.5 text-xs font-semibold text-foreground">
         <span className={`size-1.5 shrink-0 rounded-full ${stateToneClass[tone]}`} aria-hidden="true" />
-        <span className="truncate">{label}</span>
+        <span className="truncate">{t(label)}</span>
       </span>
-      <span className={`truncate pl-3 text-[11px] ${detailClassName}`}>{detail}</span>
+      <span className={`truncate pl-3 text-[11px] ${detailClassName}`}>{t(detail)}</span>
     </div>
   );
 }
 
 function endpoint(host: string | undefined, port: number | undefined): string {
-  if (!host) return "Endpoint not configured";
+  if (!host) return translate("Endpoint not configured");
   return port ? `${host}:${port}` : host;
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ function accessSummary(row: CatalogDatabase): { label: string; detail: string }
     ? row.binding.transport
     : row.runtimeBinding?.transport ?? row.binding.transport;
   if (transport === "rest_api") {
-    if (!row.binding.baseUrl) return { label: "REST", detail: "Endpoint not configured" };
+    if (!row.binding.baseUrl) return { label: "REST", detail: translate("Endpoint not configured") };
     try {
       return { label: "REST", detail: new URL(row.binding.baseUrl).host };
     } catch {
@@ -151,41 +154,42 @@ function accessSummary(row: CatalogDatabase): { label: string; detail: string }
     return { label: "SSH", detail: endpoint(row.binding.sshHost, row.binding.sshPort) };
   }
   return {
-    label: "Direct PostgreSQL connection",
+    label: translate("Direct PostgreSQL connection"),
     detail: endpoint(row.binding.host, row.binding.port),
   };
 }
 
 function coverageStatus(total: number, complete: number): { label: string; detail: string; tone: StateTone } {
-  if (total === 0) return { label: "Not started", detail: "No catalog objects", tone: "danger" };
-  if (complete >= total) return { label: "Complete", detail: `${complete}/${total}`, tone: "success" };
-  if (complete > 0) return { label: "Partial", detail: `${complete}/${total}`, tone: "warning" };
-  return { label: "Not started", detail: `0/${total}`, tone: "danger" };
+  if (total === 0) return { label: translate("Not started"), detail: translate("No catalog objects"), tone: "danger" };
+  if (complete >= total) return { label: translate("Complete"), detail: `${complete}/${total}`, tone: "success" };
+  if (complete > 0) return { label: translate("Partial"), detail: `${complete}/${total}`, tone: "warning" };
+  return { label: translate("Not started"), detail: `0/${total}`, tone: "danger" };
 }
 
 function CatalogStatusCells({ row, metrics, sensitiveRun }: { row: CatalogDatabase; metrics?: CatalogMetrics; sensitiveRun?: SensitivityAnalysisRun }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const access = accessSummary(row);
   const synchronized = row.schemaSyncedVersion === row.version;
   const syncStatus = !row.schemaSyncedVersion
-    ? { label: "Not synchronized", detail: "Schema not synchronized", tone: "danger" as const }
+    ? { label: t("Not synchronized"), detail: t("Schema not synchronized"), tone: "danger" as const }
     : synchronized
-      ? { label: "Synchronized", detail: "Current schema", tone: "success" as const }
-      : { label: "Partial", detail: "Schema revision changed", tone: "warning" as const };
+      ? { label: t("Synchronized"), detail: t("Current schema"), tone: "success" as const }
+      : { label: t("Partial"), detail: t("Schema revision changed"), tone: "warning" as const };
   const descriptions = coverageStatus(metrics?.descriptionTargets ?? 0, metrics?.describedTargets ?? 0);
   const sensitiveProcessed = sensitiveRun ? sensitiveRun.suggestedSensitive + sensitiveRun.suggestedNonSensitive : 0;
   const sensitive = !sensitiveRun
-    ? { label: "Not started", detail: "No analysis has been run", tone: "danger" as const }
+    ? { label: t("Not started"), detail: t("No analysis has been run"), tone: "danger" as const }
     : sensitiveRun.status === "completed" && sensitiveProcessed >= sensitiveRun.total
-      ? { label: "Complete", detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "success" as const }
+      ? { label: t("Complete"), detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "success" as const }
       : ["failed", "interrupted"].includes(sensitiveRun.status)
-        ? { label: "Incomplete", detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "danger" as const }
-        : { label: "Partial", detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "warning" as const };
+        ? { label: t("Incomplete"), detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "danger" as const }
+        : { label: t("Partial"), detail: `${sensitiveProcessed}/${sensitiveRun.total}`, tone: "warning" as const };
   return (
     <div className="grid h-full min-w-[540px] grid-cols-4 gap-3 py-1">
       <StateCell label={access.label} detail={access.detail} tone="info" />
       <StateCell label={syncStatus.label} detail={syncStatus.detail} tone={syncStatus.tone} />
-      <StateCell label={descriptions.label} detail={`Descriptions · ${descriptions.detail}`} tone={descriptions.tone} />
-      <StateCell label={sensitive.label} detail={`Sensitive · ${sensitive.detail}`} tone={sensitive.tone} />
+      <StateCell label={descriptions.label} detail={t("Descriptions · {detail}", { detail: descriptions.detail })} tone={descriptions.tone} />
+      <StateCell label={sensitive.label} detail={t("Sensitive · {detail}", { detail: sensitive.detail })} tone={sensitive.tone} />
     </div>
   );
 }
@@ -194,6 +198,7 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
   data,
   context,
 }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogDatabase, unknown, DatabaseGridContext>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data || !context) return null;
 
   if (data.workspaceAvailable && !data.configured) {
@@ -205,9 +210,9 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
           variant="ghost"
           size="icon-lg"
           className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined}
-          data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Details" : undefined}
-          title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? `View ${data.workspaceName}` : undefined}
-          aria-label={`View ${data.workspaceName}`}
+          data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Details") : undefined}
+          title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? t("View {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName }) : undefined}
+          aria-label={t("View {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
           onClick={(event) => context.onView(data, event.currentTarget)}
         >
           {context.presentation === "fleet" ? <Info aria-hidden="true" /> : <Eye aria-hidden="true" />}
@@ -216,17 +221,15 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
           type="button"
           size="sm"
           className="whitespace-nowrap"
-          aria-label={`Configure catalog for ${data.workspaceName}`}
+          aria-label={t("Configure catalog for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
           aria-describedby={!context.canManage ? configureReasonId : undefined}
           disabled={!context.canManage}
           onClick={(event) => context.onEdit(data, event.currentTarget)}
         >
-          Configure catalog
-        </Button>
+          {t("Configure catalog")}</Button>
         {!context.canManage ? (
           <span id={configureReasonId} className="sr-only">
-            Database management permission is required.
-          </span>
+            {t("Database management permission is required.")}</span>
         ) : null}
       </div>
     );
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
 
   const editDisabled = !context.canManage || !data.workspaceAvailable;
   const deleteDisabled = !context.canManage || !data.configured;
-  const editLabel = `Edit ${data.workspaceName}`;
+  const editLabel = t("Edit {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName });
   const editReasonId = `database-edit-reason-${data.workspaceId}`;
   const deleteReasonId = `database-delete-reason-${data.workspaceId}`;
   const relationshipsReasonId = `database-relationships-reason-${data.workspaceId}`;
@@ -242,12 +245,12 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-end gap-0.5" onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}>
       {context.presentation === "fleet" && context.onOpenTables ? (
-        <span className="thot-fleet-icon-action inline-flex" data-tooltip="Tables">
+        <span className="thot-fleet-icon-action inline-flex" data-tooltip={t("Tables")}>
           <Button
             type="button"
             variant="ghost"
             size="icon-lg"
-            aria-label={`View tables for ${data.workspaceName}`}
+            aria-label={t("View tables for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
             disabled={!data.configured || !data.id}
             onClick={(event) => context.onOpenTables?.(data, event.currentTarget)}
           >
@@ -256,12 +259,12 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
         </span>
       ) : null}
       {context.presentation === "fleet" && context.onOpenRelationships ? (
-        <span className="thot-fleet-icon-action inline-flex" data-tooltip="Relationships">
+        <span className="thot-fleet-icon-action inline-flex" data-tooltip={t("Relationships")}>
           <Button
             type="button"
             variant="ghost"
             size="icon-lg"
-            aria-label={`View relationships for ${data.workspaceName}`}
+            aria-label={t("View relationships for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
             aria-describedby={!data.configured || !data.id ? relationshipsReasonId : undefined}
             disabled={!data.configured || !data.id}
             onClick={(event) => context.onOpenRelationships?.(data, event.currentTarget)}
@@ -270,8 +273,7 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
           </Button>
           {!data.configured || !data.id ? (
             <span id={relationshipsReasonId} className="sr-only">
-              Save this database configuration before managing relationships.
-            </span>
+              {t("Save this database configuration before managing relationships.")}</span>
           ) : null}
         </span>
       ) : null}
@@ -280,41 +282,41 @@ function DatabaseActionsCell({
         variant="ghost"
         size="icon-lg"
         className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined}
-        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Details" : undefined}
-        title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? `View ${data.workspaceName}` : undefined}
-        aria-label={`View ${data.workspaceName}`}
+        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Details") : undefined}
+        title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? t("View {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName }) : undefined}
+        aria-label={t("View {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
         onClick={(event) => context.onView(data, event.currentTarget)}
       >
         {context.presentation === "fleet" ? <Info aria-hidden="true" /> : <Eye aria-hidden="true" />}
       </Button>
-      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Edit configuration" : undefined} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? (editDisabled ? "This database configuration cannot be changed" : editLabel) : undefined}>
+      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Edit configuration") : undefined} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? (editDisabled ? t("This database configuration cannot be changed") : editLabel) : undefined}>
         <Button
           type="button"
           variant="ghost"
           size="icon-lg"
-          aria-label={editLabel}
+          aria-label={t(editLabel)}
           aria-describedby={editDisabled ? editReasonId : undefined}
           disabled={editDisabled}
           onClick={(event) => context.onEdit(data, event.currentTarget)}
         >
           <Pencil aria-hidden="true" />
         </Button>
-        {editDisabled ? <span id={editReasonId} className="sr-only">This database configuration cannot be changed.</span> : null}
+        {editDisabled ? <span id={editReasonId} className="sr-only">{t("This database configuration cannot be changed.")}</span> : null}
       </span>
-      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Remove configuration" : undefined} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? (deleteDisabled ? "Save this database configuration before deleting it" : `Delete ${data.workspaceName}`) : undefined}>
+      <span className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined} data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Remove configuration") : undefined} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? (deleteDisabled ? t("Save this database configuration before deleting it") : t("Delete {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })) : undefined}>
         <Button
           type="button"
           variant="ghost"
           size="icon-lg"
           className="text-destructive hover:bg-destructive/10 hover:text-destructive"
-          aria-label={`Delete ${data.workspaceName}`}
+          aria-label={t("Delete {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: data.workspaceName })}
           aria-describedby={deleteDisabled ? deleteReasonId : undefined}
           disabled={deleteDisabled}
           onClick={(event) => context.onDelete(data, event.currentTarget)}
         >
           <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" />
         </Button>
-        {deleteDisabled ? <span id={deleteReasonId} className="sr-only">Save this database configuration before deleting it.</span> : null}
+        {deleteDisabled ? <span id={deleteReasonId} className="sr-only">{t("Save this database configuration before deleting it.")}</span> : null}
       </span>
     </div>
   );
@@ -347,6 +349,8 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
   onRefresh,
   presentation = "legacy",
 }: DatabaseGridProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { locale, gridLocaleProps } = useAdminGridLocale();
   const metricQueries = useQueries({
     queries: rows.filter((row) => row.id).map((row) => ({
       queryKey: ["catalog-metrics", row.id],
@@ -362,10 +366,10 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
       if (metrics && row.id) result[row.id] = metrics;
     });
     return result;
-  }, [metricQueries, rows]);
+  }, [metricQueries, rows, t]);
   const sensitiveRunsByDatabase = useMemo(() => new Map(
     rows.filter((row) => row.id).map((row) => [row.id!, sensitivityAnalysisRuns.find((run) => run.databaseId === row.id)]),
-  ), [rows, sensitivityAnalysisRuns]);
+  ), [rows, sensitivityAnalysisRuns, t]);
   const compact = useCompactViewport();
   const gridRef = useRef<AgGridReact<CatalogDatabase>>(null);
   const actionsTriggerRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
@@ -379,19 +383,19 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
   const [pendingConsolidation, setPendingConsolidation] = useState(false);
   const context = useMemo<DatabaseGridContext>(
     () => ({ canManage, presentation, onView, onOpenTables, onOpenRelationships, onEdit, onDelete, onOpenSync }),
-    [canManage, presentation, onView, onOpenTables, onOpenRelationships, onEdit, onDelete, onOpenSync],
+    [canManage, presentation, onView, onOpenTables, onOpenRelationships, onEdit, onDelete, onOpenSync, t],
   );
 
   const columnDefs = useMemo<ColDef<CatalogDatabase>[]>(() => {
     const workspace: ColDef<CatalogDatabase> = {
       field: "workspaceName",
-      headerName: "Workspace",
+      headerName: t("Workspace"),
       minWidth: compact ? 112 : 190,
       flex: compact ? undefined : 1.35,
       width: compact ? 112 : undefined,
     };
     const status: ColDef<CatalogDatabase> = {
-      headerName: "Catalog status",
+      headerName: t("Catalog status"),
       minWidth: 580,
       flex: 2.5,
       cellRenderer: ({ data }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogDatabase>) => {
@@ -404,7 +408,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
     const actionsWidth = presentation === "fleet" ? 232 : 210;
     const actions: ColDef<CatalogDatabase> = {
       colId: "actions",
-      headerName: "Actions",
+      headerName: t("Actions"),
       width: actionsWidth,
       minWidth: actionsWidth,
       maxWidth: actionsWidth,
@@ -420,7 +424,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
     };
 
     return [workspace, status, actions];
-  }, [compact, metricsByDatabase, presentation, sensitiveRunsByDatabase]);
+  }, [compact, metricsByDatabase, presentation, sensitiveRunsByDatabase, t]);
 
   const configuredCount = rows.filter((row) => row.configured).length;
   const hiddenSelected = selectedRows.filter((row) => {
@@ -446,54 +450,54 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
   const canDeleteMetadataSelection = canManage && selectedRows.length > 0
     && selectedRows.every((row) => row.configured && row.id && !row.activeSyncRun);
   const fleetActions = useMemo<readonly FleetActionOption<DatabaseFleetAction>[]>(() => {
-    const permissionReason = !canManage ? "Database management permission is required" : undefined;
+    const permissionReason = !canManage ? t("Database management permission is required") : undefined;
     const testReason = permissionReason
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id)
-        ? "Every selected workspace must be configured"
+        ? t("Every selected workspace must be configured")
         : selectedRows.some((row) => row.activeSyncRun)
-          ? "Wait for active synchronization"
+          ? t("Wait for active synchronization")
           : undefined);
     const syncReason = permissionReason
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id)
-        ? "Every selected workspace must be configured"
+        ? t("Every selected workspace must be configured")
         : selectedRows.some((row) => row.activeSyncRun)
-          ? "Wait for active synchronization"
+          ? t("Wait for active synchronization")
           : undefined);
     const generationReason = permissionReason
-      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? "Select exactly one database" : undefined)
+      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? t("Select exactly one database") : undefined)
       ?? (!selectedMetadataModel ? NO_METADATA_GENERATION_LLM_MODEL_MESSAGE : undefined)
-      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for active description generation" : undefined)
+      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for active description generation") : undefined)
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id || row.activeSyncRun)
-        ? "The selected database must be configured and idle"
+        ? t("The selected database must be configured and idle")
         : undefined);
     const consolidationReason = permissionReason
-      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? "Select exactly one database" : undefined)
-      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for active description generation" : undefined)
+      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? t("Select exactly one database") : undefined)
+      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for active description generation") : undefined)
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id || row.activeSyncRun)
-        ? "The selected database must be configured and idle"
+        ? t("The selected database must be configured and idle")
         : undefined);
     const sensitiveReason = permissionReason
-      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? "Select exactly one database" : undefined)
-      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for the active metadata operation" : undefined)
+      ?? (selectedRows.length !== 1 ? t("Select exactly one database") : undefined)
+      ?? (descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for the active metadata operation") : undefined)
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id || row.activeSyncRun)
-        ? "The selected database must be configured and idle"
+        ? t("The selected database must be configured and idle")
         : undefined);
     const cleanupReason = permissionReason
       ?? (selectedRows.some((row) => !row.configured || !row.id || row.activeSyncRun)
-        ? "Every selected database must be configured and idle"
+        ? t("Every selected database must be configured and idle")
         : undefined);
 
     return [
-      { id: "test", label: "Test connections", group: "Connection", disabled: !canTestSelection, disabledReason: testReason },
-      { id: "sync-tables", label: "Synchronize tables", group: "Synchronization", disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
-      { id: "sync-relationships", label: "Synchronize relationships", group: "Synchronization", disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
-      { id: "sync-all", label: "Synchronize all", group: "Synchronization", disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
-      { id: "generate-missing", label: "Generate missing descriptions", group: "Descriptions", disabled: !canGenerateDescriptions, disabledReason: generationReason },
-      { id: "generate-all", label: "Generate all descriptions", group: "Descriptions", disabled: !canGenerateDescriptions, disabledReason: generationReason, runLabel: "Review generation" },
-      { id: "consolidate-descriptions", label: "Copy generated description to descriptions", group: "Descriptions", disabled: !canConsolidateDescriptions, disabledReason: consolidationReason, runLabel: "Review copy" },
-      { id: "suggest-sensitive", label: "Analyze sensitive fields", group: "Sensitive data", disabled: !canSuggestSensitive, disabledReason: sensitiveReason, runLabel: "Open review" },
-      { id: "clear-tables", label: "Clear catalog tables and relationships", group: "Cleanup", disabled: !canDeleteMetadataSelection, disabledReason: cleanupReason, tone: "destructive", runLabel: "Review cleanup" },
-      { id: "clear-relationships", label: "Clear catalog relationships", group: "Cleanup", disabled: !canDeleteMetadataSelection, disabledReason: cleanupReason, tone: "destructive", runLabel: "Review cleanup" },
+      { id: "test", label: t("Test connections"), group: t("Connection"), disabled: !canTestSelection, disabledReason: testReason },
+      { id: "sync-tables", label: t("Synchronize tables"), group: t("Synchronization"), disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
+      { id: "sync-relationships", label: t("Synchronize relationships"), group: t("Synchronization"), disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
+      { id: "sync-all", label: t("Synchronize all"), group: t("Synchronization"), disabled: !canSyncSelection, disabledReason: syncReason },
+      { id: "generate-missing", label: t("Generate missing descriptions"), group: t("Descriptions"), disabled: !canGenerateDescriptions, disabledReason: generationReason },
+      { id: "generate-all", label: t("Generate all descriptions"), group: t("Descriptions"), disabled: !canGenerateDescriptions, disabledReason: generationReason, runLabel: t("Review generation") },
+      { id: "consolidate-descriptions", label: t("Copy generated description to descriptions"), group: t("Descriptions"), disabled: !canConsolidateDescriptions, disabledReason: consolidationReason, runLabel: t("Review copy") },
+      { id: "suggest-sensitive", label: t("Analyze sensitive fields"), group: t("Sensitive data"), disabled: !canSuggestSensitive, disabledReason: sensitiveReason, runLabel: t("Open review") },
+      { id: "clear-tables", label: t("Clear catalog tables and relationships"), group: t("Cleanup"), disabled: !canDeleteMetadataSelection, disabledReason: cleanupReason, tone: "destructive", runLabel: t("Review cleanup") },
+      { id: "clear-relationships", label: t("Clear catalog relationships"), group: t("Cleanup"), disabled: !canDeleteMetadataSelection, disabledReason: cleanupReason, tone: "destructive", runLabel: t("Review cleanup") },
     ];
   }, [
     canConsolidateDescriptions,
@@ -506,7 +510,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
     descriptionGenerationActive,
     selectedMetadataModel,
     selectedRows,
-  ]);
+  , t]);
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!pendingDelete) return;
     const timer = window.setTimeout(() => document.getElementById("database-cleanup-confirm-button")?.focus(), 0);
@@ -587,7 +591,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
 
   return (
     <section
-      aria-label="Workspace databases"
+      aria-label={t("Workspace databases")}
       data-presentation={presentation}
       className={presentation === "fleet"
         ? "thot-fleet-grid-surface flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-card"
@@ -610,24 +614,21 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
               <div className="mr-auto min-w-56">
                 <p id="database-generation-confirmation" className="text-sm font-semibold">
                   {pendingGenerationScope === "all"
-                    ? `Replace generated descriptions for ${selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName}?`
-                    : `Generate missing descriptions for ${selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName}?`}
+                    ? t("Replace generated descriptions for {workspaceName}?", { workspaceName: selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName })
+                    : t("Generate missing descriptions for {workspaceName}?", { workspaceName: selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName })}
                 </p>
                 {pendingGenerationScope === "all" ? (
                   <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    Existing generated descriptions for eligible tables and columns will be replaced.
-                  </p>
+                    {t("Existing generated descriptions for eligible tables and columns will be replaced.")}</p>
                 ) : null}
                 <p
                   role="note"
-                  aria-label="Metadata generation source data disclosure"
+                  aria-label={t("Metadata generation source data disclosure")}
                   className="mt-1 text-xs font-medium text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300"
                 >
-                  When available, up to five real source rows and five representative values from
-                  columns not marked sensitive are sent to the selected provider.
-                </p>
+                  {t("When available, up to five real source rows and five representative values from columns not marked sensitive are sent to the selected provider.")}</p>
               </div>
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeGenerationConfirmation}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeGenerationConfirmation}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button
                 id="database-generation-confirm-button"
                 type="button"
@@ -638,7 +639,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                   () => onGenerateDescriptions(selectedRows, pendingGenerationScope),
                 )}
               >
-                {pendingGenerationScope === "all" ? "Generate all descriptions" : "Generate missing descriptions"}
+                {pendingGenerationScope === "all" ? t("Generate all descriptions") : t("Generate missing descriptions")}
               </Button>
             </div>
           ) : pendingConsolidation ? (
@@ -652,13 +653,12 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
             >
               <div className="mr-auto min-w-56">
                 <p id="database-consolidation-confirmation" className="text-sm font-semibold">
-                  Copy generated descriptions to Description fields in {selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName}?
+                  {t("Copy generated descriptions to Description fields in")} {selectedRows[0]?.workspaceName}?
                 </p>
                 <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                  Every non-empty AI-generated table and column description will replace its current Description value. Generated descriptions are retained.
-                </p>
+                  {t("Every non-empty AI-generated table and column description will replace its current Description value. Generated descriptions are retained.")}</p>
               </div>
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeConsolidationConfirmation}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeConsolidationConfirmation}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button
                 id="database-consolidation-confirm-button"
                 type="button"
@@ -669,8 +669,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                   () => onConsolidateDescriptions(selectedRows),
                 )}
               >
-                Copy to descriptions
-              </Button>
+                {t("Copy to descriptions")}</Button>
             </div>
           ) : pendingDelete ? (
             <div
@@ -684,16 +683,16 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
               <div className="mr-auto min-w-56">
                 <p id="database-cleanup-confirmation" className="text-sm font-semibold">
                   {pendingDelete === "tables"
-                    ? `${presentation === "fleet" ? "Clear" : "Delete all"} catalog tables for ${selectedRows.length} database${selectedRows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}?`
-                    : `${presentation === "fleet" ? "Clear catalog" : "Delete all"} relationships for ${selectedRows.length} database${selectedRows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}?`}
+                    ? (selectedRows.length === 1 ? t("{value} catalog tables for {count} database?", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear") : t("Delete all"), count: selectedRows.length }) : t("{value} catalog tables for {count} databases?", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear") : t("Delete all"), count: selectedRows.length }))
+                    : (selectedRows.length === 1 ? t("{value} relationships for {count} database?", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear catalog") : t("Delete all"), count: selectedRows.length }) : t("{value} relationships for {count} databases?", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear catalog") : t("Delete all"), count: selectedRows.length }))}
                 </p>
                 <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                   {pendingDelete === "tables"
-                    ? "Columns and relationships will also be removed. Database configurations and source databases are unchanged."
-                    : "Catalog tables, columns, database configurations, and source databases are unchanged."}
+                    ? t("Columns and relationships will also be removed. Database configurations and source databases are unchanged.")
+                    : t("Catalog tables, columns, database configurations, and source databases are unchanged.")}
                 </p>
               </div>
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeDeleteConfirmation}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={closeDeleteConfirmation}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button
                 id="database-cleanup-confirm-button"
                 type="button"
@@ -702,8 +701,8 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                 onClick={() => void perform("delete", () => onDeleteMetadataSelected(selectedRows, pendingDelete))}
               >
                 <Trash2 />{pendingDelete === "tables"
-                  ? presentation === "fleet" ? "Clear catalog tables" : "Delete catalog tables"
-                  : presentation === "fleet" ? "Clear catalog relationships" : "Delete relationships"}
+                  ? presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear catalog tables") : t("Delete catalog tables")
+                  : presentation === "fleet" ? t("Clear catalog relationships") : t("Delete relationships")}
               </Button>
             </div>
           ) : presentation === "fleet" ? (
@@ -713,7 +712,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                 selectedCount={selectedRows.length}
                 hiddenSelectedCount={hiddenSelected}
                 busy={action !== null}
-                busyLabel={action === "suggest" ? "Suggesting…" : "Running…"}
+                busyLabel={action === "suggest" ? t("Suggesting…") : t("Running…")}
                 selectRef={actionSelectRef}
                 onRun={runFleetAction}
                 onClear={() => {
@@ -724,14 +723,14 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
             </>
           ) : (
             <>
-              <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedRows.length} selected</span>
-              {hiddenSelected ? <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{hiddenSelected} hidden by filter</span> : null}
+              <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedRows.length} {t("selected")}</span>
+              {hiddenSelected ? <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{hiddenSelected} {t("hidden by filter")}</span> : null}
               <Menu.Root>
-                <Menu.Trigger ref={actionsTriggerRef} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={action !== null}>Actions <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
+                <Menu.Trigger ref={actionsTriggerRef} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={action !== null}>{t("Actions")} <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
                 <Menu.Portal>
                   <Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="start" sideOffset={4}>
                     <Menu.Popup className="z-50 min-w-64 rounded-lg bg-popover p-1 text-popover-foreground shadow-md ring-1 ring-foreground/10 outline-none">
-                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canTestSelection} onClick={() => void perform("test", () => onTestSelected(selectedRows))}>Test connections</Menu.Item>
+                      <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canTestSelection} onClick={() => void perform("test", () => onTestSelected(selectedRows))}>{t("Test connections")}</Menu.Item>
                       <Menu.Separator className="my-1 h-px bg-border" />
                       {databaseSyncScopes.map(({ scope, label }) => (
                         <Menu.Item
@@ -740,7 +739,7 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                           disabled={!canSyncSelection}
                           onClick={() => void perform("sync", () => onSyncSelected(selectedRows, scope))}
                         >
-                          {label}
+                          {t(label)}
                         </Menu.Item>
                       ))}
                       <Menu.Separator className="my-1 h-px bg-border" />
@@ -749,37 +748,32 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                         disabled={!canGenerateDescriptions}
                         onClick={() => setPendingGenerationScope("all")}
                       >
-                        Generate all descriptions
-                      </Menu.Item>
+                        {t("Generate all descriptions")}</Menu.Item>
                       <Menu.Item
                         className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45"
                         disabled={!canGenerateDescriptions}
                         onClick={() => setPendingGenerationScope("missing")}
                       >
-                        Generate missing descriptions
-                      </Menu.Item>
+                        {t("Generate missing descriptions")}</Menu.Item>
                       <Menu.Item
                         className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45"
                         disabled={!canConsolidateDescriptions}
                         onClick={() => setPendingConsolidation(true)}
                       >
-                        Copy generated description to descriptions
-                      </Menu.Item>
+                        {t("Copy generated description to descriptions")}</Menu.Item>
                       <Menu.Separator className="my-1 h-px bg-border" />
                       <Menu.Item
                         className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-destructive/10 data-[disabled]:opacity-45"
                         disabled={!canDeleteMetadataSelection}
                         onClick={() => setPendingDelete("tables")}
                       >
-                        Delete all tables
-                      </Menu.Item>
+                        {t("Delete all tables")}</Menu.Item>
                       <Menu.Item
                         className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-destructive/10 data-[disabled]:opacity-45"
                         disabled={!canDeleteMetadataSelection}
                         onClick={() => setPendingDelete("relationships")}
                       >
-                        Delete all relationships
-                      </Menu.Item>
+                        {t("Delete all relationships")}</Menu.Item>
                     </Menu.Popup>
                   </Menu.Positioner>
                 </Menu.Portal>
@@ -788,37 +782,35 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
                 type="button"
                 variant="outline"
                 disabled={!canManage || action !== null || descriptionGenerationActive}
-                title={descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for the active description generation to finish" : undefined}
+                title={descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for the active description generation to finish") : undefined}
                 onClick={() => void perform("suggest", () => onSuggestSensitive(selectedRows))}
               >
-                <Sparkles />{action === "suggest" ? "Analyzing…" : "Analyze sensitive fields"}
+                <Sparkles />{action === "suggest" ? t("Analyzing…") : t("Analyze sensitive fields")}
               </Button>
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => { gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll(); setSelectedRows([]); }}><X />Clear</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={action !== null} onClick={() => { gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll(); setSelectedRows([]); }}><X />{t("Clear")}</Button>
             </>
           )
-        ) : <><span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">Workspace databases</span><input
+        ) : <><span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">{t("Workspace databases")}</span><input
           ref={searchInputRef}
           className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none transition focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-          aria-label="Search databases"
-          placeholder="Search"
+          aria-label={t("Search databases")}
+          placeholder={t("Search")}
           value={search}
           onChange={(event) => onSearchChange(event.target.value)}
         />
         {presentation === "fleet" && onRefresh ? (
           <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void onRefresh()}>
-            <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Refresh
-          </Button>
+            <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Refresh")}</Button>
         ) : null}</>}
         <span className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-          {configuredCount}/{rows.length} catalogs configured
-        </span>
+          {configuredCount}/{rows.length} {t("catalogs configured")}</span>
         {isFetching && !isLoading ? (
-          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground" role="status">Refreshing</span>
+          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground" role="status">{t("Refreshing")}</span>
         ) : null}
       </div>
       <div className="relative min-h-[280px] flex-1">
         <div className={`thot-database-grid ag-theme-alpine absolute inset-0 h-full w-full${presentation === "fleet" ? " thot-fleet-ledger-grid" : ""}`}>
-          <AgGridReact<CatalogDatabase>
+          <AgGridReact<CatalogDatabase> key={locale} {...gridLocaleProps}
             ref={gridRef}
             rowData={rows}
             columnDefs={columnDefs}
@@ -849,12 +841,10 @@ export function DatabaseGrid({
         </div>
         {isLoading ? (
           <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center bg-card/80 text-sm text-muted-foreground" role="status">
-            Loading database configurations…
-          </div>
+            {t("Loading database configurations…")}</div>
         ) : rows.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 grid place-items-center bg-card px-6 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground" role="status">
-            No repository workspaces are available for database configuration.
-          </div>
+            {t("No repository workspaces are available for database configuration.")}</div>
         ) : null}
       </div>
     </section>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseRelationships.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseRelationships.tsx
index e56c20a8..75288b07 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseRelationships.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseRelationships.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { useAdminGridLocale } from "./useAdminGridLocale";
+import { useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { AgGridReact } from "ag-grid-react";
@@ -52,10 +54,11 @@ function relationshipLabel(relationship: CatalogRelationship): string {
   const pair = relationship.columns[0];
   const source = `${relationship.sourceTableName}${pair ? `.${pair.sourceColumnName}` : ""}`;
   const target = `${relationship.targetTableName}${pair ? `.${pair.targetColumnName}` : ""}`;
-  return `${source} to ${target}`;
+  return translate("{source} to {target}", { source, target });
 }
 
 function RelationshipActionsCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogRelationship, unknown, RelationshipGridContext>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data || !context || context.presentation !== "fleet") return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-end" onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}>
@@ -64,8 +67,8 @@ function RelationshipActionsCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogR
         variant="ghost"
         size="icon-lg"
         className="thot-fleet-icon-action"
-        data-tooltip="Details"
-        aria-label={`View relationship ${relationshipLabel(data)}`}
+        data-tooltip={t("Details")}
+        aria-label={t("View relationship {relationship}", { relationship: relationshipLabel(data) })}
         onClick={(event) => context.onView(data, event.currentTarget)}
       >
         <Info aria-hidden="true" />
@@ -88,6 +91,8 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
   onNavigationStateChange,
   presentation = "legacy",
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { locale, gridLocaleProps } = useAdminGridLocale();
   const databaseId = database.id!;
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const { data = [], error, isError, isLoading, isFetching, refetch } = useQuery({
@@ -115,7 +120,7 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
     : undefined;
   const visibleRelationships = useMemo(() => statusFilter === "all"
     ? data
-    : data.filter((relationship) => relationship.status === statusFilter), [data, statusFilter]);
+    : data.filter((relationship) => relationship.status === statusFilter), [data, statusFilter, t]);
   const tablesQuery = useQuery({
     queryKey: ["catalog-tables", databaseId],
     queryFn: () => listCatalogTables(databaseId),
@@ -148,16 +153,16 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
   const selectedActionUnavailable = !selectedAction
     ? null
     : !canManage
-      ? "You do not have permission to manage catalog relationships."
+      ? t("You do not have permission to manage catalog relationships.")
       : database.activeSyncRun
-        ? "Wait for the active synchronization to finish."
+        ? t("Wait for the active synchronization to finish.")
         : null;
   const addUnavailable = !canManage
-    ? "You do not have permission to add catalog relationships."
+    ? t("You do not have permission to add catalog relationships.")
     : database.activeSyncRun
-      ? "Wait for the active synchronization to finish."
+      ? t("Wait for the active synchronization to finish.")
       : busy
-        ? "Wait for the current relationship operation to finish."
+        ? t("Wait for the current relationship operation to finish.")
         : null;
 
   const synchronize = async (scope: "relationships") => {
@@ -165,8 +170,8 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
     try {
       const run = await startCatalogSync(databaseId, database.version, scope);
       onRunStarted(run);
-      toast.success("Relationship synchronization started");
-    } catch (error) { toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)); } finally { setBusy(false); }
+      toast.success(t("Relationship synchronization started"));
+    } catch (error) { toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error))); } finally { setBusy(false); }
   };
 
   const openRelationship = (relationship: CatalogRelationship, origin: HTMLButtonElement) => {
@@ -200,10 +205,10 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
         else statusFilterRef.current?.focus();
       }, 0);
       toast.success(status === "excluded"
-        ? "Relationship excluded. Future builds will leave it excluded."
-        : "Relationship restored.");
+        ? t("Relationship excluded. Future builds will leave it excluded.")
+        : t("Relationship restored."));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -222,9 +227,9 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
         if (originRef.current?.isConnected) originRef.current.focus();
         else statusFilterRef.current?.focus();
       }, 0);
-      toast.success("Relationship deleted permanently. A future build may infer it again.");
+      toast.success(t("Relationship deleted permanently. A future build may infer it again."));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -256,7 +261,7 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
       await onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
       setAddOpen(false);
       resetAddForm();
-      toast.success("Relationship added.");
+      toast.success(t("Relationship added."));
     } catch (error) {
       if (error instanceof ApiError && error.code === "relationship_target_not_unique") {
         setTargetColumnError("The target column must be the only primary-key column of its table.");
@@ -267,7 +272,7 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
       } else {
         setAddError(apiErrorMessage(error));
       }
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setBusy(false);
     }
@@ -286,10 +291,10 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
           && result.excluded === 0
           && result.ambiguous === 0;
         toast.success(noFindings
-          ? "Build complete: no new relationships found."
-          : `Build complete: ${result.added} added, ${result.alreadyPresent} already present, ${result.excluded} excluded, ${result.ambiguous} ambiguous.`);
+          ? t("Build complete: no new relationships found.")
+          : t("Build complete: {added} added, {alreadyPresent} already present, {excluded} excluded, {ambiguous} ambiguous.", { added: result.added, alreadyPresent: result.alreadyPresent, excluded: result.excluded, ambiguous: result.ambiguous }));
       } catch (error) {
-        toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+        toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
       } finally {
         setBusy(false);
       }
@@ -300,79 +305,78 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
   };
 
   const columns = useMemo<ColDef<CatalogRelationship>[]>(() => [
-    ...(presentation === "legacy" ? [{ field: "constraintName", headerName: "Constraint", minWidth: 220, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" } satisfies ColDef<CatalogRelationship>] : []),
-    { field: "sourceTableName", headerName: "Source table", minWidth: 200, flex: 1 },
-    { headerName: "Source column", minWidth: 180, flex: 1, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row?.columns.map((pair) => pair.sourceColumnName).join(", ") ?? "" },
-    { field: "targetTableName", headerName: "Target table", minWidth: 200, flex: 1 },
-    { headerName: "Target column", minWidth: 180, flex: 1, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row?.columns.map((pair) => pair.targetColumnName).join(", ") ?? "" },
-    { field: "origin", headerName: "Origin", minWidth: 120, width: 120, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => titleCase(String(value ?? "")) },
-    { field: "status", headerName: "Status", minWidth: 110, width: 110, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => titleCase(String(value ?? "")) },
+    ...(presentation === "legacy" ? [{ field: "constraintName", headerName: t("Constraint"), minWidth: 220, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" } satisfies ColDef<CatalogRelationship>] : []),
+    { field: "sourceTableName", headerName: t("Source table"), minWidth: 200, flex: 1 },
+    { headerName: t("Source column"), minWidth: 180, flex: 1, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row?.columns.map((pair) => pair.sourceColumnName).join(", ") ?? "" },
+    { field: "targetTableName", headerName: t("Target table"), minWidth: 200, flex: 1 },
+    { headerName: t("Target column"), minWidth: 180, flex: 1, valueGetter: ({ data: row }) => row?.columns.map((pair) => pair.targetColumnName).join(", ") ?? "" },
+    { field: "origin", headerName: t("Origin"), minWidth: 120, width: 120, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => t(titleCase(String(value ?? ""))) },
+    { field: "status", headerName: t("Status"), minWidth: 110, width: 110, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => t(titleCase(String(value ?? ""))) },
     ...(presentation === "legacy" ? [
-      { field: "updateRule", headerName: "On update", minWidth: 125, width: 125 },
-      { field: "deleteRule", headerName: "On delete", minWidth: 125, width: 125 },
+      { field: "updateRule", headerName: t("On update"), minWidth: 125, width: 125 },
+      { field: "deleteRule", headerName: t("On delete"), minWidth: 125, width: 125 },
     ] satisfies ColDef<CatalogRelationship>[] : []),
-    ...(presentation === "fleet" ? [{ colId: "actions", headerName: "Actions", width: 64, minWidth: 64, maxWidth: 64, pinned: "right" as const, lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: RelationshipActionsCell }] : []),
-  ], [presentation]);
-  const context = useMemo<RelationshipGridContext>(() => ({ presentation, onView: openRelationship }), [data, presentation]);
+    ...(presentation === "fleet" ? [{ colId: "actions", headerName: t("Actions"), width: 64, minWidth: 64, maxWidth: 64, pinned: "right" as const, lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: RelationshipActionsCell }] : []),
+  ], [presentation, t]);
+  const context = useMemo<RelationshipGridContext>(() => ({ presentation, onView: openRelationship }), [data, presentation, t]);
   const fleetQueryError = presentation === "fleet" && isError ? (
     <div className="grid min-h-[280px] flex-1 place-items-center p-6" role="alert">
       <div className="max-w-lg rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 p-5 text-sm">
-        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">Catalog relationships could not be loaded.</p>
-        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{apiErrorMessage(error)}</p>
+        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("Catalog relationships could not be loaded.")}</p>
+        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t(apiErrorMessage(error))}</p>
         <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="mt-4" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refetch()}>
-          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Retry relationships
-        </Button>
+          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Retry relationships")}</Button>
       </div>
     </div>
   ) : null;
 
   return (
-    <section aria-label={`Relationships for ${database.workspaceName}`} className="relative flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+    <section aria-label={t("Relationships for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: database.workspaceName })} className="relative flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
       {presentation === "legacy" ? <div className="px-4 pt-5 sm:px-5">
-        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={busy} onClick={onBackToDatabases}><ArrowLeft />Back to databases</Button>
+        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={busy} onClick={onBackToDatabases}><ArrowLeft />{t("Back to databases")}</Button>
         <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-4 border-b border-border pb-5">
           <div>
-            <p className="thot-label mb-1">Database management</p>
+            <p className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Database management")}</p>
             <h2 className="font-heading text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight">{database.workspaceName}</h2>
             <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{database.databaseName} · {database.schema}</p>
           </div>
           <div className="flex gap-2">
-            {database.activeSyncRun ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />View sync</Button> : null}
-            <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy || Boolean(database.activeSyncRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("relationships")}><RefreshCw />Synchronize relationships</Button>
+            {database.activeSyncRun ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />{t("View sync")}</Button> : null}
+            <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy || Boolean(database.activeSyncRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("relationships")}><RefreshCw />{t("Synchronize relationships")}</Button>
           </div>
         </div>
-        <nav aria-label="Database sections" className="flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
-          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={onOpenOverview}>Overview</button>
-          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={onOpenTables}>Tables</button>
-          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" className="border-b-2 border-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Relationships</button>
+        <nav aria-label={t("Database sections")} className="flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
+          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={onOpenOverview}>{t("Overview")}</button>
+          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={onOpenTables}>{t("Tables")}</button>
+          <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" className="border-b-2 border-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Relationships")}</button>
         </nav>
       </div> : null}
       <div className={presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-grid-surface flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-card" : "mx-3 mb-4 mt-4 flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card sm:mx-5"}>
         <div className={`${presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-grid-toolbar " : ""}flex min-h-12 flex-wrap items-center gap-3 border-b border-border px-3 py-2`}>
-          <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">Relationship map</span>
-          <label className="sr-only" htmlFor="relationship-status-filter">Relationship status</label>
+          <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">{t("Relationship map")}</span>
+          <label className="sr-only" htmlFor="relationship-status-filter">{t("Relationship status")}</label>
           <select
             ref={statusFilterRef}
             id="relationship-status-filter"
             className="h-8 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-            aria-label="Relationship status"
+            aria-label={t("Relationship status")}
             value={statusFilter}
             onChange={(event) => setStatusFilter(event.target.value as RelationshipStatusFilter)}
           >
-            <option value="active">Active</option>
-            <option value="excluded">Excluded</option>
-            <option value="all">All</option>
+            <option value="active">{t("Active")}</option>
+            <option value="excluded">{t("Excluded")}</option>
+            <option value="all">{t("All")}</option>
           </select>
-          <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label="Search relationships" placeholder="Search" value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
+          <input className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label={t("Search relationships")} placeholder={t("Search")} value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
           <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{visibleRelationships.length}</span>
-          <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />Refresh</Button>
+          <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />{t("Refresh")}</Button>
           {presentation === "fleet" ? (
             <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
               <div className="thot-fleet-action-selector__scope" aria-live="polite">
-                <strong>{selectedAction === "relationships" ? "Physical relationships in this database" : "This database"}</strong>
-                <span>Action scope</span>
+                <strong>{selectedAction === "relationships" ? t("Physical relationships in this database") : t("This database")}</strong>
+                <span>{t("Action scope")}</span>
               </div>
-              <label className="sr-only" htmlFor="relationship-action">Relationship action</label>
+              <label className="sr-only" htmlFor="relationship-action">{t("Relationship action")}</label>
               <select
                 id="relationship-action"
                 className="thot-fleet-action-selector__select"
@@ -380,20 +384,19 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                 disabled={busy}
                 onChange={(event) => setSelectedAction(event.target.value as "" | "rebuild-generated" | "relationships")}
               >
-                <option value="">Choose an action…</option>
-                <optgroup label="Logical relationships">
-                  <option value="rebuild-generated">Build generated relationships</option>
+                <option value="">{t("Choose an action…")}</option>
+                <optgroup label={t("Logical relationships")}>
+                  <option value="rebuild-generated">{t("Build generated relationships")}</option>
                 </optgroup>
-                <optgroup label="Synchronization">
-                  <option value="relationships">Synchronize physical relationships</option>
+                <optgroup label={t("Synchronization")}>
+                  <option value="relationships">{t("Synchronize physical relationships")}</option>
                 </optgroup>
               </select>
-              <Button type="button" size="sm" disabled={!selectedAction || Boolean(selectedActionUnavailable) || busy} aria-describedby={selectedActionUnavailable ? "relationship-action-reason" : undefined} onClick={() => void runSelectedAction()}><Play aria-hidden="true" />{busy ? selectedAction === "rebuild-generated" ? "Building…" : "Running…" : "Run action"}</Button>
-              <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" className="thot-fleet-nav-action thot-fleet-nav-action--below" data-tooltip="Synchronization history" onClick={onOpenSync}>
-                {database.activeSyncRun ? <RefreshCw className="animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" /> : <History aria-hidden="true" />} Sync history
-              </Button>
-              {onOpenDescriptionHistory ? <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenDescriptionHistory}><History aria-hidden="true" /> Description history</Button> : null}
-              {onOpenSensitiveHistory ? <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSensitiveHistory}><History aria-hidden="true" /> Sensitive history</Button> : null}
+              <Button type="button" size="sm" disabled={!selectedAction || Boolean(selectedActionUnavailable) || busy} aria-describedby={selectedActionUnavailable ? "relationship-action-reason" : undefined} onClick={() => void runSelectedAction()}><Play aria-hidden="true" />{busy ? selectedAction === "rebuild-generated" ? t("Building…") : t("Running…") : t("Run action")}</Button>
+              <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" className="thot-fleet-nav-action thot-fleet-nav-action--below" data-tooltip={t("Synchronization history")} onClick={onOpenSync}>
+                {database.activeSyncRun ? <RefreshCw className="animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" /> : <History aria-hidden="true" />} {t("Sync history")}</Button>
+              {onOpenDescriptionHistory ? <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenDescriptionHistory}><History aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Description history")}</Button> : null}
+              {onOpenSensitiveHistory ? <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSensitiveHistory}><History aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Sensitive history")}</Button> : null}
               <Button
                 type="button"
                 size="sm"
@@ -405,47 +408,46 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   setAddOpen(true);
                 }}
               >
-                <Plus aria-hidden="true" /> Add relationship
-              </Button>
-              {addUnavailable ? <span id="relationship-add-reason" className="sr-only">{addUnavailable}</span> : null}
-              {selectedActionUnavailable ? <span id="relationship-action-reason" className="basis-full text-xs text-muted-foreground" role="status">{selectedActionUnavailable}</span> : null}
+                <Plus aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Add relationship")}</Button>
+              {addUnavailable ? <span id="relationship-add-reason" className="sr-only">{t(addUnavailable)}</span> : null}
+              {selectedActionUnavailable ? <span id="relationship-action-reason" className="basis-full text-xs text-muted-foreground" role="status">{t(selectedActionUnavailable)}</span> : null}
             </div>
-          ) : <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy || Boolean(database.activeSyncRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("relationships")}><RefreshCw />Synchronize relationships</Button>}
+          ) : <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy || Boolean(database.activeSyncRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("relationships")}><RefreshCw />{t("Synchronize relationships")}</Button>}
         </div>
         {fleetQueryError ?? <div className="relative min-h-[280px] flex-1">
           <div className={`thot-database-grid ${presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-ledger-grid " : ""}ag-theme-alpine absolute inset-0 h-full w-full`}>
-            <AgGridReact<CatalogRelationship> rowData={visibleRelationships} columnDefs={columns} context={context} loading={isLoading} quickFilterText={search} defaultColDef={{ sortable: true, filter: true, resizable: true }} getRowId={({ data: row }) => row.id} rowHeight={44} headerHeight={38} animateRows={false} overlayNoRowsTemplate={statusFilter === "active" ? "No relationships yet. Build from column names or add one manually." : statusFilter === "excluded" ? "No excluded relationships." : "No relationships for this database."} />
+            <AgGridReact<CatalogRelationship> key={locale} {...gridLocaleProps} rowData={visibleRelationships} columnDefs={columns} context={context} loading={isLoading} quickFilterText={search} defaultColDef={{ sortable: true, filter: true, resizable: true }} getRowId={({ data: row }) => row.id} rowHeight={44} headerHeight={38} animateRows={false} overlayNoRowsTemplate={statusFilter === "active" ? t("No relationships yet. Build from column names or add one manually.") : statusFilter === "excluded" ? t("No excluded relationships.") : t("No relationships for this database.")} />
           </div>
         </div>}
       </div>
       {presentation === "fleet" && addOpen ? (
         <FleetLedgerDrawer
           open
-          eyebrow="Logical relationship"
-          title="Add relationship"
-          description="Connect one source column to one primary-key target column."
+          eyebrow={t("Logical relationship")}
+          title={t("Add relationship")}
+          description={t("Connect one source column to one primary-key target column.")}
           onClose={closeAdd}
-          closeLabel="Close relationship form"
+          closeLabel={t("Close relationship form")}
           busy={busy}
           footer={(
             <>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeAdd}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeAdd}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button
                 type="button"
                 disabled={busy || !sourceTableId || !sourceColumnId || !targetTableId || !targetColumnId}
                 onClick={() => void addRelationship()}
               >
-                {busy ? "Adding…" : "Add relationship"}
+                {busy ? t("Adding…") : t("Add relationship")}
               </Button>
             </>
           )}
         >
           <div className="grid gap-4 text-sm sm:grid-cols-2">
             <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-              <span className="font-semibold">Source table</span>
+              <span className="font-semibold">{t("Source table")}</span>
               <select
                 className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-                aria-label="Source table"
+                aria-label={t("Source table")}
                 value={sourceTableId}
                 disabled={busy || tablesQuery.isLoading}
                 onChange={(event) => {
@@ -454,15 +456,15 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   setAddError(null);
                 }}
               >
-                <option value="">Select source table…</option>
+                <option value="">{t("Select source table…")}</option>
                 {(tablesQuery.data ?? []).map((table) => <option key={table.id} value={table.id}>{table.name}</option>)}
               </select>
             </label>
             <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-              <span className="font-semibold">Source column</span>
+              <span className="font-semibold">{t("Source column")}</span>
               <select
                 className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-                aria-label="Source column"
+                aria-label={t("Source column")}
                 value={sourceColumnId}
                 disabled={busy || !sourceTableId || sourceColumnsQuery.isLoading}
                 onChange={(event) => {
@@ -471,15 +473,15 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   setTargetColumnError(null);
                 }}
               >
-                <option value="">Select source column…</option>
+                <option value="">{t("Select source column…")}</option>
                 {(sourceColumnsQuery.data ?? []).map((column) => <option key={column.id} value={column.id}>{column.name}</option>)}
               </select>
             </label>
             <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-              <span className="font-semibold">Target table</span>
+              <span className="font-semibold">{t("Target table")}</span>
               <select
                 className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-                aria-label="Target table"
+                aria-label={t("Target table")}
                 value={targetTableId}
                 disabled={busy || tablesQuery.isLoading}
                 onChange={(event) => {
@@ -489,15 +491,15 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   setTargetColumnError(null);
                 }}
               >
-                <option value="">Select target table…</option>
+                <option value="">{t("Select target table…")}</option>
                 {(tablesQuery.data ?? []).map((table) => <option key={table.id} value={table.id}>{table.name}</option>)}
               </select>
             </label>
             <label className="grid gap-1.5">
-              <span className="font-semibold">Target column</span>
+              <span className="font-semibold">{t("Target column")}</span>
               <select
                 className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-                aria-label="Target column"
+                aria-label={t("Target column")}
                 aria-invalid={Boolean(targetColumnError)}
                 aria-describedby={targetColumnError ? "target-column-error" : undefined}
                 value={targetColumnId}
@@ -508,30 +510,30 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   setTargetColumnError(null);
                 }}
               >
-                <option value="">Select target column…</option>
+                <option value="">{t("Select target column…")}</option>
                 {targetColumns.map((column) => <option key={column.id} value={column.id}>{column.name}</option>)}
               </select>
-              {targetColumnError ? <span id="target-column-error" className="text-xs text-destructive" role="alert">{targetColumnError}</span> : null}
+              {targetColumnError ? <span id="target-column-error" className="text-xs text-destructive" role="alert">{t(targetColumnError)}</span> : null}
             </label>
             {tablesQuery.isError || sourceColumnsQuery.isError || targetColumnsQuery.isError ? (
-              <p className="sm:col-span-2 text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">Catalog tables or columns could not be loaded.</p>
+              <p className="sm:col-span-2 text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">{t("Catalog tables or columns could not be loaded.")}</p>
             ) : null}
-            {addError ? <p className="sm:col-span-2 text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">{addError}</p> : null}
+            {addError ? <p className="sm:col-span-2 text-sm text-destructive" role="alert">{t(addError)}</p> : null}
           </div>
         </FleetLedgerDrawer>
       ) : null}
       {presentation === "fleet" && activeRelationship ? (
         <FleetLedgerDrawer
           open
-          eyebrow={`${titleCase(activeRelationship.origin)} relationship`}
-          title="Relationship details"
+          eyebrow={t("{origin} relationship", { origin: t(titleCase(activeRelationship.origin)) })}
+          title={t("Relationship details")}
           description={activeRelationship.origin === "physical"
-            ? "This information is synchronized from the source schema and is read-only."
+            ? t("This information is synchronized from the source schema and is read-only.")
             : activeRelationship.origin === "generated"
-              ? "This relationship was inferred from catalog column names."
-              : "This relationship was added manually."}
+              ? t("This relationship was inferred from catalog column names.")
+              : t("This relationship was added manually.")}
           onClose={closeRelationship}
-          closeLabel="Close relationship details"
+          closeLabel={t("Close relationship details")}
           busy={busy}
           footer={pendingMutation ? (
             <div
@@ -544,10 +546,10 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
             >
               <p id="relationship-mutation-confirmation" className="mr-auto max-w-xl text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                 {pendingMutation === "exclude"
-                  ? "The relationship will move to Excluded. Builds will not recreate it, and you can restore it later."
-                  : "The relationship record will be erased. A future build may infer it again."}
+                  ? t("The relationship will move to Excluded. Builds will not recreate it, and you can restore it later.")
+                  : t("The relationship record will be erased. A future build may infer it again.")}
               </p>
-              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation(null)}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation(null)}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button
                 id="relationship-mutation-confirm-button"
                 type="button"
@@ -557,36 +559,36 @@ export function DatabaseRelationships({
                   ? changeRelationshipStatus("excluded")
                   : permanentlyDeleteRelationship())}
               >
-                {pendingMutation === "exclude" ? "Exclude relationship" : "Delete permanently"}
+                {pendingMutation === "exclude" ? t("Exclude relationship") : t("Delete permanently")}
               </Button>
             </div>
           ) : (
             <>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeRelationship}>Close</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy} onClick={closeRelationship}>{t("Close")}</Button>
               {activeRelationship.origin !== "physical" && activeRelationship.status === "active" ? (
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation("exclude")}>Exclude</Button>
+                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation("exclude")}>{t("Exclude")}</Button>
               ) : null}
               {activeRelationship.origin !== "physical" && activeRelationship.status === "excluded" ? (
-                <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void changeRelationshipStatus("active")}>Restore</Button>
+                <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => void changeRelationshipStatus("active")}>{t("Restore")}</Button>
               ) : null}
               {activeRelationship.origin !== "physical" ? (
-                <Button type="button" variant="destructive" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation("delete")}>Delete permanently</Button>
+                <Button type="button" variant="destructive" disabled={!canManage || busy} onClick={() => setPendingMutation("delete")}>{t("Delete permanently")}</Button>
               ) : null}
             </>
           )}
         >
           <dl className="grid gap-4 text-sm sm:grid-cols-2">
-            <div><dt className="thot-label">Origin</dt><dd className="mt-1">{titleCase(activeRelationship.origin)}</dd></div>
-            <div><dt className="thot-label">Status</dt><dd className="mt-1">{titleCase(activeRelationship.status)}</dd></div>
-            {activeRelationship.constraintName ? <div className="sm:col-span-2"><dt className="thot-label">Constraint</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words font-mono text-xs">{activeRelationship.constraintName}</dd></div> : null}
-            <div><dt className="thot-label">Source table</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words">{activeRelationship.sourceTableName}</dd></div>
-            <div><dt className="thot-label">Target table</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words">{activeRelationship.targetTableName}</dd></div>
-            {activeRelationship.origin === "physical" ? <><div><dt className="thot-label">On update</dt><dd className="mt-1">{activeRelationship.updateRule ?? "Not specified"}</dd></div><div><dt className="thot-label">On delete</dt><dd className="mt-1">{activeRelationship.deleteRule ?? "Not specified"}</dd></div></> : null}
+            <div><dt className="thot-label">{t("Origin")}</dt><dd className="mt-1">{t(titleCase(activeRelationship.origin))}</dd></div>
+            <div><dt className="thot-label">{t("Status")}</dt><dd className="mt-1">{t(titleCase(activeRelationship.status))}</dd></div>
+            {activeRelationship.constraintName ? <div className="sm:col-span-2"><dt className="thot-label">{t("Constraint")}</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words font-mono text-xs">{activeRelationship.constraintName}</dd></div> : null}
+            <div><dt className="thot-label">{t("Source table")}</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words">{activeRelationship.sourceTableName}</dd></div>
+            <div><dt className="thot-label">{t("Target table")}</dt><dd className="mt-1 break-words">{activeRelationship.targetTableName}</dd></div>
+            {activeRelationship.origin === "physical" ? <><div><dt className="thot-label">{t("On update")}</dt><dd className="mt-1">{activeRelationship.updateRule ?? t("Not specified")}</dd></div><div><dt className="thot-label">{t("On delete")}</dt><dd className="mt-1">{activeRelationship.deleteRule ?? t("Not specified")}</dd></div></> : null}
             <div className="sm:col-span-2">
-              <dt className="thot-label">Column mapping</dt>
+              <dt className="thot-label">{t("Column mapping")}</dt>
               <dd className="mt-2 overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border">
                 <table className="w-full text-left text-xs">
-                  <thead className="bg-muted/60 font-mono uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"><tr><th className="px-3 py-2">Source</th><th className="px-3 py-2">Target</th></tr></thead>
+                  <thead className="bg-muted/60 font-mono uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground"><tr><th className="px-3 py-2">{t("Source")}</th><th className="px-3 py-2">{t("Target")}</th></tr></thead>
                   <tbody>{activeRelationship.columns.map((pair) => <tr key={`${pair.sourceColumnName}:${pair.targetColumnName}`} className="border-t border-border"><td className="px-3 py-2 font-mono">{pair.sourceColumnName}</td><td className="px-3 py-2 font-mono">{pair.targetColumnName}</td></tr>)}</tbody>
                 </table>
               </dd>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseSyncMenu.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseSyncMenu.tsx
index af7eff7a..276bcf35 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseSyncMenu.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseSyncMenu.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
 import { ChevronDown, RefreshCw } from "lucide-react";
 import { buttonVariants } from "../../components/ui/button";
@@ -23,16 +24,17 @@ interface DatabaseSyncMenuProps {
 }
 
 export function DatabaseSyncMenu({ disabled, disabledReason, onSelect }: DatabaseSyncMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <Menu.Root>
       <Menu.Trigger
         type="button"
         className={buttonVariants()}
         disabled={disabled}
-        title={disabledReason}
-        aria-label="Synchronize database schema"
+        title={disabledReason ? t(disabledReason) : undefined}
+        aria-label={t("Synchronize database schema")}
       >
-        <RefreshCw />Synchronize<ChevronDown />
+        <RefreshCw />{t("Synchronize")}<ChevronDown />
       </Menu.Trigger>
       <Menu.Portal>
         <Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="end" sideOffset={4}>
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ export function DatabaseSyncMenu({ disabled, disabledReason, onSelect }: Databas
                 disabled={disabled}
                 onClick={() => onSelect(scope)}
               >
-                {label}
+                {t(label)}
               </Menu.Item>
             ))}
           </Menu.Popup>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseTables.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseTables.tsx
index aea0e407..e45beccf 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseTables.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DatabaseTables.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { useAdminGridLocale } from "./useAdminGridLocale";
+import { adminMessage, type AdminMessage } from "./messages";
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ interface Props {
   onOpenSync: () => void;
   onClearCatalogTables?: () => Promise<void>;
   onDescriptionGenerationRunStarted: (run: DescriptionGenerationRun) => void;
-  onSuggestSensitive: (selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest, scopeLabel: string) => Promise<void>;
+  onSuggestSensitive: (selection: SensitivityAnalysisRequest, scopeLabel: AdminMessage) => Promise<void>;
   onCatalogMetricsChanged?: () => void | Promise<void>;
   presentation?: "legacy" | "fleet";
 }
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@ interface TableGridContext {
 }
 
 function TableActionsCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogTable, unknown, TableGridContext>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (!data || !context) return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-end gap-0.5" onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}>
@@ -63,18 +67,18 @@ function TableActionsCell({ data, context }: ICellRendererParams<CatalogTable, u
         variant="ghost"
         size="icon-lg"
         className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined}
-        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Columns" : undefined}
-        aria-label={`View columns for ${data.name}`}
-        title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? `View columns for ${data.name}` : undefined}
+        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Columns") : undefined}
+        aria-label={t("View columns for {name}", { name: data.name })}
+        title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? t("View columns for {name}", { name: data.name }) : undefined}
         onClick={(event) => context.onOpen(data, "columns", event.currentTarget)}
       >
         <Columns3 aria-hidden="true" />
       </Button>
       <span
         className={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-icon-action" : undefined}
-        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? "Edit metadata" : undefined}
+        data-tooltip={context.presentation === "fleet" ? t("Edit metadata") : undefined}
       >
-        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon-lg" aria-label={`Edit description for ${data.name}`} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? `Edit metadata for ${data.name}` : undefined} disabled={!context.canManage} onClick={(event) => context.onOpen(data, "overview", event.currentTarget)}>
+        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon-lg" aria-label={t("Edit description for {name}", { name: data.name })} title={context.presentation === "legacy" ? t("Edit metadata for {name}", { name: data.name }) : undefined} disabled={!context.canManage} onClick={(event) => context.onOpen(data, "overview", event.currentTarget)}>
         <Pencil aria-hidden="true" />
         </Button>
       </span>
@@ -101,6 +105,8 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   onCatalogMetricsChanged,
   presentation = "legacy",
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { locale, gridLocaleProps } = useAdminGridLocale();
   const databaseId = database.id!;
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const queryKey = ["catalog-tables", databaseId] as const;
@@ -133,16 +139,16 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   const nestedNavigationActive = presentation === "fleet" && Boolean(activeTable) && tableSection === "columns";
   const currentRun = activeRun ?? database.activeSyncRun;
   const clearAllCatalogTables = async () => {
-    if (!onClearCatalogTables || !window.confirm("Clear all catalog tables, columns, and relationships for this database? The source database will not be changed.")) return;
+    if (!onClearCatalogTables || !window.confirm(t("Clear all catalog tables, columns, and relationships for this database? The source database will not be changed."))) return;
     await onClearCatalogTables();
   };
   const leaveTable = useCallback(() => {
     if (navigationBusy) return;
-    if (dirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved metadata?")) return;
+    if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved metadata?"))) return;
     setActiveTableId(null);
     setTableSection("overview");
     window.setTimeout(() => originRef.current?.focus(), 0);
-  }, [dirty, navigationBusy]);
+  }, [dirty, navigationBusy, t]);
 
   useEffect(() => { onNavigationStateChange({ dirty, busy: navigationBusy }); }, [dirty, navigationBusy, onNavigationStateChange]);
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   };
   const navigateDatabase = (target: "databases" | "overview" | "relationships") => {
     if (navigationBusy) return;
-    if (dirty && !window.confirm("Discard unsaved metadata?")) return;
+    if (dirty && !window.confirm(t("Discard unsaved metadata?"))) return;
     if (target === "databases") onBackToDatabases();
     else if (target === "overview") onOpenOverview();
     else onOpenRelationships();
@@ -201,13 +207,13 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       setEditorVersion(updated.version);
       setStale(false);
       void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
-      toast.success("Table metadata saved");
+      toast.success(t("Table metadata saved"));
     } catch (error) {
       if (error instanceof ApiError && error.code === "table_stale") {
         await refetch();
         setStale(true);
         setStaleBannerOpen(true);
-      } else toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      } else toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const reloadTable = async () => {
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       setEditorVersion(latest.version);
       setStale(false);
       setStaleBannerOpen(true);
-    } catch (error) { toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)); } finally { setBusy(null); }
+    } catch (error) { toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error))); } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const synchronize = async (scope: "tables" | "columns" | "all", tableIds: string[] = []) => {
     setBusy("sync");
@@ -232,8 +238,8 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       onRunStarted(run);
       gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll();
       setSelectedIds([]);
-      toast.success(scope === "all" ? "Full schema synchronization started" : scope === "columns" ? "Column synchronization started" : "Table synchronization started");
-    } catch (error) { toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error)); } finally { setBusy(null); }
+      toast.success(scope === "all" ? t("Full schema synchronization started") : scope === "columns" ? t("Column synchronization started") : t("Table synchronization started"));
+    } catch (error) { toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error))); } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const deleteMetadata = async (target: CatalogTableMetadataDeleteTarget) => {
     setBusy("delete");
@@ -250,10 +256,10 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       window.setTimeout(() => searchInputRef.current?.focus(), 0);
       void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
       toast.success(target === "columns"
-        ? `${presentation === "fleet" ? "Cleared" : "Deleted"} ${counts.columns} catalog columns`
-        : `${presentation === "fleet" ? "Cleared" : "Deleted"} ${counts.relationships} catalog relationships`);
+        ? t("{value} {columns} catalog columns", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Cleared") : t("Deleted"), columns: counts.columns })
+        : t("{value} {relationships} catalog relationships", { value: presentation === "fleet" ? t("Cleared") : t("Deleted"), relationships: counts.relationships }));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const consolidateDescriptions = async () => {
@@ -264,9 +270,9 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       gridRef.current?.api.deselectAll();
       setSelectedIds([]);
       void onCatalogMetricsChanged?.();
-      toast.success(`Copied ${counts.copied} description${counts.copied === 1 ? "" : "s"}; skipped ${counts.skipped}`);
+      toast.success((counts.copied === 1 ? t("Copied {copied} description; skipped {skipped}", { copied: counts.copied, skipped: counts.skipped }) : t("Copied {copied} descriptions; skipped {skipped}", { copied: counts.copied, skipped: counts.skipped })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const generateDescriptions = async () => {
@@ -280,9 +286,9 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
         selectedIds,
       );
       onDescriptionGenerationRunStarted(run);
-      toast.success(`Description generation started for ${selectedIds.length} table${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`);
+      toast.success((selectedIds.length === 1 ? t("Description generation started for {count} table", { count: selectedIds.length }) : t("Description generation started for {count} tables", { count: selectedIds.length })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const generateColumnDescriptions = async () => {
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
       const columns = (await Promise.all(selectedIds.map((tableId) => listCatalogColumns(databaseId, tableId)))).flat();
       const columnIds = columns.map((column) => column.id);
       if (columnIds.length === 0) {
-        toast.error("The selected tables have no synchronized catalog columns.");
+        toast.error(t("The selected tables have no synchronized catalog columns."));
         return;
       }
       const run = await startDescriptionGenerationRun(
@@ -302,9 +308,9 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
         columnIds,
       );
       onDescriptionGenerationRunStarted(run);
-      toast.success(`Column description generation started for ${columnIds.length} column${columnIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`);
+      toast.success((columnIds.length === 1 ? t("Column description generation started for {count} column", { count: columnIds.length }) : t("Column description generation started for {count} columns", { count: columnIds.length })));
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally { setBusy(null); }
   };
   const suggestSensitive = async () => {
@@ -313,7 +319,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
     try {
       await onSuggestSensitive(
         { scope: "selected_tables", targetIds: selectedIds },
-        `${selectedIds.length} selected table${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`,
+        (selectedIds.length === 1 ? adminMessage("{count} selected table", { count: selectedIds.length }) : adminMessage("{count} selected tables", { count: selectedIds.length })),
       );
     } catch {
       // The page-level request reports the safe, specific reason and preserves the selection.
@@ -334,112 +340,112 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   const fleetActions: readonly FleetActionOption<FleetTableAction>[] = [
     {
       id: "generate-descriptions",
-      label: "Generate table description",
-      group: "Descriptions",
-      runLabel: "Generate",
+      label: t("Generate table description"),
+      group: t("Descriptions"),
+      runLabel: t("Generate"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to generate descriptions."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to generate descriptions.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : !selectedMetadataModel
             ? NO_METADATA_GENERATION_LLM_MODEL_MESSAGE
             : descriptionGenerationActive || Boolean(currentRun)
-              ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+              ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
               : busy !== null
-                ? "Another action is running."
+                ? t("Another action is running.")
                 : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "generate-column-descriptions",
-      label: "Generate column descriptions",
-      group: "Descriptions",
-      runLabel: "Generate",
+      label: t("Generate column descriptions"),
+      group: t("Descriptions"),
+      runLabel: t("Generate"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to generate descriptions."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to generate descriptions.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : !selectedMetadataModel
             ? NO_METADATA_GENERATION_LLM_MODEL_MESSAGE
             : descriptionGenerationActive || Boolean(currentRun)
-              ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+              ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
               : busy !== null
-                ? "Another action is running."
+                ? t("Another action is running.")
                 : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "consolidate-descriptions",
-      label: "Copy generated descriptions to Description",
-      group: "Descriptions",
-      runLabel: "Move",
+      label: t("Copy generated descriptions to Description"),
+      group: t("Descriptions"),
+      runLabel: t("Move"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to update metadata."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to update metadata.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "sync-tables",
-      label: "Synchronize database tables",
-      group: "Synchronization",
-      scopeLabel: "Selected database",
-      runLabel: "Synchronize",
+      label: t("Synchronize database tables"),
+      group: t("Synchronization"),
+      scopeLabel: t("Selected database"),
+      runLabel: t("Synchronize"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "sync-columns",
-      label: "Synchronize columns for selected tables",
-      group: "Synchronization",
-      runLabel: "Synchronize",
+      label: t("Synchronize columns for selected tables"),
+      group: t("Synchronization"),
+      runLabel: t("Synchronize"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to synchronize the catalog.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "suggest-sensitive",
-      label: "Analyze sensitive fields",
-      group: "Sensitive data",
-      runLabel: "Analyze",
+      label: t("Analyze sensitive fields"),
+      group: t("Sensitive data"),
+      runLabel: t("Analyze"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to review sensitive data."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to review sensitive data.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
         : descriptionGenerationActive || Boolean(currentRun)
-              ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+              ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
               : busy !== null
-                ? "Another action is running."
+                ? t("Another action is running.")
                 : undefined,
     },
     {
       id: "clear-columns",
-      label: "Remove synchronized columns",
-      group: "Catalog cleanup",
+      label: t("Remove synchronized columns"),
+      group: t("Catalog cleanup"),
       tone: "destructive",
-      runLabel: "Review cleanup",
+      runLabel: t("Review cleanup"),
       disabled: !canManage || selectedIds.length === 0 || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun),
       disabledReason: !canManage
-        ? "You do not have permission to clear catalog metadata."
+        ? t("You do not have permission to clear catalog metadata.")
         : selectedIds.length === 0
-          ? "Select at least one table."
+          ? t("Select at least one table.")
           : busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)
-            ? "Wait for the active catalog operation to finish."
+            ? t("Wait for the active catalog operation to finish.")
             : undefined,
     },
   ];
@@ -460,51 +466,50 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   };
 
   const columns = useMemo<ColDef<CatalogTable>[]>(() => [
-    { field: "name", headerName: "Name", minWidth: 250, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
-    { field: "sourceComment", headerName: "Source comment", minWidth: 260, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { field: "generatedDescription", headerName: "Generated description", minWidth: 280, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { field: "description", headerName: "Description", minWidth: 280, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
-    { colId: "actions", headerName: "Actions", width: 104, minWidth: 104, maxWidth: 104, pinned: "right", lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: TableActionsCell },
-  ], []);
-  const context = useMemo<TableGridContext>(() => ({ canManage, presentation, onOpen: openTable }), [canManage, data, presentation]);
+    { field: "name", headerName: t("Name"), minWidth: 250, flex: 1, cellClass: "font-mono text-xs" },
+    { field: "sourceComment", headerName: t("Source comment"), minWidth: 260, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { field: "generatedDescription", headerName: t("Generated description"), minWidth: 280, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { field: "description", headerName: t("Description"), minWidth: 280, flex: 1.25, valueFormatter: ({ value }) => value ?? "" },
+    { colId: "actions", headerName: t("Actions"), width: 104, minWidth: 104, maxWidth: 104, pinned: "right", lockPinned: true, sortable: false, filter: false, resizable: false, suppressMovable: true, suppressHeaderMenuButton: true, cellRenderer: TableActionsCell },
+  ], [t]);
+  const context = useMemo<TableGridContext>(() => ({ canManage, presentation, onOpen: openTable }), [canManage, data, presentation, t]);
   const visibleSelected = useMemo(() => {
     const term = search.trim().toLocaleLowerCase();
     if (!term) return selectedIds.length;
     const selected = new Set(selectedIds);
     return data.filter((table) => selected.has(table.id) && [table.name, table.sourceComment, table.generatedDescription, table.description]
       .some((value) => value?.toLocaleLowerCase().includes(term))).length;
-  }, [data, search, selectedIds]);
+  }, [data, search, selectedIds, t]);
   const fleetQueryError = presentation === "fleet" && isError ? (
     <div className="grid min-h-[280px] flex-1 place-items-center p-6" role="alert">
       <div className="max-w-lg rounded-lg border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/8 p-5 text-sm">
-        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">Catalog tables could not be loaded.</p>
-        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{apiErrorMessage(error)}</p>
+        <p className="font-semibold text-destructive">{t("Catalog tables could not be loaded.")}</p>
+        <p className="mt-1 leading-5 text-muted-foreground">{t(apiErrorMessage(error))}</p>
         <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="mt-4" disabled={isFetching} onClick={() => void refetch()}>
-          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> Retry tables
-        </Button>
+          <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Retry tables")}</Button>
       </div>
     </div>
   ) : null;
 
   const databaseHeader = (
     <div className="px-4 pt-5 sm:px-5">
-      <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={navigationBusy} onClick={() => navigateDatabase("databases")}><ArrowLeft />Back to databases</Button>
+      <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-4" disabled={navigationBusy} onClick={() => navigateDatabase("databases")}><ArrowLeft />{t("Back to databases")}</Button>
         <div className="flex flex-wrap items-start justify-between gap-4 border-b border-border pb-5">
         <div>
-          <p className="thot-label mb-1">Database management</p>
+          <p className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Database management")}</p>
           <h2 ref={headingRef} tabIndex={-1} className="font-heading text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight outline-none">{database.workspaceName}</h2>
           <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{database.databaseName} · {database.schema}</p>
         </div>
         <div className="flex gap-2">
-          {currentRun ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />View sync</Button> : null}
-          {onClearCatalogTables ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="text-destructive" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void clearAllCatalogTables()}>Clear catalog tables</Button> : null}
-          <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("all")}><RefreshCw />Sync all</Button>
+          {currentRun ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={onOpenSync}><RefreshCw className="animate-spin" />{t("View sync")}</Button> : null}
+          {onClearCatalogTables ? <Button type="button" variant="outline" className="text-destructive" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void clearAllCatalogTables()}>{t("Clear catalog tables")}</Button> : null}
+          <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("all")}><RefreshCw />{t("Sync all")}</Button>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <nav aria-label="Database sections" className="flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
-        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={() => navigateDatabase("overview")}>Overview</button>
-        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" className="border-b-2 border-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Tables</button>
-        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={() => navigateDatabase("relationships")}>Relationships</button>
+      <nav aria-label={t("Database sections")} className="flex gap-1 border-b border-border" role="tablist">
+        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={() => navigateDatabase("overview")}>{t("Overview")}</button>
+        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" className="border-b-2 border-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t("Tables")}</button>
+        <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" className="border-b-2 border-transparent px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" onClick={() => navigateDatabase("relationships")}>{t("Relationships")}</button>
       </nav>
     </div>
   );
@@ -512,10 +517,10 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   if (activeTable && presentation === "fleet") {
     if (tableSection === "columns") {
       return (
-        <section aria-label={`Columns for ${activeTable.name}`} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+        <section aria-label={t("Columns for {name}", { name: activeTable.name })} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
           <div className="flex min-h-12 flex-wrap items-center gap-3 border-b border-border bg-muted/25 px-3 py-2">
             <div className="min-w-0">
-              <p className="thot-label">Physical table</p>
+              <p className="thot-label">{t("Physical table")}</p>
               <h3 className="truncate font-heading text-lg font-semibold">{activeTable.name}</h3>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -539,27 +544,26 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
     }
 
     return (
-      <section aria-label={`Tables for ${database.workspaceName}`} className="relative flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+      <section aria-label={t("Tables for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: database.workspaceName })} className="relative flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
         <div className="thot-fleet-grid-toolbar flex min-h-12 flex-wrap items-center gap-3 border-b border-border px-3 py-2">
-          <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">Catalog tables</span>
+          <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">{t("Catalog tables")}</span>
           <input
             ref={searchInputRef}
             className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-            aria-label="Search tables"
-            placeholder="Search"
+            aria-label={t("Search tables")}
+            placeholder={t("Search")}
             value={search}
             onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)}
           />
           <span className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-            {search.trim() ? `${displayedCount} of ${data.length}` : displayedCount}
+            {search.trim() ? t("{count} of {total}", { count: displayedCount, total: data.length }) : displayedCount}
           </span>
           <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy !== null} onClick={() => void refetch()}>
-            <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> Refresh
-          </Button>
+            <RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} /> {t("Refresh")}</Button>
         </div>
         {fleetQueryError ?? <div className="relative min-h-[280px] flex-1">
           <div className="thot-database-grid thot-fleet-ledger-grid ag-theme-alpine absolute inset-0 h-full w-full">
-            <AgGridReact<CatalogTable>
+            <AgGridReact<CatalogTable> key={locale} {...gridLocaleProps}
               ref={gridRef}
               rowData={data}
               columnDefs={columns}
@@ -574,43 +578,43 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
               rowHeight={44}
               headerHeight={38}
               animateRows={false}
-              overlayNoRowsTemplate="No catalog tables. Synchronize the schema from the database view."
+              overlayNoRowsTemplate={t("No catalog tables. Synchronize the schema from the database view.")}
             />
           </div>
         </div>}
         <FleetLedgerDrawer
           open
-          eyebrow="Catalog metadata"
-          title="Review table description"
-          description="Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited."
+          eyebrow={t("Catalog metadata")}
+          title={t("Review table description")}
+          description={t("Physical schema fields are read-only. Review fields can be edited.")}
           onClose={leaveTable}
-          closeLabel="Close table metadata"
+          closeLabel={t("Close table metadata")}
           busy={busy !== null}
           footer={(
             <>
-              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={leaveTable}>Cancel</Button>
+              <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={leaveTable}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
               <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy !== null || stale} onClick={() => void save()}>
-                <Save aria-hidden="true" />{busy === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save metadata"}
+                <Save aria-hidden="true" />{busy === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save metadata")}
               </Button>
             </>
           )}
         >
-          <p className="thot-label">Physical table</p>
+          <p className="thot-label">{t("Physical table")}</p>
           <h3 className="mt-1 break-words font-heading text-xl font-semibold">{activeTable.name}</h3>
           {stale ? (
             staleBannerOpen ? (
               <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm">
-                <p className="font-semibold">A newer table description is available.</p>
-                <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Your draft is preserved until you reload the current metadata.</p>
-                <div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>Reload latest</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>Keep editing</Button></div>
+                <p className="font-semibold">{t("A newer table description is available.")}</p>
+                <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Your draft is preserved until you reload the current metadata.")}</p>
+                <div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>{t("Keep editing")}</Button></div>
               </div>
-            ) : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>Reload the latest value before this description can be saved.</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>Reload latest</Button></div>
+            ) : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>{t("Reload the latest value before this description can be saved.")}</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button></div>
           ) : null}
           <div className="mt-5 grid gap-4">
-            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Physical table name<input className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 font-mono text-xs" value={activeTable.name} readOnly /></label>
-            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Source comment<textarea className="min-h-24 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 py-2 text-sm" value={activeTable.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly /></label>
-            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Generated description<textarea className="min-h-32 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={generatedDescription} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setGeneratedDescription(event.target.value)} /></label>
-            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Description<textarea className="min-h-36 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={description} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setDescription(event.target.value)} /><span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">Leave blank to keep the curated description empty.</span></label>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Physical table name")}<input className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 font-mono text-xs" value={activeTable.name} readOnly /></label>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Source comment")}<textarea className="min-h-24 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 py-2 text-sm" value={activeTable.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly /></label>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Generated description")}<textarea className="min-h-32 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={generatedDescription} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setGeneratedDescription(event.target.value)} /></label>
+            <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Description")}<textarea className="min-h-36 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={description} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setDescription(event.target.value)} /><span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">{t("Leave blank to keep the curated description empty.")}</span></label>
           </div>
         </FleetLedgerDrawer>
       </section>
@@ -619,16 +623,16 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
 
   if (activeTable) {
     return (
-      <section aria-label={`Table ${activeTable.name}`} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+      <section aria-label={t("Table {name}", { name: activeTable.name })} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
         {databaseHeader}
         <div className="mx-3 mb-4 mt-4 flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card sm:mx-5">
           <div className="border-b border-border px-4 pt-4">
-            <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-2" onClick={leaveTable}><ArrowLeft />Back to tables</Button>
-            <p className="thot-label">Physical table</p>
+            <Button type="button" variant="ghost" className="-ml-2 mb-2" onClick={leaveTable}><ArrowLeft />{t("Back to tables")}</Button>
+            <p className="thot-label">{t("Physical table")}</p>
             <h3 className="mt-1 font-heading text-xl font-semibold">{activeTable.name}</h3>
-            <nav aria-label="Table sections" className="mt-3 flex gap-1" role="tablist">
-              <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected={tableSection === "overview"} className={`border-b-2 px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold ${tableSection === "overview" ? "border-primary text-foreground" : "border-transparent text-muted-foreground"}`} onClick={() => setTableSection("overview")}>Overview</button>
-              <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected={tableSection === "columns"} className={`border-b-2 px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold ${tableSection === "columns" ? "border-primary text-foreground" : "border-transparent text-muted-foreground"}`} onClick={() => setTableSection("columns")}>Columns</button>
+            <nav aria-label={t("Table sections")} className="mt-3 flex gap-1" role="tablist">
+              <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected={tableSection === "overview"} className={`border-b-2 px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold ${tableSection === "overview" ? "border-primary text-foreground" : "border-transparent text-muted-foreground"}`} onClick={() => setTableSection("overview")}>{t("Overview")}</button>
+              <button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected={tableSection === "columns"} className={`border-b-2 px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold ${tableSection === "columns" ? "border-primary text-foreground" : "border-transparent text-muted-foreground"}`} onClick={() => setTableSection("columns")}>{t("Columns")}</button>
             </nav>
           </div>
           {tableSection === "columns" ? (
@@ -647,25 +651,25 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
             />
           ) : (
             <div className="min-h-0 overflow-y-auto px-4 py-5">
-              <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Only review metadata can be changed.</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Only review metadata can be changed.")}</p>
               {stale ? (
                 staleBannerOpen ? (
                   <div className="mt-4 rounded-md border border-amber-500/50 bg-amber-500/8 p-4 text-sm">
-                    <p className="font-semibold">A newer table description is available.</p>
-                    <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">Your draft is preserved until you reload the current metadata.</p>
-                    <div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>Reload latest</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>Keep editing</Button></div>
+                    <p className="font-semibold">{t("A newer table description is available.")}</p>
+                    <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">{t("Your draft is preserved until you reload the current metadata.")}</p>
+                    <div className="mt-3 flex gap-2"><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button><Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={() => setStaleBannerOpen(false)}>{t("Keep editing")}</Button></div>
                   </div>
-                ) : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>Reload the latest value before this description can be saved.</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>Reload latest</Button></div>
+                ) : <div className="mt-4 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/40 bg-amber-500/8 px-4 py-3 text-sm"><span>{t("Reload the latest value before this description can be saved.")}</span><Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => void reloadTable()}>{t("Reload latest")}</Button></div>
               ) : null}
               <div className="mt-5 grid gap-4">
-                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Physical table name<input className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 font-mono text-xs" value={activeTable.name} readOnly /></label>
-                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Source comment<textarea className="min-h-24 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 py-2 text-sm" value={activeTable.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly /></label>
-                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Generated description<textarea className="min-h-32 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={generatedDescription} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setGeneratedDescription(event.target.value)} /></label>
-                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">Description<textarea className="min-h-36 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={description} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setDescription(event.target.value)} /><span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">Leave blank to keep the curated description empty.</span></label>
+                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Physical table name")}<input className="h-9 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 font-mono text-xs" value={activeTable.name} readOnly /></label>
+                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Source comment")}<textarea className="min-h-24 rounded-md border border-input bg-muted/35 px-3 py-2 text-sm" value={activeTable.sourceComment ?? ""} readOnly /></label>
+                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Generated description")}<textarea className="min-h-32 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={generatedDescription} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setGeneratedDescription(event.target.value)} /></label>
+                <label className="grid gap-1.5 text-sm font-semibold">{t("Description")}<textarea className="min-h-36 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" value={description} disabled={!canManage || busy !== null} onChange={(event) => setDescription(event.target.value)} /><span className="font-normal text-muted-foreground">{t("Leave blank to keep the curated description empty.")}</span></label>
               </div>
               <div className="mt-5 flex justify-end gap-2 border-t border-border pt-4">
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={leaveTable}>Cancel</Button>
-                <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy !== null || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save />{busy === "save" ? "Saving…" : "Save metadata"}</Button>
+                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={leaveTable}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
+                <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || !editorDirty || busy !== null || stale} onClick={() => void save()}><Save />{busy === "save" ? t("Saving…") : t("Save metadata")}</Button>
               </div>
             </div>
           )}
@@ -675,7 +679,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
   }
 
   return (
-    <section aria-label={`Tables for ${database.workspaceName}`} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
+    <section aria-label={t("Tables for {workspaceName}", { workspaceName: database.workspaceName })} className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-background">
       {presentation === "legacy" ? databaseHeader : null}
       <div className={presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-grid-surface flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-card" : "mx-3 mb-4 mt-4 flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border bg-card sm:mx-5"}>
         <div className={`${presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-grid-toolbar " : ""}flex min-h-12 flex-wrap items-center gap-3 border-b border-border px-3 py-2`}>
@@ -692,14 +696,13 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
                 <div className="mr-auto min-w-56">
                   <p id="table-cleanup-confirmation" className="text-sm font-semibold">
                     {presentation === "fleet"
-                      ? `Remove synchronized columns for ${selectedIds.length} table${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}?`
-                      : `Remove synchronized columns for ${selectedIds.length} table${selectedIds.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}?`}
+                      ? (selectedIds.length === 1 ? t("Remove synchronized columns for {count} table?", { count: selectedIds.length }) : t("Remove synchronized columns for {count} tables?", { count: selectedIds.length }))
+                      : (selectedIds.length === 1 ? t("Remove synchronized columns for {count} table?", { count: selectedIds.length }) : t("Remove synchronized columns for {count} tables?", { count: selectedIds.length }))}
                   </p>
                   <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    Only synchronized catalog columns for these tables will be removed. The source database is not modified.
-                  </p>
+                    {t("Only synchronized catalog columns for these tables will be removed. The source database is not modified.")}</p>
                 </div>
-                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={closeDeleteConfirmation}>Cancel</Button>
+                <Button type="button" variant="ghost" disabled={busy !== null} onClick={closeDeleteConfirmation}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
                 <Button
                   id="table-cleanup-confirm-button"
                   type="button"
@@ -707,8 +710,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
                   disabled={busy !== null}
                   onClick={() => void deleteMetadata(pendingDelete)}
                 >
-                  <Trash2 />Remove synchronized columns
-                </Button>
+                  <Trash2 />{t("Remove synchronized columns")}</Button>
               </div>
             ) : (
               presentation === "fleet" ? (
@@ -718,35 +720,35 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
                     selectedCount={selectedIds.length}
                     hiddenSelectedCount={selectedIds.length - visibleSelected}
                     busy={busy !== null}
-                    busyLabel={busy === "generate" ? "Generating…" : busy === "suggest" ? "Suggesting…" : "Running…"}
+                    busyLabel={busy === "generate" ? t("Generating…") : busy === "suggest" ? t("Suggesting…") : t("Running…")}
                     selectRef={fleetActionSelectRef}
                     onRun={runFleetAction}
                     onClear={clearSelection}
-                    label="Table action"
+                    label={t("Table action")}
                   />
                 </>
               ) : (
                 <>
-                  <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedIds.length} selected</span>
-                  {visibleSelected !== selectedIds.length ? <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{selectedIds.length - visibleSelected} hidden by filter</span> : null}
+                  <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{selectedIds.length} {t("selected")}</span>
+                  {visibleSelected !== selectedIds.length ? <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{selectedIds.length - visibleSelected} {t("hidden by filter")}</span> : null}
                   <Menu.Root>
-                    <Menu.Trigger ref={actionsTriggerRef} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={busy !== null}>Actions <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
+                    <Menu.Trigger ref={actionsTriggerRef} className="inline-flex h-8 items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm font-medium hover:bg-muted disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50" disabled={busy !== null}>{t("Actions")} <ChevronDown className="size-4" /></Menu.Trigger>
                     <Menu.Portal>
                       <Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="start" sideOffset={4}>
                         <Menu.Popup className="z-50 min-w-64 rounded-lg bg-popover p-1 text-popover-foreground shadow-md ring-1 ring-foreground/10 outline-none">
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void generateDescriptions()}>Generate table description</Menu.Item>
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void generateColumnDescriptions()}>Generate descriptions for all columns</Menu.Item>
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("tables")}>Synchronize database tables</Menu.Item>
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("columns", selectedIds)}>Synchronize columns for selected tables</Menu.Item>
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void consolidateDescriptions()}>Copy generated descriptions to Description</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void generateDescriptions()}>{t("Generate table description")}</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || !selectedMetadataModel || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void generateColumnDescriptions()}>{t("Generate descriptions for all columns")}</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("tables")}>{t("Synchronize database tables")}</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void synchronize("columns", selectedIds)}>{t("Synchronize columns for selected tables")}</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-muted data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => void consolidateDescriptions()}>{t("Copy generated descriptions to Description")}</Menu.Item>
                           <Menu.Separator className="my-1 h-px bg-border" />
-                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-destructive/10 data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => setPendingDelete("columns")}>Remove synchronized columns</Menu.Item>
+                          <Menu.Item className="rounded-md px-3 py-2 text-sm text-destructive outline-none data-[highlighted]:bg-destructive/10 data-[disabled]:opacity-45" disabled={!canManage || busy !== null || Boolean(currentRun)} onClick={() => setPendingDelete("columns")}>{t("Remove synchronized columns")}</Menu.Item>
                         </Menu.Popup>
                       </Menu.Positioner>
                     </Menu.Portal>
                   </Menu.Root>
-                  <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null} title={descriptionGenerationActive ? "Wait for the active description generation to finish" : undefined} onClick={() => void suggestSensitive()}><Sparkles />{busy === "suggest" ? "Analyzing…" : "Analyze sensitive fields"}</Button>
-                  <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={clearSelection}><X />Clear</Button>
+                  <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={!canManage || descriptionGenerationActive || busy !== null} title={descriptionGenerationActive ? t("Wait for the active description generation to finish") : undefined} onClick={() => void suggestSensitive()}><Sparkles />{busy === "suggest" ? t("Analyzing…") : t("Analyze sensitive fields")}</Button>
+                  <Button type="button" variant="ghost" onClick={clearSelection}><X />{t("Clear")}</Button>
                 </>
               )
             )
@@ -757,29 +759,29 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
                   actions={fleetActions}
                   selectedCount={0}
                   busy={busy !== null}
-                  busyLabel={busy === "generate" ? "Generating…" : busy === "suggest" ? "Suggesting…" : "Running…"}
+                  busyLabel={busy === "generate" ? t("Generating…") : busy === "suggest" ? t("Suggesting…") : t("Running…")}
                   selectRef={fleetActionSelectRef}
                   onRun={runFleetAction}
                   onClear={clearSelection}
-                  label="Table action"
+                  label={t("Table action")}
                 />
-                <input ref={searchInputRef} className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label="Search tables" placeholder="Search" value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
-                <span aria-live="polite" className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{search.trim() ? `${displayedCount} of ${data.length}` : displayedCount}</span>
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy !== null} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />Refresh</Button>
+                <input ref={searchInputRef} className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label={t("Search tables")} placeholder={t("Search")} value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
+                <span aria-live="polite" className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{search.trim() ? t("{count} of {total}", { count: displayedCount, total: data.length }) : displayedCount}</span>
+                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy !== null} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />{t("Refresh")}</Button>
               </>
             ) : (
               <>
-                <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">Catalog tables</span>
-                <input ref={searchInputRef} className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label="Search tables" placeholder="Search" value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
-                <span aria-live="polite" className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{search.trim() ? `${displayedCount} of ${data.length}` : displayedCount}</span>
-                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy !== null} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />Refresh</Button>
+                <span className="thot-label whitespace-nowrap">{t("Catalog tables")}</span>
+                <input ref={searchInputRef} className="h-8 min-w-40 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-2.5 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15" aria-label={t("Search tables")} placeholder={t("Search")} value={search} onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)} />
+                <span aria-live="polite" className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{search.trim() ? t("{count} of {total}", { count: displayedCount, total: data.length }) : displayedCount}</span>
+                <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={isFetching || busy !== null} onClick={() => void refetch()}><RefreshCw className={isFetching ? "animate-spin" : ""} />{t("Refresh")}</Button>
               </>
             )
           )}
         </div>
         {fleetQueryError ?? <div className="relative min-h-[280px] flex-1">
           <div className={`thot-database-grid ${presentation === "fleet" ? "thot-fleet-ledger-grid " : ""}ag-theme-alpine absolute inset-0 h-full w-full`}>
-            <AgGridReact<CatalogTable>
+            <AgGridReact<CatalogTable> key={locale} {...gridLocaleProps}
               ref={gridRef}
               rowData={data}
               columnDefs={columns}
@@ -797,7 +799,7 @@ export function DatabaseTables({
               rowHeight={44}
               headerHeight={38}
               animateRows={false}
-              overlayNoRowsTemplate="No catalog tables. Synchronize the schema from the database view."
+              overlayNoRowsTemplate={t("No catalog tables. Synchronize the schema from the database view.")}
             />
           </div>
         </div>}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DescriptionGenerationDrawer.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DescriptionGenerationDrawer.tsx
index fdb4012b..7e96faf1 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DescriptionGenerationDrawer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/DescriptionGenerationDrawer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { LoaderCircle, LockOpen, Square } from "lucide-react";
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ const SAFE_FINAL_ERROR = "The run ended before all targets were processed. Revie
 
 function statusLabel(run: DescriptionGenerationRun): string {
   const label = run.status.replaceAll("_", " ");
-  return `${label[0].toUpperCase()}${label.slice(1)}`;
+  return translate(`${label[0].toUpperCase()}${label.slice(1)}`);
 }
 
 function isTerminal(run?: DescriptionGenerationRun): boolean {
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ function safeFinalError(summary: string | null): string | null {
 }
 
 function timestamp(value: string | null): string {
-  return value ? new Date(value).toLocaleString() : "Not available";
+  return value ? new Date(value).toLocaleString(getLocale()) : translate("Not available");
 }
 
 export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
   onRunUpdate,
   onTerminal,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const runId = initialRun?.id ?? null;
   const [events, setEvents] = useState<DescriptionGenerationEvent[]>([]);
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
   });
   const visibleHistory = useMemo(
     () => (historyQuery.data ?? []).filter((item) => !databaseId || item.databaseId === databaseId),
-    [databaseId, historyQuery.data],
+    [databaseId, historyQuery.data, t],
   );
   const latestEventSequence = events.at(-1)?.sequence ?? 0;
   const {
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
       lastSequence.current = merged.at(-1)?.sequence ?? lastSequence.current;
       return merged;
     });
-  }, []);
+  }, [t]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     setEvents([]);
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
       onRunUpdate(next);
       await historyQuery.refetch();
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(apiErrorMessage(error));
+      toast.error(t(apiErrorMessage(error)));
     } finally {
       setAction(null);
     }
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
       await historyQuery.refetch();
     } catch (error) {
       toast.error(error instanceof ApiError && error.status === 409
-        ? "Unlock was refused because a live description worker is still running."
+        ? t("Unlock was refused because a live description worker is still running.")
         : apiErrorMessage(error));
     } finally {
       setAction(null);
@@ -285,26 +287,25 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
     return (
       <FleetLedgerDrawer
         open
-        ariaLabel="Description generation"
-        eyebrow="Description generation"
-        title="Run history"
+        ariaLabel={t("Description generation")}
+        eyebrow={t("Description generation")}
+        title={t("Run history")}
         onClose={onClose}
-        closeLabel="Close description generation"
+        closeLabel={t("Close description generation")}
         busy={action !== null}
         bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__body--empty"
       >
         {historyQuery.isError ? (
           <div role="alert" className="w-full rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error)}
+            {t(apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error))}
           </div>
         ) : historyQuery.isLoading || (historyQuery.data?.length ?? 0) > 0 ? (
-          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading run history…</p>
+          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading run history…")}</p>
         ) : (
           <div className="w-full rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/25 px-4 py-5 text-sm">
-            <p className="font-semibold">No description generation runs yet.</p>
+            <p className="font-semibold">{t("No description generation runs yet.")}</p>
             <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">
-              Start a description generation to create the first history entry.
-            </p>
+              {t("Start a description generation to create the first history entry.")}</p>
           </div>
         )}
       </FleetLedgerDrawer>
@@ -316,11 +317,11 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
     ? `${modelLabel} (${run.modelId})`
     : run.modelId;
   const progressCounters = [
-    ["total", "Total"],
-    ["processed", "Processed"],
-    ["generated", "Generated"],
-    ["nonGeneratable", "Not generated"],
-    ["failed", "Failed"],
+    ["total", t("Total")],
+    ["processed", t("Processed")],
+    ["generated", t("Generated")],
+    ["nonGeneratable", t("Not generated")],
+    ["failed", t("Failed")],
   ] as const;
   const footer = ["queued", "running"].includes(run.status) ? (
     <div className="w-full">
@@ -329,21 +330,20 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
           id="description-generation-unlock-help"
           className="mb-3 rounded-md border border-amber-500/35 bg-amber-500/8 px-3 py-2 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground"
         >
-          Unlock interrupts apparently stale work and marks the run interrupted. A live worker will prevent it.
-        </p>
+          {t("Unlock interrupts apparently stale work and marks the run interrupted. A live worker will prevent it.")}</p>
       ) : null}
       <div className="flex flex-wrap justify-end gap-2">
         {apparentlyStale ? (
           <Button
             type="button"
             variant="outline"
-            aria-label="Unlock stale run"
+            aria-label={t("Unlock stale run")}
             aria-describedby="description-generation-unlock-help"
             disabled={action !== null}
             onClick={() => void unlock()}
           >
             {action === "unlock" ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin" /> : <LockOpen />}
-            {action === "unlock" ? "Unlocking…" : "Unlock"}
+            {action === "unlock" ? t("Unlocking…") : t("Unlock")}
           </Button>
         ) : null}
         <Button
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
           onClick={() => void stop()}
         >
           {action === "stop" ? <LoaderCircle className="animate-spin" /> : <Square />}
-          {action === "stop" ? "Stopping…" : "Stop"}
+          {action === "stop" ? t("Stopping…") : t("Stop")}
         </Button>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -361,17 +361,17 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
   return (
     <FleetLedgerDrawer
       open
-      ariaLabel="Description generation"
-      eyebrow="Description generation"
+      ariaLabel={t("Description generation")}
+      eyebrow={t("Description generation")}
       title={(
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
           {!isTerminal(run) ? <LoaderCircle className="size-5 animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" /> : null}
-          {statusLabel(run)}
+          {t(statusLabel(run))}
         </span>
       )}
-      description={run.scope.replaceAll("_", " ")}
+      description={t(run.scope.replaceAll("_", " "))}
       onClose={onClose}
-      closeLabel="Close description generation"
+      closeLabel={t("Close description generation")}
       busy={action !== null}
       bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__history-layout thot-catalog-drawer__run-layout"
       footer={footer}
@@ -379,40 +379,40 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
       <div className="thot-catalog-drawer__run-main">
         {runQuery.isError ? (
           <div role="alert" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {apiErrorMessage(runQuery.error)}
+            {t(apiErrorMessage(runQuery.error))}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
         <div className={`grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2${runQuery.isError ? " mt-4" : ""}`}>
-          <section aria-label="AI usage">
-            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">AI usage</h3>
+          <section aria-label={t("AI usage")}>
+            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("AI usage")}</h3>
             <dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
-              <dt>Model</dt><dd className="truncate text-right" title={modelDisplay}>{modelDisplay}</dd>
-              <dt>Input tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.inputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
-              <dt>Cache tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.cacheReadTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
-              <dt>Output tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.outputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
+              <dt>{t("Model")}</dt><dd className="truncate text-right" title={modelDisplay}>{modelDisplay}</dd>
+              <dt>{t("Input tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.inputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
+              <dt>{t("Cache tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.cacheReadTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
+              <dt>{t("Output tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.outputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
             </dl>
           </section>
-          <section aria-label="Description generation timestamps">
-            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Timestamps</h3>
+          <section aria-label={t("Description generation timestamps")}>
+            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Timestamps")}</h3>
             <dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Created</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.createdAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Started</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.startedAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Updated</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.updatedAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Finished</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.finishedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Created")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.createdAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Started")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.startedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Updated")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.updatedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Finished")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.finishedAt)}</dd>
             </dl>
           </section>
         </div>
 
-        <section className="mt-4" aria-label="Description generation counters">
-          <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Progress</h3>
+        <section className="mt-4" aria-label={t("Description generation counters")}>
+          <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Progress")}</h3>
           <div className="overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/20">
-            <table className="w-full min-w-[28rem] table-fixed" aria-label="Description generation progress">
+            <table className="w-full min-w-[28rem] table-fixed" aria-label={t("Description generation progress")}>
               <thead>
                 <tr className="border-b border-border bg-muted/45">
                   {progressCounters.map(([name, label]) => (
                     <th key={name} scope="col" className="border-l border-border px-2 py-1.5 text-left text-[10px] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground first:border-l-0">
-                      {label}
+                      {t(label)}
                     </th>
                   ))}
                 </tr>
@@ -432,18 +432,17 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
 
         {finalError ? (
           <div className="mt-3 rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {finalError}
+            {t(finalError)}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
-        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-3" aria-label="Description generation log">
+        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-3" aria-label={t("Description generation log")}>
           <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between">
-            <h3 className="thot-label">Events</h3>
+            <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Events")}</h3>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               {!followingEventTail && events.length > 0 ? (
                 <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="xs" onClick={jumpToLatestEvent}>
-                  Jump to latest
-                </Button>
+                  {t("Jump to latest")}</Button>
               ) : null}
               <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{events.length}</span>
             </div>
@@ -451,52 +450,52 @@ export function DescriptionGenerationDrawer({
           <div
             ref={eventLogRef}
             role="log"
-            aria-label="Description generation events"
+            aria-label={t("Description generation events")}
             aria-relevant="additions"
             tabIndex={0}
             onScroll={handleEventLogScroll}
             className="thot-catalog-drawer__event-log overflow-y-auto rounded-md bg-zinc-950 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-5 text-zinc-200"
           >
-            {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">Waiting for events…</p> : events.map((event) => (
+            {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">{t("Waiting for events…")}</p> : events.map((event) => (
               <p key={event.sequence} className={event.level === "error" ? "text-red-300" : event.level === "warning" ? "text-amber-300" : undefined}>
-                <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString()}</span>{event.message}
+                <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString(getLocale())}</span>{t(event.message)}
               </p>
             ))}
           </div>
-          {eventQuery.isError ? <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{apiErrorMessage(eventQuery.error)}</p> : null}
+          {eventQuery.isError ? <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{t(apiErrorMessage(eventQuery.error))}</p> : null}
         </section>
       </div>
 
-        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history" aria-label="Description generation history">
+        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history" aria-label={t("Description generation history")}>
           <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
-            <h3 className="thot-label">Recent runs</h3>
+            <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Recent runs")}</h3>
             <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
               {visibleHistory.length}
             </span>
           </div>
           {historyQuery.isError ? (
             <p role="alert" className="text-sm text-destructive">
-              {apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error)}
+              {t(apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error))}
             </p>
           ) : historyQuery.isLoading ? (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading run history…</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading run history…")}</p>
           ) : visibleHistory.length === 0 ? (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No description generation runs yet.</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No description generation runs yet.")}</p>
           ) : (
             <div className="thot-catalog-drawer__history-list divide-y divide-border overflow-y-auto rounded-md border border-border">
               {visibleHistory.map((item) => (
                 <button
                   key={item.id}
                   type="button"
-                  aria-label={`${statusLabel(item)} · ${item.scope.replaceAll("_", " ")}`}
+                  aria-label={`${statusLabel(item)} · ${t(item.scope.replaceAll("_", " "))}`}
                   aria-current={item.id === run.id ? "true" : undefined}
                   data-status={item.status}
                   className={`flex w-full items-start justify-between gap-3 px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted/50 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/25${item.status === "completed" ? " bg-[oklch(var(--success)/0.1)]" : ""}`}
                   onClick={() => onRunUpdate(item)}
                 >
-                  <span className="font-medium">{statusLabel(item)}</span>
+                  <span className="font-medium">{t(statusLabel(item))}</span>
                   <span className="shrink-0 text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    {item.processed}/{item.total}<br />{new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString()}
+                    {item.processed}/{item.total}<br />{new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())}
                   </span>
                 </button>
               ))}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.tsx
index 16cb8735..1be5cdd1 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import {
   useEffect,
   useId,
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ export function FleetActionSelector<ActionId extends string>({
   renderContext,
   label = "Batch action",
 }: FleetActionSelectorProps<ActionId>) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [selectedActionId, setSelectedActionId] = useState<ActionId | "">("");
   const hintId = useId();
   const groups = useMemo(() => {
@@ -63,10 +65,10 @@ export function FleetActionSelector<ActionId extends string>({
       grouped.get(action.group)!.push(action);
     }
     return order.map((group) => ({ group, actions: grouped.get(group)! }));
-  }, [actions]);
+  }, [actions, t]);
   const selectedAction = actions.find((action) => action.id === selectedActionId);
   const unavailableReason = selectedAction?.disabled
-    ? selectedAction.disabledReason ?? "This action is not available for the current selection."
+    ? selectedAction.disabledReason ?? t("This action is not available for the current selection.")
     : null;
   const actionScope = selectedAction?.scopeLabel;
 
@@ -85,33 +87,33 @@ export function FleetActionSelector<ActionId extends string>({
   return (
     <div className="thot-fleet-action-selector">
       <div className="thot-fleet-action-selector__scope" aria-live="polite">
-        <strong>{actionScope ?? `${selectedCount} selected`}</strong>
+        <strong>{actionScope ? t(actionScope) : t("{count} selected", { count: selectedCount })}</strong>
         {actionScope ? (
-          <span>Action scope</span>
+          <span>{t("Action scope")}</span>
         ) : hiddenSelectedCount > 0 ? (
-          <span>{hiddenSelectedCount} hidden by filter</span>
+          <span>{hiddenSelectedCount} {t("hidden by filter")}</span>
         ) : (
-          <span>Selected rows</span>
+          <span>{t("Selected rows")}</span>
         )}
       </div>
-      <label className="sr-only" htmlFor={hintId}>{label}</label>
+      <label className="sr-only" htmlFor={hintId}>{t(label)}</label>
       <select
         ref={selectRef}
         id={hintId}
         className="thot-fleet-action-selector__select"
-        aria-label={label}
+        aria-label={t(label)}
         value={selectedActionId}
         disabled={busy || selectedCount === 0}
         onChange={(event) => setSelectedActionId(event.target.value as ActionId | "")}
       >
-        <option value="">Choose an action…</option>
+        <option value="">{t("Choose an action…")}</option>
         {groups.map(({ group, actions: groupActions }) => (
-          <optgroup key={group} label={group}>
+          <optgroup key={group} label={t(group)}>
             {groupActions.map((action) => (
               <option key={action.id} value={action.id}>
-                {action.label}
+                {t(action.label)}
                 {action.disabled && action.disabledReason
-                  ? `, unavailable: ${action.disabledReason}`
+                  ? t(", unavailable: {reason}", { reason: t(action.disabledReason) })
                   : ""}
               </option>
             ))}
@@ -129,14 +131,12 @@ export function FleetActionSelector<ActionId extends string>({
         onClick={() => void run()}
       >
         <Play aria-hidden="true" />
-        Run action
-      </Button>
+        {t("Run action")}</Button>
       <Button type="button" size="sm" variant="ghost" disabled={busy} onClick={onClear}>
-        <X aria-hidden="true" /> Clear
-      </Button>
+        <X aria-hidden="true" /> {t("Clear")}</Button>
       {unavailableReason ? (
         <span id={`${hintId}-reason`} className="thot-fleet-action-selector__reason" role="status">
-          {unavailableReason}
+          {t(unavailableReason)}
         </span>
       ) : null}
     </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.typography.test.ts b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.typography.test.ts
index b736cc90..eef59bde 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.typography.test.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetActionSelector.typography.test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ test("uses operational body text for every available-command list", () => {
     .flatMap((fileName) => {
       const source = readFileSync(`${sourceDirectory}/${fileName}`, "utf8");
       const matches = source.match(
-        /<select\b[\s\S]*?<option value="">Choose an action…<\/option>[\s\S]*?<\/select>/g,
+        /<select\b[\s\S]*?<option value="">\{t\("Choose an action…"\)\}<\/option>[\s\S]*?<\/select>/g,
       );
       return (matches ?? []).map((markup) => ({ fileName, markup }));
     });
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetLedgerShell.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetLedgerShell.tsx
index 397e27b5..3ea9bc04 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetLedgerShell.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/FleetLedgerShell.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { forwardRef, useId, useState, type ReactNode } from "react"
 import { ArrowLeft, ChevronRight } from "lucide-react"
 
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ export function FleetLedgerShell({
   drawer,
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerShellProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [panelHost, setPanelHost] = useState<HTMLElement | null>(null)
 
   return (
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ export function FleetLedgerShell({
       <section
         ref={setPanelHost}
         className={classes("thot-fleet-ledger", className)}
-        aria-label={ariaLabel}
+        aria-label={t(ariaLabel)}
       >
         <div className="thot-fleet-ledger__workspace">
           {header}
@@ -117,11 +119,12 @@ export function FleetLedgerHeader({
   actionsLabel = "Database management actions",
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerHeaderProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className={className}>
-      <AdministrationHeader title={title} description="Configure database connections, synchronize schema and curate the catalog." />
+      <AdministrationHeader title={title} description={t("Configure database connections, synchronize schema and curate the catalog.")} />
       <div className="thot-fleet-ledger__header-status">{status}</div>
-      {actions && <div className="thot-administration-toolbar" role="group" aria-label={actionsLabel}>
+      {actions && <div className="thot-administration-toolbar" role="group" aria-label={t(actionsLabel)}>
           {actions}
       </div>}
     </div>
@@ -135,11 +138,12 @@ export interface FleetLedgerRealStatusProps extends WithClassName {
 }
 
 export function FleetLedgerRealStatus({
-  title = "Live catalog status",
+  title,
   items,
   live = "polite",
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerRealStatusProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const titleId = useId()
 
   return (
@@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ export function FleetLedgerRealStatus({
       aria-atomic="false"
     >
       <h2 id={titleId} className="thot-fleet-ledger__section-label">
-        {title}
+        {title ?? t("Live catalog status")}
       </h2>
       <ul className="thot-fleet-ledger__status-list">
         {items.map((item) => (
@@ -180,10 +184,11 @@ export interface FleetLedgerKpiStripProps extends WithClassName {
 }
 
 export function FleetLedgerKpiStrip({
-  title = "Fleet summary",
+  title,
   items,
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerKpiStripProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const titleId = useId()
 
   return (
@@ -192,7 +197,7 @@ export function FleetLedgerKpiStrip({
       aria-labelledby={titleId}
     >
       <h2 id={titleId} className="thot-fleet-ledger__section-label">
-        {title}
+        {title ?? t("Fleet summary")}
       </h2>
       <dl className="thot-fleet-ledger__kpi-strip">
         {items.map((item) => (
@@ -223,6 +228,7 @@ export function FleetLedgerBreadcrumb({
   ariaLabel = "Database hierarchy",
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerBreadcrumbProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className={classes("thot-fleet-ledger__navigation", className)}>
       {back ? (
@@ -237,11 +243,11 @@ export function FleetLedgerBreadcrumb({
           data-icon="inline-start"
         >
           <ArrowLeft aria-hidden="true" />
-          {back.label}
+          {t(back.label)}
         </Button>
       ) : null}
 
-      <nav className="thot-fleet-ledger__breadcrumb" aria-label={ariaLabel}>
+      <nav className="thot-fleet-ledger__breadcrumb" aria-label={t(ariaLabel)}>
         <ol className="thot-fleet-ledger__breadcrumb-list">
           {items.map((item, index) => {
             const isCurrent = item.current ?? index === items.length - 1
@@ -296,11 +302,12 @@ export function FleetLedgerCommandBar({
   ariaLabel = "Fleet commands",
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerCommandBarProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div
       className={classes("thot-fleet-ledger__command-bar", className)}
       role="group"
-      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      aria-label={t(ariaLabel)}
     >
       <div className="thot-fleet-ledger__command-picker">{picker}</div>
       {selectionSummary ? (
@@ -324,10 +331,11 @@ export function FleetLedgerContent({
   busy = false,
   className,
 }: FleetLedgerContentProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <section
       className={classes("thot-fleet-ledger__content", className)}
-      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      aria-label={t(ariaLabel)}
       aria-busy={busy}
     >
       {children}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/MetadataGenerationModelSelector.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/MetadataGenerationModelSelector.tsx
index 37ffadef..37a85bc9 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/MetadataGenerationModelSelector.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/MetadataGenerationModelSelector.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
 import { useId } from "react";
 import { useWorkingContextScope } from "../../workspaces/WorkingContext";
 import type { MetadataGenerationModels } from "../../api/catalog-databases";
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ export function MetadataGenerationModelSelector({
   onSelectedModelChange,
   variant = "default",
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const helpId = useId();
   const workingContext = useWorkingContextScope();
   if (workingContext) return null;
@@ -34,10 +36,10 @@ export function MetadataGenerationModelSelector({
   const noUsableModel = !isLoading && !isError && Boolean(data) && !hasUsableDefault;
   const staleSelection = Boolean(selectedModel) && !models.some((model) => model.id === selectedModel);
   const unavailableMessage = !isLoading && isError
-    ? "Global LLM model choices are unavailable."
+    ? t("Global LLM model choices are unavailable.")
     : noUsableModel
       ? NO_METADATA_GENERATION_LLM_MODEL_MESSAGE
-      : staleSelection ? "The global LLM model is unavailable. Choose a configured model; no fallback is applied." : null;
+      : staleSelection ? t("The global LLM model is unavailable. Choose a configured model; no fallback is applied.") : null;
   const compact = variant === "compact";
 
   return (
@@ -49,30 +51,30 @@ export function MetadataGenerationModelSelector({
         ? "flex min-w-0 items-center gap-2 text-xs font-medium text-foreground"
         : "grid gap-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-foreground"}
       >
-        <span className={compact ? "whitespace-nowrap" : undefined}>Global LLM model</span>
+        <span className={compact ? "whitespace-nowrap" : undefined}>{t("Global LLM model")}</span>
         <select
           className={`${compact ? "h-8 min-w-52" : "h-9 w-full"} rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-3 text-sm outline-none transition focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15 disabled:bg-muted disabled:text-muted-foreground`}
-          aria-label="Global LLM model"
+          aria-label={t("Global LLM model")}
           aria-describedby={unavailableMessage ? helpId : undefined}
           value={selectedModel}
           disabled={!canManage || isLoading || isError || !hasUsableDefault}
           onChange={(event) => onSelectedModelChange(event.target.value)}
         >
-          {staleSelection && <option value={selectedModel}>{selectedModel} (unavailable)</option>}
-          {isLoading ? <option value="">Loading models…</option> : null}
-          {!isLoading && isError ? <option value="">Model choices unavailable</option> : null}
+          {staleSelection && <option value={selectedModel}>{selectedModel} {t("(unavailable)")}</option>}
+          {isLoading ? <option value="">{t("Loading models…")}</option> : null}
+          {!isLoading && isError ? <option value="">{t("Model choices unavailable")}</option> : null}
           {noUsableModel ? (
-            <option value="">{models.length === 0 ? "No model configured" : "No usable model configured"}</option>
+            <option value="">{models.length === 0 ? t("No model configured") : t("No usable model configured")}</option>
           ) : null}
           {models.map((model) => (
             <option key={model.id} value={model.id}>{model.label}</option>
           ))}
         </select>
       </label>
-      <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Shared with Core and all workspaces.</span>
+      <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Shared with Core and all workspaces.")}</span>
       {unavailableMessage ? (
         <p id={helpId} className="max-w-72 text-xs font-normal leading-4 text-muted-foreground">
-          {unavailableMessage}
+          {t(unavailableMessage)}
         </p>
       ) : null}
     </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitiveDataReviewDrawer.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitiveDataReviewDrawer.tsx
index 1800404e..b48a1200 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitiveDataReviewDrawer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitiveDataReviewDrawer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { renderAdminMessage, type AdminMessage } from "./messages";
+import { useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { Save } from "lucide-react";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ import { FleetLedgerDrawer } from "./FleetLedgerShell";
 interface Props {
   open: boolean;
   databaseId: string | null;
-  scopeLabel: string;
+  scopeLabel: AdminMessage;
   suggestions: SensitivityReviewItem[];
   canManage: boolean;
   onClose: () => void;
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
   onClose,
   onSaved,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [drafts, setDrafts] = useState<Record<string, boolean>>({});
   const [search, setSearch] = useState("");
   const [showAll, setShowAll] = useState(false);
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
   const initializedReview = useRef<string | null>(null);
   const reviewKey = useMemo(
     () => suggestions.map((suggestion) => suggestion.columnId).join(":"),
-    [suggestions],
+    [suggestions, t],
   );
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -77,18 +80,18 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
   const changed = useMemo(() => suggestions.filter((suggestion) => (
     drafts[suggestion.columnId] !== undefined
     && drafts[suggestion.columnId] !== suggestion.currentSensitive
-  )), [drafts, suggestions]);
+  )), [drafts, suggestions, t]);
   const visible = useMemo(() => {
     const term = search.trim().toLocaleLowerCase();
     return suggestions.filter((suggestion) => (
       (showAll || drafts[suggestion.columnId] !== suggestion.currentSensitive)
       && (!term || `${suggestion.tableName}.${suggestion.columnName}`.toLocaleLowerCase().includes(term))
     ));
-  }, [drafts, search, showAll, suggestions]);
+  }, [drafts, search, showAll, suggestions, t]);
 
   const close = () => {
     if (saving) return;
-    if (changed.length > 0 && !window.confirm("Discard the sensitive-field review?")) return;
+    if (changed.length > 0 && !window.confirm(t("Discard the sensitive-field review?"))) return;
     onClose();
   };
 
@@ -113,9 +116,9 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
     }
     if (saved.length > 0) onSaved(saved);
     if (failed.length > 0) {
-      toast.error(`${failed.length} sensitive flag${failed.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} could not be saved: ${apiErrorMessage(failed[0])}`);
+      toast.error((failed.length === 1 ? t("{count} sensitive flag could not be saved: {error}", { count: failed.length, error: apiErrorMessage(failed[0]) }) : t("{count} sensitive flags could not be saved: {error}", { count: failed.length, error: apiErrorMessage(failed[0]) })));
     } else {
-      toast.success(`Saved ${saved.length} sensitive flag${saved.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`);
+      toast.success((saved.length === 1 ? t("Saved {count} sensitive flag", { count: saved.length }) : t("Saved {count} sensitive flags", { count: saved.length })));
       onClose();
     }
     setSaving(false);
@@ -125,22 +128,22 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
   return (
     <FleetLedgerDrawer
       open
-      ariaLabel="Sensitive field review"
-      eyebrow="Sensitive data"
-      title="Review local assessments"
-      description={`${scopeLabel}. Local rules proposed values, but only your save changes the catalog.`}
+      ariaLabel={t("Sensitive field review")}
+      eyebrow={t("Sensitive data")}
+      title={t("Review local assessments")}
+      description={t("{scopeLabel}. Local rules proposed values, but only your save changes the catalog.", { scopeLabel: renderAdminMessage(t, scopeLabel) })}
       onClose={close}
-      closeLabel="Close sensitive field review"
+      closeLabel={t("Close sensitive field review")}
       busy={saving}
       bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__body--flush"
       footerClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__footer--split"
       footer={(
         <>
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Unsaved assessments never change the catalog.</p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("Unsaved assessments never change the catalog.")}</p>
           <div className="flex gap-2">
-            <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={saving} onClick={close}>Cancel</Button>
+            <Button type="button" variant="outline" disabled={saving} onClick={close}>{t("Cancel")}</Button>
             <Button type="button" disabled={!canManage || saving || changed.length === 0} onClick={() => void save()}>
-              <Save />{saving ? "Saving…" : `Save all ${changed.length} change${changed.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`}
+              <Save />{saving ? t("Saving…") : (changed.length === 1 ? t("Save all {count} change", { count: changed.length }) : t("Save all {count} changes", { count: changed.length }))}
             </Button>
           </div>
         </>
@@ -150,13 +153,13 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
           <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
             <input
               className="h-9 min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-background px-3 text-sm outline-none focus:border-primary/60 focus:ring-3 focus:ring-ring/15"
-              aria-label="Search sensitivity assessments"
-              placeholder="Search table or column"
+              aria-label={t("Search sensitivity assessments")}
+              placeholder={t("Search table or column")}
               value={search}
               onChange={(event) => setSearch(event.target.value)}
             />
             <span className="whitespace-nowrap text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-              {changed.length} change{changed.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}
+              {changed.length === 1 ? t("{count} change", { count: changed.length }) : t("{count} changes", { count: changed.length })}
             </span>
           </div>
           <label className="mt-3 inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
@@ -166,20 +169,18 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
               checked={showAll}
               onChange={(event) => setShowAll(event.target.checked)}
             />
-            Show all {suggestions.length} assessed columns
-          </label>
+            {t("Show all")} {suggestions.length} {t("assessed columns")}</label>
       </div>
 
       <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-5 py-4">
           {visible.length === 0 ? (
             <div className="rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/25 px-4 py-5 text-sm">
-              <p className="font-semibold">No proposed changes in this view.</p>
+              <p className="font-semibold">{t("No proposed changes in this view.")}</p>
               <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">
-                Show all classified columns to inspect unchanged flags, or close this review.
-              </p>
+                {t("Show all classified columns to inspect unchanged flags, or close this review.")}</p>
             </div>
           ) : (
-            <ul className="divide-y divide-border" aria-label="Sensitivity assessments">
+            <ul className="divide-y divide-border" aria-label={t("Sensitivity assessments")}>
               {visible.map((suggestion) => {
                 const proposed = drafts[suggestion.columnId] ?? suggestion.sensitive;
                 const changedFromCurrent = proposed !== suggestion.currentSensitive;
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
                     <input
                       type="checkbox"
                       className="mt-1 size-4 shrink-0 accent-primary outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/50"
-                      aria-label={`Protect ${suggestion.tableName}.${suggestion.columnName}`}
+                      aria-label={t("Protect {tableName}.{columnName}", { tableName: suggestion.tableName, columnName: suggestion.columnName })}
                       checked={proposed}
                       disabled={!canManage || saving}
                       onChange={(event) => setDrafts((current) => ({
@@ -201,18 +202,18 @@ export function SensitiveDataReviewDrawer({
                         {suggestion.tableName}.{suggestion.columnName}
                       </p>
                       <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                        Current: {suggestion.currentSensitive ? "protected" : "allowed"}. Proposed: {proposed ? "protected" : "allowed"}.
+                  {t("Current:")} {suggestion.currentSensitive ? t("protected") : t("allowed")}{t(". Proposed:")} {proposed ? t("protected") : t("allowed")}.
                       </p>
                       <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                        Assessment: {suggestion.assessment.replace("_", " ")}. Evidence: {suggestion.evidence.length > 0
+                        {t("Assessment:")} {t(suggestion.assessment.replace("_", " "))}{t(". Evidence:")} {suggestion.evidence.length > 0
                           ? suggestion.evidence.map((item) => item.label
                             ? `${item.ruleId} (${item.label}${item.confidence === undefined ? "" : ` ${Math.round(item.confidence * 100)}%`})`
                             : item.ruleId).join(", ")
-                          : "no sensitive match"}. Coverage: {suggestion.coverage.replace("_", " ")}. Observed values: {suggestion.observedValues}.
+                          : t("no sensitive match")}{t(". Coverage:")} {t(suggestion.coverage.replace("_", " "))}{t(". Observed values:")} {suggestion.observedValues}.
                       </p>
                     </div>
                     <span className={`rounded px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] font-semibold ${changedFromCurrent ? "bg-amber-500/12 text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300" : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground"}`}>
-                      {changedFromCurrent ? "Change" : "No change"}
+                      {changedFromCurrent ? t("Change") : t("No change")}
                     </span>
                   </li>
                 );
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer.tsx
index 82de59cd..9615f2f7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { getLocale, useI18n, translate } from "../../i18n";
 import { useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
 import { LoaderCircle } from "lucide-react";
 import { useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ const SAFE_FINAL_ERROR = "The run ended before all columns were classified. Revi
 
 function statusLabel(run: SensitivityAnalysisRun): string {
   const label = run.status.replaceAll("_", " ");
-  return `${label[0].toUpperCase()}${label.slice(1)}`;
+  return translate(`${label[0].toUpperCase()}${label.slice(1)}`);
 }
 
 function isTerminal(run?: SensitivityAnalysisRun): boolean {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ function safeFinalError(summary: string | null): string | null {
 }
 
 function timestamp(value: string | null): string {
-  return value ? new Date(value).toLocaleString() : "Not available";
+  return value ? new Date(value).toLocaleString(getLocale()) : translate("Not available");
 }
 
 export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
   onClose,
   onRunUpdate,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const queryClient = useQueryClient();
   const runId = initialRun?.id ?? null;
   const runQuery = useQuery({
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
   });
   const visibleHistory = useMemo(
     () => (historyQuery.data ?? []).filter((item) => !databaseId || item.databaseId === databaseId),
-    [databaseId, historyQuery.data],
+    [databaseId, historyQuery.data, t],
   );
   const events = eventQuery.data ?? [];
   const latestEventSequence = events.at(-1)?.sequence ?? 0;
@@ -131,42 +133,41 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
     return (
       <FleetLedgerDrawer
         open
-        ariaLabel="Sensitivity analysis history"
-        eyebrow="Sensitivity analysis"
+        ariaLabel={t("Sensitivity analysis history")}
+        eyebrow={t("Sensitivity analysis")}
         title={(
           <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
             <LoaderCircle className="size-5 animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" />
-            Starting sensitivity analysis
-          </span>
+            {t("Starting sensitivity analysis")}</span>
         )}
-        description="Preparing the local policy and source scan."
+        description={t("Preparing the local policy and source scan.")}
         onClose={onClose}
-        closeLabel="Close sensitivity analysis history"
+        closeLabel={t("Close sensitivity analysis history")}
         bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__history-layout thot-catalog-drawer__run-layout"
       >
         <div className="thot-catalog-drawer__run-main">
-          <section aria-label="Sensitivity analysis startup progress">
-            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Progress</h3>
+          <section aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis startup progress")}>
+            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Progress")}</h3>
             <div
               role="progressbar"
-              aria-label="Sensitivity analysis is starting"
-              aria-valuetext="Preparing analysis run"
+              aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis is starting")}
+              aria-valuetext={t("Preparing analysis run")}
               className="h-2 overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-muted"
             >
               <div className="h-full w-1/3 animate-pulse rounded-full bg-primary" />
             </div>
           </section>
-          <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-4" aria-label="Sensitivity analysis log">
+          <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-4" aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis log")}>
             <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between">
-              <h3 className="thot-label">Events</h3>
+              <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Events")}</h3>
               <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">1</span>
             </div>
             <div
               role="log"
-              aria-label="Sensitivity analysis events"
+              aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis events")}
               className="thot-catalog-drawer__event-log overflow-y-auto rounded-md bg-zinc-950 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-5 text-zinc-200"
             >
-              <p>Preparing sensitivity analysis…</p>
+              <p>{t("Preparing sensitivity analysis…")}</p>
             </div>
           </section>
         </div>
@@ -177,27 +178,26 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
     return (
       <FleetLedgerDrawer
         open
-        ariaLabel="Sensitivity analysis history"
-        eyebrow="Sensitive data"
-        title="Analysis run history"
+        ariaLabel={t("Sensitivity analysis history")}
+        eyebrow={t("Sensitive data")}
+        title={t("Analysis run history")}
         onClose={onClose}
-        closeLabel="Close sensitivity analysis history"
+        closeLabel={t("Close sensitivity analysis history")}
         bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__body--empty"
       >
         {historyQuery.isError ? (
           <div role="alert" className="w-full rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error)}
+            {t(apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error))}
           </div>
         ) : historyQuery.isLoading || awaitingRun || (historyQuery.data?.length ?? 0) > 0 ? (
           <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            {awaitingRun ? "Starting sensitivity analysis…" : "Loading analysis history…"}
+            {awaitingRun ? t("Starting sensitivity analysis…") : t("Loading analysis history…")}
           </p>
         ) : (
           <div className="w-full rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/25 px-4 py-5 text-sm">
-            <p className="font-semibold">No sensitivity analysis runs yet.</p>
+            <p className="font-semibold">{t("No sensitivity analysis runs yet.")}</p>
             <p className="mt-1 text-muted-foreground">
-              Analyze sensitive fields to create the first history entry.
-            </p>
+              {t("Analyze sensitive fields to create the first history entry.")}</p>
           </div>
         )}
       </FleetLedgerDrawer>
@@ -206,70 +206,70 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
 
   const finalError = safeFinalError(run.errorSummary);
   const engineDisplay = run.engine === "local"
-    ? `Local rules (${run.policyVersion ?? "unknown policy"})`
-    : `Legacy LLM (${run.modelId ?? "unknown model"})`;
+    ? t("Local rules ({policy})", { policy: run.policyVersion ?? t("unknown policy") })
+    : t("Legacy LLM ({model})", { model: run.modelId ?? t("unknown model") });
   const progressCounters = [
-    ["total", "Total columns"],
-    ["suggestedSensitive", "Sensitive"],
-    ["suggestedNonSensitive", "Not sensitive"],
-    ["unknown", "Unprocessed"],
+    ["total", t("Total columns")],
+    ["suggestedSensitive", t("Sensitive")],
+    ["suggestedNonSensitive", t("Not sensitive")],
+    ["unknown", t("Unprocessed")],
   ] as const;
   return (
     <FleetLedgerDrawer
       open
       className={outcomeClass(run)}
-      ariaLabel="Sensitivity analysis history"
-      eyebrow="Sensitivity analysis"
+      ariaLabel={t("Sensitivity analysis history")}
+      eyebrow={t("Sensitivity analysis")}
       title={(
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-2">
           {!isTerminal(run) ? <LoaderCircle className="size-5 animate-spin" aria-hidden="true" /> : null}
-          {statusLabel(run)}
+          {t(statusLabel(run))}
         </span>
       )}
-      description={run.scope.replaceAll("_", " ")}
+      description={t(run.scope.replaceAll("_", " "))}
       onClose={onClose}
-      closeLabel="Close sensitivity analysis history"
+      closeLabel={t("Close sensitivity analysis history")}
       bodyClassName="thot-catalog-drawer__history-layout thot-catalog-drawer__run-layout"
     >
       <div className="thot-catalog-drawer__run-main">
         {runQuery.isError ? (
           <div role="alert" className="rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {apiErrorMessage(runQuery.error)}
+            {t(apiErrorMessage(runQuery.error))}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
         <div className={`grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2${runQuery.isError ? " mt-4" : ""}`}>
-          <section aria-label="Analysis engine">
-            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Analysis engine</h3>
+          <section aria-label={t("Analysis engine")}>
+            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Analysis engine")}</h3>
             <dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
-              <dt>Engine</dt><dd className="truncate text-right" title={engineDisplay}>{engineDisplay}</dd>
+              <dt>{t("Engine")}</dt><dd className="truncate text-right" title={engineDisplay}>{engineDisplay}</dd>
               {run.engine === "llm" ? <>
-                <dt>Input tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.inputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
-                <dt>Cache tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.cacheReadTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
-                <dt>Output tokens</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.outputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString("en-US")}</dd>
+                <dt>{t("Input tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.inputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
+                <dt>{t("Cache tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.cacheReadTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
+                <dt>{t("Output tokens")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{(run.outputTokens ?? 0).toLocaleString(getLocale())}</dd>
               </> : null}
             </dl>
           </section>
-          <section aria-label="Sensitivity analysis timestamps">
-            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Timestamps</h3>
+          <section aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis timestamps")}>
+            <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Timestamps")}</h3>
             <dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Created</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.createdAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Started</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.startedAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Updated</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.updatedAt)}</dd>
-              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">Finished</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.finishedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Created")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.createdAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Started")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.startedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Updated")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.updatedAt)}</dd>
+              <dt className="text-muted-foreground">{t("Finished")}</dt><dd className="text-right tabular-nums">{timestamp(run.finishedAt)}</dd>
             </dl>
           </section>
         </div>
 
-        <section className="mt-4" aria-label="Sensitivity analysis counters">
-          <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">Results</h3>
+        <section className="mt-4" aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis counters")}>
+          <h3 className="thot-label mb-2">{t("Results")}</h3>
           <div className="overflow-x-auto rounded-md border border-border bg-muted/20">
-            <table className="w-full min-w-[20rem] table-fixed" aria-label="Sensitivity analysis progress">
+            <table className="w-full min-w-[20rem] table-fixed" aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis progress")}>
               <thead>
                 <tr className="border-b border-border bg-muted/45">
                   {progressCounters.map(([name, label]) => (
                     <th key={name} scope="col" className="border-l border-border px-2 py-1.5 text-left text-[10px] font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground first:border-l-0">
-                      {label}
+                      {t(label)}
                     </th>
                   ))}
                 </tr>
@@ -289,13 +289,13 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
 
         {finalError ? (
           <div className="mt-3 rounded-md border border-destructive/35 bg-destructive/5 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-destructive">
-            {finalError}
+            {t(finalError)}
           </div>
         ) : null}
 
-        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-3" aria-label="Sensitivity analysis log">
+        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__events mt-3" aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis log")}>
           <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between">
-            <h3 className="thot-label">Events</h3>
+            <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Events")}</h3>
             <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
               {!followingEventTail && events.length > 0 ? (
                 <Button
@@ -304,8 +304,7 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
                   size="xs"
                   onClick={jumpToLatestEvent}
                 >
-                  Jump to latest
-                </Button>
+                  {t("Jump to latest")}</Button>
               ) : null}
               <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{events.length}</span>
             </div>
@@ -313,51 +312,51 @@ export function SensitivityAnalysisHistoryDrawer({
           <div
             ref={eventLogRef}
             role="log"
-            aria-label="Sensitivity analysis events"
+            aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis events")}
             aria-relevant="additions"
             tabIndex={0}
             onScroll={handleEventLogScroll}
             className="thot-catalog-drawer__event-log overflow-y-auto rounded-md bg-zinc-950 p-3 font-mono text-xs leading-5 text-zinc-200"
           >
-            {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">Waiting for events…</p> : events.map((event) => (
+            {events.length === 0 ? <p className="text-zinc-500">{t("Waiting for events…")}</p> : events.map((event) => (
               <p key={event.sequence} className={event.level === "error" ? "text-red-300" : event.level === "warning" ? "text-amber-300" : undefined}>
-                <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString()}</span>{event.message}
+                <span className="mr-2 text-zinc-500">{new Date(event.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString(getLocale())}</span>{t(event.message)}
               </p>
             ))}
           </div>
-          {eventQuery.isError ? <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{apiErrorMessage(eventQuery.error)}</p> : null}
+          {eventQuery.isError ? <p role="alert" className="mt-2 text-sm text-destructive">{t(apiErrorMessage(eventQuery.error))}</p> : null}
         </section>
       </div>
 
-        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history" aria-label="Sensitivity analysis run history">
+        <section className="thot-catalog-drawer__history" aria-label={t("Sensitivity analysis run history")}>
           <div className="mb-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
-            <h3 className="thot-label">Recent runs</h3>
+            <h3 className="thot-label">{t("Recent runs")}</h3>
             <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
               {visibleHistory.length}
             </span>
           </div>
           {historyQuery.isError ? (
-            <p role="alert" className="text-sm text-destructive">{apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error)}</p>
+            <p role="alert" className="text-sm text-destructive">{t(apiErrorMessage(historyQuery.error))}</p>
           ) : historyQuery.isLoading ? (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading analysis history…</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("Loading analysis history…")}</p>
           ) : visibleHistory.length === 0 ? (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No sensitivity analysis runs yet.</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No sensitivity analysis runs yet.")}</p>
           ) : (
             <div className="thot-catalog-drawer__history-list divide-y divide-border overflow-y-auto rounded-md border border-border">
               {visibleHistory.map((item) => (
                 <button
                   key={item.id}
                   type="button"
-                  aria-label={`${statusLabel(item)} · ${item.scope.replaceAll("_", " ")}`}
+                  aria-label={`${statusLabel(item)} · ${t(item.scope.replaceAll("_", " "))}`}
                   aria-current={item.id === run.id ? "true" : undefined}
                   data-status={item.status}
                   className="flex w-full items-start justify-between gap-3 px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-muted/50 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-3 focus-visible:ring-ring/25"
                   onClick={() => onRunUpdate(item)}
                 >
-                  <span className="font-medium">{statusLabel(item)}</span>
+                  <span className="font-medium">{t(statusLabel(item))}</span>
                   <span className="shrink-0 text-right text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                     {item.suggestedSensitive + item.suggestedNonSensitive + item.unknown}/{item.total}<br />
-                    {new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString()}
+                    {new Date(item.createdAt).toLocaleString(getLocale())}
                   </span>
                 </button>
               ))}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/messages.ts b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/messages.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81019f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/messages.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import type { TranslationParams } from "../../i18n";
+
+/** Keep IDs and parameters in state so open results follow later locale changes. */
+export type AdminMessage = string | {
+  message: string;
+  params?: Readonly<Record<string, string | number | { message: string }>>;
+};
+
+export function adminMessage(message: string, params?: Exclude<AdminMessage, string>["params"]): AdminMessage {
+  return { message, params };
+}
+
+/** Local API diagnostics retain their code; translate only the known message body. */
+export function renderAdminDiagnostic(t: (message: string) => string, diagnostic: string): string {
+  const match = /^([a-z][a-z_]+): (.+)$/.exec(diagnostic);
+  return match ? `${match[1]}: ${t(match[2])}` : t(diagnostic);
+}
+
+export function renderAdminMessage(
+  t: (message: string, params?: TranslationParams) => string,
+  value: AdminMessage,
+): string {
+  if (typeof value === "string") return t(value);
+  const params = value.params && Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(value.params).map(([key, param]) =>
+    [key, typeof param === "object" ? t(param.message) : param],
+  ));
+  return t(value.message, params);
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/model.ts b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/model.ts
index a66a7291..0c929aff 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/model.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/model.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { translate } from "../../i18n";
 import type {
   CatalogDatabase,
   CatalogSecretName,
@@ -111,9 +112,9 @@ export function secretReplacements(draft: DatabaseFormDraft): SecretDraft {
 }
 
 export function statusLabel(row: CatalogDatabase): string {
-  if (!row.workspaceAvailable) return "Workspace missing";
-  if (!row.configured) return "Not configured";
-  if (row.connectionStatus === "reachable") return "Reachable";
-  if (row.connectionStatus === "failed") return "Failed";
-  return "Untested";
+  if (!row.workspaceAvailable) return translate("Workspace missing");
+  if (!row.configured) return translate("Not configured");
+  if (row.connectionStatus === "reachable") return translate("Reachable");
+  if (row.connectionStatus === "failed") return translate("Failed");
+  return translate("Untested");
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/database-management/useAdminGridLocale.ts b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/useAdminGridLocale.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0b0ffae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/database-management/useAdminGridLocale.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { useRef } from "react";
+import type { GridState, StateUpdatedEvent } from "ag-grid-community";
+import { AG_GRID_LOCALE_EN, AG_GRID_LOCALE_IT } from "@ag-grid-community/locale";
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
+
+/** AG Grid reads locale text at creation. Keep selection, filters and sort on recreation. */
+export function useAdminGridLocale() {
+  const { locale } = useI18n();
+  const state = useRef<GridState>();
+  return {
+    locale,
+    gridLocaleProps: {
+      theme: "legacy" as const,
+      localeText: locale === "it" ? AG_GRID_LOCALE_IT : AG_GRID_LOCALE_EN,
+      initialState: state.current,
+      onStateUpdated: (event: StateUpdatedEvent) => { state.current = event.state; },
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/f1-loop.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/f1-loop.test.tsx
index 30b05dc6..ced88747 100644
--- a/frontend/src/shell/f1-loop.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/f1-loop.test.tsx
@@ -10,12 +10,15 @@ import { App } from "../App";
 import { useSessionStore } from "../store/sessionStore";
 
 beforeEach(() => {
+  window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } };
   localStorage.clear();
   FakeEventSource.instances = [];
   (globalThis as any).EventSource = FakeEventSource;
   useSessionStore.getState().resetSession();
 });
 
+afterEach(() => { delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__; });
+
 test("F1: create session -> widget via SSE -> respond -> POST /response", async () => {
   let responded: any = null;
   server.use(
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/AppShell.host.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/host/AppShell.host.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..673f4bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/AppShell.host.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen, waitFor, within } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { http, HttpResponse } from "msw";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+import { App } from "../../App";
+import { server } from "../../test/msw";
+import { workspaceSummaryFixture } from "../../test/workspace-fixtures";
+import { clearAuthState, getAuthState } from "../../auth/authState";
+import { queryClient } from "../../app/queryClient";
+import { setLocale } from "../../i18n";
+import { rememberSession, readRememberedSession } from "./rememberedSession";
+import { FakeEventSource } from "../../test/fakeEventSource";
+import { workspacePreferences } from "../../workspaces/preferences";
+
+const user = { issuer: "local", subject: "analyst", displayName: "Analyst", roles: ["user"], permissions: ["session.use"], isAdmin: false, csrfToken: "c".repeat(43), session: null };
+let fullscreen: Element | null = null;
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  clearAuthState();
+  queryClient.clear();
+  localStorage.clear();
+  sessionStorage.clear();
+  setLocale("en");
+  workspacePreferences.selectWorkspace("default");
+  workspacePreferences.selectModel("test/test");
+  window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = { shell: { mode: "full", defaultLocale: "en" } };
+  fullscreen = null;
+  FakeEventSource.instances = [];
+  vi.stubGlobal("EventSource", FakeEventSource);
+  Object.defineProperty(document, "fullscreenElement", { configurable: true, get: () => fullscreen });
+  Object.defineProperty(document.documentElement, "requestFullscreen", { configurable: true, value: vi.fn(async () => {
+    fullscreen = document.documentElement;
+    document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange"));
+  }) });
+  Object.defineProperty(document, "exitFullscreen", { configurable: true, value: vi.fn(async () => {
+    fullscreen = null;
+    document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange"));
+  }) });
+  server.use(
+    http.get("/api/auth/config", () => HttpResponse.json({ mode: "local", localLogin: true, oidcLogin: false })),
+    http.get("/api/me", () => HttpResponse.json(user)),
+    http.get("/api/settings", () => HttpResponse.json({ workspace: "default", provider: "test", model: "test", thinking: "low" })),
+    http.get("/api/workspaces", () => HttpResponse.json([workspaceSummaryFixture("default")])),
+    http.get("/api/models", () => HttpResponse.json({ models: [{ provider: "test", id: "test", name: "Test LLM", reasoning: true }] })),
+    http.get("/api/sessions", () => HttpResponse.json([])),
+    http.get("/api/workspaces/default/preprocessing", () => HttpResponse.json({ state: "ready" })),
+    http.get("/api/workspace-registry/status", () => HttpResponse.json({ branch: "main", ahead: 0, behind: 0, degraded: false })),
+    http.post("/api/runtime/prewarm", () => HttpResponse.json({})),
+  );
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  clearAuthState();
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+  document.querySelector(".omics-language-select")?.remove();
+  document.documentElement.removeAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  setLocale("en");
+});
+
+test("full controls change locale/theme and follow fullscreen entry, exit, Esc, and rejection", async () => {
+  render(<App />);
+  const header = await screen.findByRole("banner", { name: "Application header" });
+  expect(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Analyst" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(within(header).queryByRole("button", { name: /admin|settings/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  await userEvent.selectOptions(within(header).getByRole("combobox", { name: "Interface language" }), "it");
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Nuova sessione" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  await userEvent.selectOptions(within(header).getByRole("combobox", { name: "Lingua dell’interfaccia" }), "en");
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Use dark theme" }));
+  expect(document.documentElement).toHaveAttribute("data-bs-theme", "dark");
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Use light theme" }));
+  expect(document.documentElement).toHaveAttribute("data-bs-theme", "light");
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Enter fullscreen" }));
+  expect(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Exit fullscreen" })).toHaveAttribute("aria-pressed", "true");
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Exit fullscreen" }));
+  expect(document.exitFullscreen).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Enter fullscreen" }));
+  act(() => { fullscreen = null; document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange")); });
+  expect(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Enter fullscreen" })).toHaveAttribute("aria-pressed", "false");
+  vi.mocked(document.documentElement.requestFullscreen).mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("Denied"));
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Enter fullscreen" }));
+  expect(await within(header).findByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Fullscreen could not be changed");
+  expect(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Enter fullscreen" })).toHaveAttribute("aria-pressed", "false");
+});
+
+test.each(["local", "oidc"])("full %s logs out from the username menu and clears remembered selection", async mode => {
+  server.use(http.get("/api/auth/config", () => HttpResponse.json({ mode, localLogin: mode === "local", oidcLogin: mode === "oidc" })));
+  const logout = vi.fn();
+  server.use(http.post("/api/auth/logout", () => { logout(); return HttpResponse.json({}); }));
+  render(<App />);
+  const header = await screen.findByRole("banner", { name: "Application header" });
+  rememberSession(user, "s1");
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Analyst" }));
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("menuitem", { name: "Log out" }));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(logout).toHaveBeenCalledOnce());
+  await waitFor(() => expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull());
+  expect(readRememberedSession(user)).toBeNull();
+});
+
+test("the username-menu logout preserves an unsaved administration draft", async () => {
+  const admin = { ...user, roles: ["admin"], isAdmin: true, permissions: ["session.use", "memory.manage"] };
+  const logout = vi.fn();
+  server.use(
+    http.get("/api/me", () => HttpResponse.json(admin)),
+    http.get("/api/workspaces/default/memory", () => HttpResponse.json({ items: [], total: 0, page: 1, page_size: 25 })),
+    http.get("/api/workspaces/default/memory/pending", () => HttpResponse.json([])),
+    http.post("/api/auth/logout", () => { logout(); return HttpResponse.json({}); }),
+  );
+  window.history.replaceState(null, "", "/?thoth_route=administration/memory");
+  render(<App />);
+  const page = await screen.findByRole("main", { name: "Memory management" });
+  await userEvent.click(within(page).getByRole("button", { name: "New card" }));
+  await userEvent.type(within(page).getByLabelText("Title"), "Keep this draft");
+  const header = screen.getByRole("banner", { name: "Application header" });
+  await userEvent.click(within(header).getByRole("button", { name: "Analyst" }));
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("menuitem", { name: "Log out" }));
+  expect(logout).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(getAuthState()?.subject).toBe("analyst");
+  expect(within(page).getByLabelText("Title")).toHaveValue("Keep this draft");
+});
+
+test("legacy embedded consumes the portal state and supplies no duplicate controls", async () => {
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+  document.documentElement.lang = "en";
+  document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "dark");
+  const select = document.createElement("select");
+  select.className = "omics-language-select";
+  select.dataset.lang = "it";
+  document.body.append(select);
+  render(<App />);
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Nuova sessione" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("banner", { name: /application|intestazione/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("button", { name: /fullscreen|tema|Log out/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => { document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "light"); });
+  await waitFor(() => expect(document.querySelector(".thot-host")).toHaveAttribute("data-theme", "light"));
+  expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe("en");
+});
+
+test("missing embedded portal data shows an integration error with no full fallback", async () => {
+  delete window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__;
+  render(<App />);
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Portal preferences are unavailable");
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("banner")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.queryByLabelText("Password")).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+});
+
+test("reload restores only an authorized session document panel without resuming or opening a stream", async () => {
+  const resume = vi.fn();
+  const session = { id: "saved", name: "Saved analysis", question: "Domanda italiana", status: "open", active: true, archived: false, author: "analyst", group: "", workspace: "default" };
+  rememberSession(user, session.id);
+  server.use(
+    http.get("/api/sessions", () => HttpResponse.json([session])),
+    http.get("/api/sessions/saved/documents", () => HttpResponse.json([])),
+    http.post("/api/sessions/saved/resume", () => { resume(); return HttpResponse.json({}); }),
+  );
+  render(<App />);
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Resume" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(resume).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(FakeEventSource.instances).toHaveLength(0);
+  expect(readRememberedSession(user)).toBe("saved");
+  await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "New session" })).toBeEnabled());
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "New session" }));
+  expect(readRememberedSession(user)).toBeNull();
+});
+
+test("reload ignores a session absent from the authorized list and isolates principal and mount", async () => {
+  rememberSession(user, "removed");
+  expect(readRememberedSession({ ...user, subject: "another" })).toBeNull();
+  window.history.replaceState(null, "", "/another-mount/");
+  expect(readRememberedSession(user)).toBeNull();
+  window.history.replaceState(null, "", "/");
+  render(<App />);
+  await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "New session" });
+  await waitFor(() => expect(readRememberedSession(user)).toBeNull());
+  expect(screen.queryByRole("button", { name: "Resume" })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(FakeEventSource.instances).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test("reload restores another user's selected session from the authorized All sessions list", async () => {
+  const admin = { ...user, roles: ["admin"], isAdmin: true, permissions: ["session.use", "session.read_all"] };
+  const session = { id: "foreign", name: "Another analyst's work", question: "Original question", status: "open", active: false, archived: false, author: "another", group: "", workspace: "default" };
+  const requestedScopes: string[] = [];
+  const resume = vi.fn();
+  server.use(
+    http.get("/api/me", () => HttpResponse.json(admin)),
+    http.get("/api/sessions", ({ request }) => {
+      const scope = new URL(request.url).searchParams.get("scope") ?? "mine";
+      requestedScopes.push(scope);
+      return HttpResponse.json(scope === "all" ? [session] : []);
+    }),
+    http.get("/api/sessions/foreign/documents", () => HttpResponse.json([])),
+    http.post("/api/sessions/foreign/resume", () => { resume(); return HttpResponse.json({}); }),
+  );
+  const first = render(<App />);
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole("tab", { name: "All sessions" }));
+  await userEvent.click(await screen.findByText("Another analyst's work"));
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Resume" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(readRememberedSession(admin)).toBe("foreign");
+  first.unmount();
+  requestedScopes.length = 0;
+
+  render(<App />);
+  expect(await screen.findByRole("button", { name: "Resume" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("tab", { name: "All sessions" })).toHaveAttribute("aria-selected", "true");
+  expect(requestedScopes).toEqual(["mine", "all"]);
+  expect(readRememberedSession(admin)).toBe("foreign");
+  expect(resume).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(FakeEventSource.instances).toHaveLength(0);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/FullHeader.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/host/FullHeader.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16534e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/FullHeader.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { useState } from "react";
+import { Menu } from "@base-ui/react/menu";
+import { ChevronDown, Maximize, Minimize, Moon, Sun } from "lucide-react";
+import { Button, buttonVariants } from "../../components/ui/button";
+import { useAuthUser } from "../../auth/authState";
+import { availableLocales, useI18n } from "../../i18n";
+import { useShell } from "./ShellProvider";
+
+export function FullHeader({ onLogout }: { onLogout?: () => Promise<void> }) {
+  const shell = useShell();
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const user = useAuthUser();
+  const [fullscreenPending, setFullscreenPending] = useState(false);
+  const [logoutPending, setLogoutPending] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string>();
+  if (shell?.mode !== "full") return null;
+  const fullscreenLabel = shell.fullscreen ? t("Exit fullscreen") : t("Enter fullscreen");
+
+  async function toggleFullscreen() {
+    setFullscreenPending(true);
+    setError(undefined);
+    try {
+      if (document.fullscreenElement) await document.exitFullscreen();
+      else await document.documentElement.requestFullscreen();
+    } catch {
+      setError("Fullscreen could not be changed. Try again or check your browser permissions.");
+    } finally { setFullscreenPending(false); }
+  }
+
+  async function logout() {
+    if (!onLogout || logoutPending) return;
+    setLogoutPending(true);
+    setError(undefined);
+    try { await onLogout(); }
+    catch { setError("Logout could not be completed. Please try again."); }
+    finally { setLogoutPending(false); }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <header className="thot-full-header" aria-label={t("Application header")}>
+      <span className="thot-full-header__brand">Thoth<span className="text-primary">II</span></span>
+      <div className="thot-full-header__controls">
+        <label className="sr-only" htmlFor="thot-ui-language">{t("Interface language")}</label>
+        <select id="thot-ui-language" className="thot-shell-select" value={shell.locale} onChange={event => shell.changeLocale(event.target.value)}>
+          {availableLocales.map(({ code, name }) => <option key={code} value={code} lang={code}>{name}</option>)}
+        </select>
+        <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" aria-label={shell.theme === "light" ? t("Use dark theme") : t("Use light theme")}
+          title={shell.theme === "light" ? t("Use dark theme") : t("Use light theme")}
+          onClick={() => shell.changeTheme(shell.theme === "light" ? "dark" : "light")}>
+          {shell.theme === "light" ? <Moon aria-hidden="true" /> : <Sun aria-hidden="true" />}
+        </Button>
+        <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" aria-label={fullscreenLabel} title={fullscreenLabel} aria-pressed={shell.fullscreen}
+          disabled={fullscreenPending} onClick={() => { void toggleFullscreen(); }}>
+          {shell.fullscreen ? <Minimize aria-hidden="true" /> : <Maximize aria-hidden="true" />}
+        </Button>
+        {user && (onLogout ? <Menu.Root>
+          <Menu.Trigger className={`${buttonVariants({ variant: "ghost" })} thot-full-header__user`} disabled={logoutPending}>
+            <span className="truncate">{user.displayName ?? user.subject}</span><ChevronDown aria-hidden="true" className="size-4" />
+          </Menu.Trigger>
+          <Menu.Portal><Menu.Positioner side="bottom" align="end" sideOffset={4}>
+            <Menu.Popup className="thot-user-menu">
+              <Menu.Item className="thot-user-menu__item" onClick={() => { void logout(); }}>{t("Log out")}</Menu.Item>
+            </Menu.Popup>
+          </Menu.Positioner></Menu.Portal>
+        </Menu.Root> : <span className="thot-full-header__user truncate">{user.displayName ?? user.subject}</span>)}
+      </div>
+      {error && <p role="alert" className="thot-full-header__error">{t(error)}</p>}
+    </header>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.test.ts b/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24f8da15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { afterEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+import { OmicsPortalAdapter } from "./OmicsPortalAdapter";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  document.documentElement.removeAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+function portal() {
+  document.documentElement.lang = "en";
+  document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "dark");
+  document.body.innerHTML = '<form action="/i18n/setlang/"><select class="omics-language-select" data-lang="it"><option value="it">Italiano</option></select></form>';
+}
+
+test("publishes rendered language, observes theme and actual fullscreen, and cleans up repeated mounts", async () => {
+  portal();
+  let fullscreen: Element | null = null;
+  Object.defineProperty(document, "fullscreenElement", { configurable: true, get: () => fullscreen });
+  const adapter = new OmicsPortalAdapter();
+  for (let mount = 0; mount < 2; mount++) {
+    document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "dark");
+    const state = vi.fn();
+    const error = vi.fn();
+    const unsubscribe = adapter.subscribe(state, error);
+    expect(state).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ locale: "it", theme: "dark", fullscreen: false });
+    document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "light");
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(state).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ locale: "it", theme: "light", fullscreen: false });
+    fullscreen = document.documentElement;
+    document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange"));
+    expect(state).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ locale: "it", theme: "light", fullscreen: true });
+    fullscreen = null;
+    document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange"));
+    expect(state).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith({ locale: "it", theme: "light", fullscreen: false });
+    unsubscribe();
+    state.mockClear();
+    document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", "dark");
+    document.dispatchEvent(new Event("fullscreenchange"));
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(state).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(error).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  }
+});
+
+test("missing Omics DOM reports an integration error instead of using fixed html language", () => {
+  document.documentElement.lang = "it";
+  const state = vi.fn();
+  const error = vi.fn();
+  const unsubscribe = new OmicsPortalAdapter().subscribe(state, error);
+  expect(state).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ message: expect.stringMatching(/portal preferences/i) }));
+  unsubscribe();
+});
+
+test.each(["not_a_locale", "en--US", " "])("rejects malformed portal language %j", locale => {
+  portal();
+  document.querySelector<HTMLSelectElement>(".omics-language-select")!.dataset.lang = locale;
+  const state = vi.fn();
+  const error = vi.fn();
+  const unsubscribe = new OmicsPortalAdapter().subscribe(state, error);
+  expect(state).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  expect(error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ message: expect.stringMatching(/portal preferences/i) }));
+  unsubscribe();
+});
+
+test("accepts a well-formed unsupported language for the shell's catalogue fallback", () => {
+  portal();
+  document.querySelector<HTMLSelectElement>(".omics-language-select")!.dataset.lang = "fr-ca";
+  const state = vi.fn();
+  const error = vi.fn();
+  const unsubscribe = new OmicsPortalAdapter().subscribe(state, error);
+  expect(state).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ locale: "fr-CA" }));
+  expect(error).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  unsubscribe();
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.ts b/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e34c4e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/OmicsPortalAdapter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import type { PortalAdapter, PortalSnapshot } from "./PortalAdapter";
+
+/** Omics mounts ThothII in the same document; its language form navigates normally. */
+export class OmicsPortalAdapter implements PortalAdapter {
+  constructor(private readonly document: Document = window.document) {}
+
+  subscribe(onState: (state: PortalSnapshot) => void, onError: (error: Error) => void): () => void {
+    const doc = this.document;
+    const publish = () => {
+      const locale = doc.querySelector<HTMLSelectElement>("select.omics-language-select")?.dataset.lang;
+      const theme = doc.documentElement.getAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+      let canonicalLocale: string | undefined;
+      try { canonicalLocale = locale ? Intl.getCanonicalLocales(locale)[0] : undefined; }
+      catch { /* Malformed portal language is an integration error, not a fallback locale. */ }
+      if (!canonicalLocale || (theme !== "light" && theme !== "dark")) {
+        onError(new Error("Portal preferences are unavailable. Reopen ThothII from the portal."));
+        return;
+      }
+      onState({ locale: canonicalLocale, theme, fullscreen: Boolean(doc.fullscreenElement) });
+    };
+    const observer = new MutationObserver(publish);
+    observer.observe(doc.documentElement, { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ["data-bs-theme"] });
+    doc.addEventListener("fullscreenchange", publish);
+    // Subscribe first so no update can be lost between reading and listening.
+    publish();
+    return () => {
+      observer.disconnect();
+      doc.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", publish);
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/PortalAdapter.ts b/frontend/src/shell/host/PortalAdapter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5a4976b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/PortalAdapter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+export interface PortalSnapshot {
+  locale: string;
+  theme: "light" | "dark";
+  fullscreen: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface PortalAdapter {
+  subscribe(onState: (state: PortalSnapshot) => void, onError: (error: Error) => void): () => void;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.test.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0407c5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { act, cleanup, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { SessionNotification } from "./SessionNotification";
+import { setLocale } from "../../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => { cleanup(); setLocale("en"); });
+
+test("deterministic terminal notifications follow UI locale, not pinned session locale", () => {
+  render(<SessionNotification text="Scegli «Salva e procedi» o «Rifiuta»." />);
+  expect(screen.getByText("Choose Save and proceed or Reject.")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByText("Scegli Salva e procedi o Rifiuta.")).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
+
+test("localized command validation preserves the phase value", () => {
+  render(<SessionNotification text="Target non valido (fase corrente 3)." />);
+  expect(screen.getByText("Invalid target (current phase 3).")).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bac748e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/SessionNotification.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../../i18n";
+
+// The bridge's sanitized failures and the store's deterministic lifecycle text.
+// Other notification strings can come from the model and must remain verbatim,
+// even if their text happens to match a message elsewhere in the UI catalogue.
+const deterministicMessages = new Set([
+  "Model request failed. Check provider connectivity, then Resume the session.",
+  "Session startup failed. Check configuration and connectivity, then Resume the session.",
+  "Session services are not ready. Check configuration and connectivity, then try again.",
+  "Session could not be resumed. Check configuration and connectivity, then try again.",
+  "Cannot start a session: the database is unreachable. Check the VPN connection and try again.",
+  "Selected model is unavailable. Check Pi authentication and model settings, then try again.",
+  "Session workspace configuration is unavailable. Check configuration and try again.",
+  "Preparing retrieval context",
+  "Starting model",
+  "Session created",
+  "The selected model is unavailable for the current subscription. Choose another model and start a new session.",
+  "Agent started",
+  "Agent finished",
+  "Phase started",
+  "Session exit",
+  "Turn end",
+  "System event",
+  "Resuming session",
+  "Review requested",
+]);
+
+// Pi's terminal notifications already carry the pinned session language. Only
+// this finite application vocabulary is normalized back to source messages.
+const gateNotifications = new Map(Object.entries({
+  "No reusable memories for this question; continuing to the next phase.": "Nessuna memory riutilizzabile per questa domanda — passo alla fase successiva.",
+  "Esc does not close the gate: use Back / Exit / Other.": "Esc non chiude il gate: usa Torna indietro / Esci / Altro dalle opzioni.",
+  "Answer through the gate widgets. To send free text to the model, start the line with '!'.": "Durante la sessione rispondi con i widget del gate. Per inviare testo libero al modello inizia la riga con '!'.",
+  "Memory saved. Index update is incomplete; an administrator can retry it in Memory management.": "Memory salvata. L'aggiornamento dell'indice è incompleto; un amministratore può riprovarlo da Gestione Memory.",
+  "Choose Save and proceed or Reject.": "Scegli «Salva e procedi» o «Rifiuta».",
+  "Usage: /torna <session_id> [N]": "Uso: /torna <session_id> [N]",
+}).flatMap(([message, localized]) => [[message, message], [localized, message]]));
+
+export function SessionNotification({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const gateMessage = gateNotifications.get(text);
+  if (gateMessage) return <>{t(gateMessage)}</>;
+  const invalidPhase = /^(?:Invalid target \(current phase |Target non valido \(fase corrente )(\d+)\)\.$/.exec(text);
+  if (invalidPhase) return <>{t("Invalid target (current phase {phase}).", { phase: invalidPhase[1] })}</>;
+  return <>{deterministicMessages.has(text) ? t(text) : text}</>;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/ShellProvider.tsx b/frontend/src/shell/host/ShellProvider.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2846c716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/ShellProvider.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useState, type ReactNode } from "react";
+import { resolveShellConfig, type ShellConfig } from "../../api/runtime-config";
+import { resolveLocale, setLocale, useI18n } from "../../i18n";
+import { OmicsPortalAdapter } from "./OmicsPortalAdapter";
+import type { PortalSnapshot } from "./PortalAdapter";
+
+export interface ShellController extends PortalSnapshot {
+  mode: ShellConfig["mode"];
+  changeLocale: (locale: string) => void;
+  changeTheme: (theme: PortalSnapshot["theme"]) => void;
+}
+const ShellContext = createContext<ShellController | null>(null);
+
+function preference(key: string): string | null {
+  try { return localStorage.getItem(`thothii:shell:${key}`); } catch { return null; }
+}
+function savePreference(key: string, value: string) {
+  try { localStorage.setItem(`thothii:shell:${key}`, value); } catch { /* Preferences are optional. */ }
+}
+
+export function useShell(): ShellController {
+  const controller = useContext(ShellContext);
+  const { locale } = useI18n();
+  // Isolated consumers have a usable presentation state without mounting a host.
+  return controller ?? {
+    mode: resolveShellConfig().mode,
+    locale,
+    theme: document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-bs-theme") === "dark" || document.documentElement.classList.contains("dark") ? "dark" as const : "light" as const,
+    fullscreen: Boolean(document.fullscreenElement),
+    changeLocale: () => {},
+    changeTheme: () => {},
+  };
+}
+
+export function ShellProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const [configuration] = useState(() => {
+    try { return { config: resolveShellConfig() }; }
+    catch (error) { return { error: (error as Error).message }; }
+  });
+  const config = configuration.config;
+  const [state, setState] = useState<PortalSnapshot>(() => ({
+    locale: resolveLocale(config?.mode === "full" ? preference("locale") ?? config.defaultLocale : config?.defaultLocale ?? "en"),
+    theme: config?.mode === "full" && preference("theme") === "dark" ? "dark" : "light",
+    fullscreen: Boolean(document.fullscreenElement),
+  }));
+  const [ready, setReady] = useState(config?.mode === "full");
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string>();
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (config?.mode !== "full") return;
+    document.body.classList.add("thot-full-document");
+    return () => document.body.classList.remove("thot-full-document");
+  }, [config]);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!config) return;
+    if (config.mode === "full") {
+      const publish = () => setState(previous => ({ ...previous, fullscreen: Boolean(document.fullscreenElement) }));
+      document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange", publish);
+      publish();
+      return () => document.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", publish);
+    }
+    return new OmicsPortalAdapter().subscribe(snapshot => {
+      setState({ ...snapshot, locale: resolveLocale(snapshot.locale) });
+      setError(undefined);
+      setReady(true);
+    }, failure => { setError(failure.message); setReady(false); });
+  }, [config]);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => { setLocale(state.locale); }, [state.locale]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (config?.mode !== "full") return;
+    const html = document.documentElement;
+    const previousTheme = html.getAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+    const previousLanguage = html.lang;
+    html.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", state.theme);
+    html.lang = state.locale;
+    return () => {
+      if (previousTheme === null) html.removeAttribute("data-bs-theme");
+      else html.setAttribute("data-bs-theme", previousTheme);
+      html.lang = previousLanguage;
+    };
+  }, [config, state.locale, state.theme]);
+
+  const controller: ShellController = {
+    ...state, mode: config?.mode ?? "embedded",
+    changeLocale(locale) {
+      if (config?.mode !== "full") return;
+      const resolved = resolveLocale(locale);
+      setLocale(resolved);
+      savePreference("locale", resolved);
+      setState(previous => ({ ...previous, locale: resolved }));
+    },
+    changeTheme(theme) {
+      if (config?.mode !== "full") return;
+      savePreference("theme", theme);
+      setState(previous => ({ ...previous, theme }));
+    },
+  };
+  return (
+    <ShellContext.Provider value={controller}>
+      <div className={`thot-host ${controller.mode === "full" ? "thot-host--full" : "thot-host--embedded"}${state.theme === "dark" ? " dark" : ""}`} lang={state.locale} data-theme={state.theme} data-fullscreen={state.fullscreen}>
+        {configuration.error || error
+          ? <main className="thot-access-state" role="alert"><h1>{t("Shell unavailable")}</h1><p>{t(configuration.error ?? error!)}</p></main>
+          : ready ? children : <p role="status">{t("Loading portal preferences…")}</p>}
+      </div>
+    </ShellContext.Provider>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/shell/host/rememberedSession.ts b/frontend/src/shell/host/rememberedSession.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f6ae7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/shell/host/rememberedSession.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import type { AuthenticatedUser } from "../../api/types";
+
+type Principal = Pick<AuthenticatedUser, "issuer" | "subject">;
+
+function key(user: Principal) {
+  return `thothii:selected-session:${JSON.stringify([window.location.pathname, user.issuer, user.subject])}`;
+}
+
+export function readRememberedSession(user: Principal): string | null {
+  try { return sessionStorage.getItem(key(user)); } catch { return null; }
+}
+
+export function rememberSession(user: Principal, sessionId: string | null): void {
+  try {
+    if (sessionId) sessionStorage.setItem(key(user), sessionId);
+    else sessionStorage.removeItem(key(user));
+  } catch { /* Reload continuity is optional when browser storage is blocked. */ }
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.test.tsx b/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.test.tsx
index da698f2a..4e81f40f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.test.tsx
@@ -399,11 +399,11 @@ test("a stale source error cannot clear or mutate the next user's live session",
   expect(useSessionStore.getState().transcript).toEqual([{ role: "assistant", text: "B-data" }]);
 });
 
-test("a native current-source error probes /me once and clears auth on a guarded 401", async () => {
+test.each([401, 403])("a native current-source error coalesces access probes and clears auth on a guarded %s", async (status) => {
   let probes = 0;
   server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => {
     probes += 1;
-    return new HttpResponse(null, { status: 401 });
+    return new HttpResponse(null, { status });
   }));
   setAuthState({
     issuer: "local", subject: "user-a", roles: ["user"], permissions: ["session.use"], isAdmin: false,
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ test("a native current-source error probes /me once and clears auth on a guarded
   expect((await import("../auth/authState")).getAuthState()).toBeNull();
 });
 
-test("a native error keeps current auth connected after a 200 /me probe and does not storm", async () => {
+test("a successful access probe does not claim the stream is connected and a later error rechecks access", async () => {
   let probes = 0;
   const user = {
     issuer: "local", subject: "user-a", roles: ["user"] as const, permissions: ["session.use"], isAdmin: false,
@@ -430,18 +430,26 @@ test("a native error keeps current auth connected after a 200 /me probe and does
   };
   server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => {
     probes += 1;
-    return HttpResponse.json(user);
+    return HttpResponse.json({ ...user, csrfToken: "b".repeat(43) });
   }));
   setAuthState(user);
   const result = renderHook(() => useSessionStream("s1", 0, 0, true, getAuthGeneration()));
   const source = FakeEventSource.instances[0];
 
-  act(() => source.onerror?.(new Event("error")));
-  await waitFor(() => expect(result.result.current.connected).toBe(true));
-  act(() => source.onerror?.(new Event("error")));
+  act(() => {
+    source.onerror?.(new Event("error"));
+    source.onerror?.(new Event("error"));
+  });
+  await waitFor(() => expect(getAuthState()?.csrfToken).toBe("b".repeat(43)));
 
   expect(probes).toBe(1);
+  expect(result.result.current.connected).toBe(false);
   expect(getAuthState()).toMatchObject({ subject: "user-a" });
+  act(() => source.onopen?.());
+  expect(result.result.current.connected).toBe(true);
+  server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => new HttpResponse(null, { status: 403 })));
+  act(() => source.onerror?.(new Event("error")));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull());
 });
 
 test("a stale source does not probe and a user-B login during an A probe cannot mutate B", async () => {
@@ -478,3 +486,23 @@ test("a stale source does not probe and a user-B login during an A probe cannot
   expect(getAuthState()).toMatchObject({ subject: "user-b" });
   expect(sourceB.closed).toBe(false);
 });
+
+test("opening after an outage revalidates access even when the outage probe could not reach the server", async () => {
+  let probes = 0;
+  const user = {
+    issuer: "local", subject: "user-a", roles: ["user"] as const, permissions: ["session.use"], isAdmin: false,
+    csrfToken: "a".repeat(43), session: null,
+  };
+  server.use(http.get("/api/me", () => {
+    probes += 1;
+    return probes === 1 ? HttpResponse.error() : new HttpResponse(null, { status: 403 });
+  }));
+  setAuthState(user);
+  renderHook(() => useSessionStream("s1", 0, 0, true, getAuthGeneration()));
+  const source = FakeEventSource.instances[0];
+  act(() => source.onerror?.(new Event("error")));
+  await waitFor(() => expect(probes).toBe(1));
+  act(() => source.onopen?.());
+  await waitFor(() => expect(getAuthState()).toBeNull());
+  expect(probes).toBe(2);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.ts b/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.ts
index c138abc2..918541d4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/stream/useSessionStream.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   getAuthGeneration,
   isAuthGenerationCurrent,
 } from "../auth/authState";
-import { getMe } from "../api/auth";
+import { checkAccess } from "../auth/checkAccess";
 import { captureAuthOperation, isAuthOperationCurrent } from "../auth/authOperation";
 
 const STREAM_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS = 100;
@@ -120,28 +120,30 @@ export function useSessionStream(
     const sourceAuthGeneration = effectiveAuthGeneration;
     const es = new EventSource(joinBackendPath(BASE, `/sessions/${sessionId}/events${query}`));
     const identity = { source: es, sessionId, cursorResetEpoch };
-    let authProbeStarted = false;
+    let authProbe: Promise<void> | null = null;
     const isCurrentSource = () => activeSource.current === identity
       && isAuthGenerationCurrent(sourceAuthGeneration);
-    const probeAuth = async () => {
-      if (authProbeStarted || !isCurrentSource()) return;
-      authProbeStarted = true;
+    const probeAuth = (): Promise<void> => {
+      if (authProbe) return authProbe;
+      if (!isCurrentSource()) return Promise.resolve();
       const operation = captureAuthOperation({ sessionId, disposalEpoch: 0 });
-      if (!operation) return;
-      try {
-        await getMe();
-        if (!isCurrentSource() || !isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: 0 })) return;
-        setConnected(true);
-      } catch {
-        if (!isCurrentSource() || !isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: 0 })) return;
-        setConnected(false);
-      }
+      if (!operation) return Promise.resolve();
+      authProbe = checkAccess().then(() => {}, () => {
+        if (isCurrentSource() && isAuthOperationCurrent(operation, { sessionId, disposalEpoch: 0 })) {
+          setConnected(false);
+        }
+      }).finally(() => { authProbe = null; });
+      return authProbe;
     };
     const coalescer = createStreamEventCoalescer(applyEvent, STREAM_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS, isCurrentSource);
     activeSource.current = identity;
     es.onopen = () => {
       if (!isCurrentSource()) { es.close(); return; }
       setConnected(true);
+      // An outage probe may still be failing as the stream reopens. Read /me
+      // after it settles so a successful reconnect always refreshes identity.
+      const pending = authProbe ?? Promise.resolve();
+      void pending.then(() => probeAuth());
     };
     es.onerror = () => {
       if (!isCurrentSource()) { es.close(); return; }
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/ArtifactView.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/ArtifactView.tsx
index f38cedb7..cb93cae6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/ArtifactView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/ArtifactView.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ReactElement } from "react";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { SqlViewer, type SqlBlock } from "./SqlViewer";
 import { SchemaLinkingViewer, type SchemaLinking } from "./SchemaLinkingViewer";
 import { MarkdownView } from "./MarkdownView";
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ function humanizeKey(k: string): string {
  *  visual hierarchy: top-level sections are split by hairline rules, nested fields
  *  sit tighter, and object-arrays become grouped cards. */
 function StructuredValue({ value, depth = 0 }: { value: unknown; depth?: number }): ReactElement {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   if (value === null || value === undefined || value === "") {
     return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">—</p>;
   }
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ function StructuredValue({ value, depth = 0 }: { value: unknown; depth?: number
   }
   const entries = Object.entries(value as Record<string, unknown>);
   if (entries.length === 0) {
-    return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No artifact content available.</p>;
+    return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No artifact content available.")}</p>;
   }
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col">
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/CtePlanViewer.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/CtePlanViewer.tsx
index e84e9a8e..f00cfbce 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/CtePlanViewer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/CtePlanViewer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import type { ReactNode } from "react";
 import { Card, CardContent, CardHeader } from "../components/ui/card";
 import { Badge } from "../components/ui/badge";
@@ -12,27 +13,28 @@ function Chip({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
 }
 
 function FilterRow({ filter, index }: { filter: CtePlanFilter; index: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div
       role="group"
-      aria-label={`Filter ${index}`}
+      aria-label={t("Filter {index}", { index })}
       className="min-w-0 space-y-2 px-3 py-1 sm:px-4"
     >
       <div className="grid min-w-0 grid-cols-1 gap-2 md:grid-cols-[minmax(0,1fr)_minmax(5rem,auto)_minmax(0,1fr)]">
         <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1">
-          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>Column</p>
+          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>{t("Column")}</p>
           <code className="block min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] font-mono text-xs leading-4 text-foreground">
             {filter.column}
           </code>
         </div>
         <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1 md:text-center">
-          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>Operator</p>
+          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>{t("Operator")}</p>
           <code className="block min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] font-mono text-xs font-semibold leading-4 text-primary">
             {filter.op}
           </code>
         </div>
         <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1">
-          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>Value</p>
+          <p className={FIELD_LABEL}>{t("Value")}</p>
           <code className="block min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] font-mono text-xs leading-4 text-foreground">
             {filter.value}
           </code>
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ function FilterRow({ filter, index }: { filter: CtePlanFilter; index: number })
         <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-x-4 gap-y-1 border-t border-border/50 pt-1 md:grid-cols-[5.5rem_minmax(0,1fr)]">
           {filter.description && (
             <>
-              <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>Description</span>
+              <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{t("Description")}</span>
               <p className="min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] text-xs leading-4 text-muted-foreground">
                 {filter.description}
               </p>
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ function FilterRow({ filter, index }: { filter: CtePlanFilter; index: number })
           )}
           {filter.rationale && (
             <>
-              <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>Rationale</span>
+              <span className={FIELD_LABEL}>{t("Rationale")}</span>
               <p className="min-w-0 whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] text-xs leading-4 text-muted-foreground">
                 {filter.rationale}
               </p>
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ function FilterRow({ filter, index }: { filter: CtePlanFilter; index: number })
 }
 
 function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const dependsOn = cte.depends_on ?? [];
 
   return (
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
       <CardContent className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-3 px-3 py-2 sm:px-4">
         <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-3 md:grid-cols-2">
           <section className="min-w-0">
-            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Depends on</h4>
+            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Depends on")}</h4>
             {dependsOn.length ? (
               <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap gap-1.5">
                 {dependsOn.map((dependency) => (
@@ -93,13 +96,13 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
                 ))}
               </div>
             ) : (
-              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">No dependencies</p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t("No dependencies")}</p>
             )}
           </section>
 
           {cte.keys && cte.keys.length > 0 && (
             <section className="min-w-0">
-              <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Keys</h4>
+              <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Keys")}</h4>
               <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap gap-1.5">
                 {cte.keys.map((key) => (
                   <Chip key={key}>{key}</Chip>
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
 
         {cte.tables && cte.tables.length > 0 && (
           <section className="min-w-0">
-            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Tables</h4>
+            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Tables")}</h4>
             <div className="min-w-0 divide-y divide-border/50 rounded-lg border border-border/60">
               {cte.tables.map((table) => (
                 <div
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
 
         {cte.filters && cte.filters.length > 0 && (
           <section className="min-w-0">
-            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Filters</h4>
+            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Filters")}</h4>
             <div className="min-w-0 divide-y divide-border/50 rounded-lg border border-border/60">
               {cte.filters.map((f, i) => (
                 <FilterRow key={`${f.column}-${i}`} filter={f} index={i + 1} />
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
 
         {cte.output_columns && cte.output_columns.length > 0 && (
           <section className="min-w-0">
-            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Output columns</h4>
+            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Output columns")}</h4>
             <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap gap-1.5">
               {cte.output_columns.map((column) => (
                 <Chip key={column}>{column}</Chip>
@@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
 
         {cte.rationale && (
           <section className="min-w-0 border-t border-border/60 pt-1">
-            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Rationale</h4>
+            <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Rationale")}</h4>
             <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] text-sm leading-5 text-foreground/90">
               {cte.rationale}
             </p>
@@ -168,12 +171,13 @@ function CteCard({ cte, total }: { cte: CtePlanCte; total: number }) {
 }
 
 export function CtePlanViewer({ plan }: { plan: CtePlanV2 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-6">
       <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-col gap-3">
         {plan.question && (
           <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1.5">
-            <p className="thot-label">Question</p>
+            <p className="thot-label">{t("Question")}</p>
             <p className="whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] text-sm leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
               {plan.question}
             </p>
@@ -181,7 +185,7 @@ export function CtePlanViewer({ plan }: { plan: CtePlanV2 }) {
         )}
         {plan.strategy && (
           <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1.5">
-            <p className="thot-label">Strategy</p>
+            <p className="thot-label">{t("Strategy")}</p>
             <p className="thot-prose whitespace-pre-wrap [overflow-wrap:anywhere] leading-relaxed">
               {plan.strategy}
             </p>
@@ -189,7 +193,7 @@ export function CtePlanViewer({ plan }: { plan: CtePlanV2 }) {
         )}
 
         <div className="min-w-0 space-y-1.5">
-          <p className="thot-label">Execution order</p>
+          <p className="thot-label">{t("Execution order")}</p>
           <div className="flex min-w-0 flex-wrap items-center gap-1.5 font-mono text-xs text-muted-foreground">
             {plan.ctes.map((c, i) => (
               <span key={c.name} className="flex min-w-0 max-w-full items-center gap-1.5">
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ export function CtePlanViewer({ plan }: { plan: CtePlanV2 }) {
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <ol aria-label="CTE plan steps" className="flex flex-col gap-3">
+      <ol aria-label={t("CTE plan steps")} className="flex flex-col gap-3">
         {plan.ctes.map((cte) => (
           <li key={cte.name} className="min-w-0">
             <CteCard cte={cte} total={plan.ctes.length} />
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/CteResultViewer.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/CteResultViewer.tsx
index 7dc167b4..ed4d8d9c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/CteResultViewer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/CteResultViewer.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { SqlViewer, type SqlBlock } from "./SqlViewer";
 import { PreviewGrid } from "./PreviewGrid";
 import { statusBadgeClass } from "./statusBadge";
 import type { CteResultV2 } from "./artifactV2";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 
 const CHIP = "rounded-md bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-xs text-foreground/90";
 
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ function testStatus(status: string): SqlBlock["testStatus"] {
 }
 
 export function CteResultViewer({ result }: { result: CteResultV2 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const hasPreviewRows = (result.preview?.rows?.length ?? 0) > 0;
   const descriptions = (result.columns ?? []).map((c) => c.description ?? "");
   const showColumns = descriptions.some((d) => d.trim() !== "");
@@ -37,12 +39,12 @@ export function CteResultViewer({ result }: { result: CteResultV2 }) {
           CTE {result.index}/{result.total}
         </Badge>
         <span className="font-mono text-sm font-semibold">{result.name}</span>
-        <Badge variant="outline" className={statusBadgeClass(result.status)}>{statusLabel(result.status)}</Badge>
+        <Badge variant="outline" className={statusBadgeClass(result.status)}>{t(statusLabel(result.status))}</Badge>
         {result.execution_ms !== undefined && (
           <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{result.execution_ms} ms</span>
         )}
         {result.row_sample !== undefined && (
-          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{result.row_sample} rows</span>
+          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t(result.row_sample === 1 ? "{count} row" : "{count} rows", { count: result.row_sample })}</span>
         )}
       </div>
 
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ export function CteResultViewer({ result }: { result: CteResultV2 }) {
       {hasPreviewRows ? (
         <PreviewGrid columns={result.preview!.columns} rows={result.preview!.rows} />
       ) : (
-        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No preview rows</p>
+        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t("No preview rows")}</p>
       )}
 
       {showColumns && (
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/MarkdownView.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/MarkdownView.tsx
index 50edcc4a..3e1db88e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/MarkdownView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/MarkdownView.tsx
@@ -3,18 +3,23 @@ import ReactMarkdown from "react-markdown";
 import remarkGfm from "remark-gfm";
 import type { Components } from "react-markdown";
 import { renderMermaid } from "./mermaid";
+import { useShell } from "../shell/host/ShellProvider";
 
 function MermaidBlock({ code }: { code: string }) {
+  const { theme } = useShell();
   const [svg, setSvg] = useState<string>("");
   const [error, setError] = useState<string>("");
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    renderMermaid(code)
-      .then(setSvg)
-      .catch((e: unknown) =>
-        setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e))
-      );
-  }, [code]);
+    let cancelled = false;
+    setError("");
+    renderMermaid(code, theme)
+      .then((value) => { if (!cancelled) setSvg(value); })
+      .catch((e: unknown) => {
+        if (!cancelled) setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
+      });
+    return () => { cancelled = true; };
+  }, [code, theme]);
 
   if (error) return <pre className="overflow-auto rounded-lg bg-muted p-3 text-xs opacity-60">{code}</pre>;
   if (!svg) return <pre className="text-xs opacity-50">{code}</pre>;
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/PhaseSummaryViewer.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/PhaseSummaryViewer.tsx
index 46029132..e72204b6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/PhaseSummaryViewer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/PhaseSummaryViewer.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { Badge } from "../components/ui/badge";
 import { MarkdownView } from "./MarkdownView";
 import { statusBadgeClass } from "./statusBadge";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import {
   phaseOpenQuestionText,
   type PhaseCheck,
@@ -13,9 +14,10 @@ import {
 const CODE_CHIP = "rounded-md bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5 font-mono text-xs text-foreground/90";
 
 function Check({ check }: { check: PhaseCheck }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="flex items-start gap-2">
-      <Badge variant="outline" className={statusBadgeClass(check.status)}>{check.status}</Badge>
+      <Badge variant="outline" className={statusBadgeClass(check.status)}>{t(check.status)}</Badge>
       <div className="flex flex-col">
         <span className="text-sm text-foreground/90">{check.label}</span>
         {check.detail && <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{check.detail}</span>}
@@ -40,9 +42,10 @@ function SectionItemRow({ item }: { item: PhaseSectionItem }) {
 }
 
 function Section({ section }: { section: PhaseSection }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div>
-      <h4 className="thot-label mb-1.5">{section.title}</h4>
+      <h4 className="thot-label mb-1.5">{section.title_i18n ? t(section.title_i18n) : section.title}</h4>
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
         {(section.items ?? []).map((item, i) => (
           <SectionItemRow key={i} item={item} />
@@ -53,11 +56,12 @@ function Section({ section }: { section: PhaseSection }) {
 }
 
 function TableRecap({ table }: { table: PhaseTable }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
         <span className="font-mono text-sm">{table.name}</span>
-        <Badge variant="outline" className={table.role === "promoted" ? statusBadgeClass(table.role) : undefined}>{table.role}</Badge>
+        <Badge variant="outline" className={table.role === "promoted" ? statusBadgeClass(table.role) : undefined}>{t(table.role)}</Badge>
       </div>
       {table.description && <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{table.description}</p>}
       {table.columns && table.columns.length > 0 && (
@@ -76,6 +80,7 @@ function TableRecap({ table }: { table: PhaseTable }) {
 }
 
 export function PhaseSummaryViewer({ phase }: { phase: PhaseSummaryV2 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const openQuestions = Array.isArray(phase.open_questions)
     ? (phase.open_questions as unknown[])
         .map(phaseOpenQuestionText)
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ export function PhaseSummaryViewer({ phase }: { phase: PhaseSummaryV2 }) {
 
       {openQuestions.length > 0 && (
         <div>
-          <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">Open questions</h4>
+          <h4 className="thot-label mb-1">{t("Open questions")}</h4>
           <ul className="list-disc space-y-1 pl-5 text-sm text-foreground/90 marker:text-muted-foreground">
             {openQuestions.map((q, i) => (
               <li key={i}>{q}</li>
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.test.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.test.tsx
index 8251ce2d..1164824d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.test.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { PreviewGrid } from "./PreviewGrid";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => setLocale("en"));
+
+test("the grid's built-in empty state follows a language change", async () => {
+  render(<PreviewGrid columns={["patient_id"]} rows={[]} />);
+  expect(await screen.findByText("No Rows To Show")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(await screen.findByText("Nessuna riga da mostrare")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("patient_id")).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
 
 test("renders grid cells for the given columns and rows", () => {
   render(
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.tsx
index 14a173aa..b812b8ca 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/PreviewGrid.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { AgGridReact } from "ag-grid-react";
-import { AllCommunityModule, ModuleRegistry } from "ag-grid-community";
+import { useRef } from "react";
+import { AllCommunityModule, ModuleRegistry, type GridState } from "ag-grid-community";
+import { AG_GRID_LOCALE_EN, AG_GRID_LOCALE_IT } from "@ag-grid-community/locale";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
+import "ag-grid-community/styles/ag-grid.css";
+import "ag-grid-community/styles/ag-theme-alpine.css";
 
 // Register AG Grid modules once at module load time
 ModuleRegistry.registerModules([AllCommunityModule]);
@@ -11,6 +16,9 @@ interface Props {
 
 /** Reusable read-only preview grid: columns + row tuples → AG Grid. */
 export function PreviewGrid({ columns, rows }: Props) {
+  const { locale } = useI18n();
+  const gridMessages: Readonly<Record<string, string>> = locale === "it" ? AG_GRID_LOCALE_IT : AG_GRID_LOCALE_EN;
+  const gridState = useRef<GridState>();
   const columnDefs = columns.map((col) => ({ field: col, headerName: col }));
 
   const rowData = rows.map((row) => {
@@ -23,8 +31,16 @@ export function PreviewGrid({ columns, rows }: Props) {
 
   return (
     <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-border/70 shadow-xs">
-      <div className="ag-theme-alpine" style={{ height: 400, width: "100%" }}>
-        <AgGridReact columnDefs={columnDefs} rowData={rowData} />
+      <div className="ag-theme-alpine thot-preview-grid" style={{ height: 400, width: "100%" }}>
+        <AgGridReact
+          key={locale}
+          theme="legacy"
+          columnDefs={columnDefs}
+          rowData={rowData}
+          localeText={gridMessages}
+          initialState={gridState.current}
+          onStateUpdated={({ state }) => { gridState.current = state; }}
+        />
       </div>
     </div>
   );
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/SchemaLinkingViewer.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/SchemaLinkingViewer.tsx
index bf35a39b..46aec5cc 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/SchemaLinkingViewer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/SchemaLinkingViewer.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
+import { useShell } from "../shell/host/ShellProvider";
 import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { renderMermaid } from "./mermaid";
 
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ function buildHierarchicalRows(promoted: Candidate[]) {
 }
 
 export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { theme } = useShell();
   const promoted = linking.candidates.filter((c) => c.decision === "promoted");
   // The graph only contains promoted candidates, so cap on that count.
   const oversized = promoted.length > CAP;
@@ -116,14 +120,14 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
     if (view !== "chart" || oversized) return;
     let cancelled = false;
     const def = buildErDiagram(promoted, linking.joins);
-    renderMermaid(def)
+    renderMermaid(def, theme)
       .then((s) => { if (!cancelled) setSvg(s); })
       .catch(() => { if (!cancelled) setView("table"); });
     return () => {
       cancelled = true;
     };
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, [view, linking, oversized]);
+  }, [view, linking, oversized, theme]);
 
   const { grouped, orphans } = buildHierarchicalRows(promoted);
 
@@ -135,19 +139,19 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
           disabled={oversized}
           className={`rounded-md border border-border/70 px-2 py-1 text-xs shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-accent disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 ${view === "chart" ? "font-semibold" : ""}`}
         >
-          Graph
+          {t("Graph")}
         </button>
         <button
           onClick={() => setView("table")}
           className={`rounded-md border border-border/70 px-2 py-1 text-xs shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-accent ${view === "table" ? "font-semibold" : ""}`}
         >
-          Table
+          {t("Table")}
         </button>
       </div>
 
       {oversized && (
         <p className="text-sm text-amber-600">
-          Too many nodes to display in the graph. Use the table instead.
+          {t("Too many nodes to display in the graph. Use the table instead.")}
         </p>
       )}
 
@@ -163,9 +167,9 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
         <table className="w-full text-sm border-collapse">
           <thead>
             <tr>
-              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">Name</th>
-              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">Type</th>
-              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">Why</th>
+              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">{t("Name")}</th>
+              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">{t("Type")}</th>
+              <th className="text-left border-b py-1">{t("Why")}</th>
             </tr>
           </thead>
           <tbody>
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
               <React.Fragment key={table.name}>
                 <tr className="font-semibold bg-muted/30">
                   <td className="py-1 pl-1">{table.name}</td>
-                  <td>table</td>
+                  <td>{t("table")}</td>
                   <td className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                     {reasonFor(table)}
                   </td>
@@ -183,7 +187,7 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
                     <td className="py-0.5 pl-4 text-muted-foreground">
                       {col.name}
                     </td>
-                    <td>column</td>
+                    <td>{t("column")}</td>
                     <td className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                       {reasonFor(col)}
                     </td>
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ export function SchemaLinkingViewer({ linking }: { linking: SchemaLinking }) {
                 <td className="py-0.5 pl-1 text-muted-foreground">
                   {col.name}
                 </td>
-                <td>column</td>
+                <td>{t("column")}</td>
                 <td className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                   {reasonFor(col)}
                 </td>
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.test.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.test.tsx
index 49ad3ab8..e5faa1dd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.test.tsx
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ test("(a) renders headers with name, field count, and test-status badge", async
   expect(screen.getByText("final_query")).toBeInTheDocument();
 
   // Field counts
-  expect(screen.getByText(/5 campi/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
-  expect(screen.getByText(/3 campi/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/5 fields/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText(/3 fields/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
 
   // Test-status badges
   expect(screen.getByText(/passed/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.tsx
index 5ffca353..c874553e 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/SqlViewer.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { Check, Copy, TriangleAlert } from "lucide-react";
 import { highlightSql } from "./highlight";
 import { statusBadgeClass } from "./statusBadge";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 
 export interface SqlBlock {
   name: string;
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ const STATUS_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 function Block({ block }: { block: SqlBlock }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(true);
   const [html, setHtml] = useState<string>("");
   const [copyState, setCopyState] = useState<"idle" | "copied" | "failed">("idle");
@@ -61,21 +63,21 @@ function Block({ block }: { block: SqlBlock }) {
           <span className="truncate font-semibold">{block.name}</span>
           {block.fields !== undefined && (
             <span className="shrink-0 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-              {block.fields} campi
+              {t(block.fields === 1 ? "{count} field" : "{count} fields", { count: block.fields })}
             </span>
           )}
           {badge && (
             <span
               className={`ml-auto shrink-0 rounded-md px-1.5 py-0.5 text-xs ${badgeClass}`}
             >
-              {badge}
+              {t(badge)}
             </span>
           )}
         </button>
         <button
           type="button"
-          aria-label={`Copy SQL for ${block.name}`}
-          title="Copy SQL"
+          aria-label={t("Copy SQL for {name}", { name: block.name })}
+          title={t("Copy SQL")}
           onClick={copySql}
           className="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 border-l border-border/70 px-2.5 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted/40 hover:text-foreground"
         >
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ function Block({ block }: { block: SqlBlock }) {
             <Copy className="size-3.5" aria-hidden="true" />
           )}
           <span role="status" aria-live="polite">
-            {copyState === "copied" ? "Copied" : copyState === "failed" ? "Copy failed" : ""}
+            {copyState === "copied" ? t("Copied") : copyState === "failed" ? t("Copy failed") : ""}
           </span>
         </button>
       </div>
@@ -117,6 +119,7 @@ function Block({ block }: { block: SqlBlock }) {
 }
 
 export function SqlViewer({ blocks }: { blocks: SqlBlock[] }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
   const [layout, setLayout] = useState<Layout>("vertical");
 
   return (
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ export function SqlViewer({ blocks }: { blocks: SqlBlock[] }) {
               setLayout((l) => (l === "vertical" ? "horizontal" : "vertical"))
             }
           >
-            {layout === "vertical" ? "Horizontal" : "Vertical"}
+            {t(layout === "vertical" ? "Horizontal" : "Vertical")}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/artifactV2.ts b/frontend/src/viewers/artifactV2.ts
index 06185490..599241f8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/artifactV2.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/artifactV2.ts
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ export interface PhaseSectionItem {
 
 export interface PhaseSection {
   title: string;
+  title_i18n?: string;
   items?: PhaseSectionItem[];
 }
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/i18n.test.tsx b/frontend/src/viewers/i18n.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fc91af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/i18n.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { afterEach, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+import { SqlViewer } from "./SqlViewer";
+
+afterEach(() => setLocale("en"));
+
+test("SQL controls follow the UI language while SQL and identifiers remain unchanged", () => {
+  setLocale("it");
+  const sql = "SELECT patient_id FROM admissions";
+  render(<SqlViewer blocks={[{ name: "admissions", fields: 2, sql }]} />);
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Copia SQL per admissions" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("2 campi")).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText(sql)).toBeInTheDocument();
+  act(() => setLocale("en"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Copy SQL for admissions" })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  expect(screen.getByText("2 fields")).toBeInTheDocument();
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/viewers/mermaid.ts b/frontend/src/viewers/mermaid.ts
index 7288eda9..85954a47 100644
--- a/frontend/src/viewers/mermaid.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/viewers/mermaid.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
-let _initialized = false;
+let initializedTheme: "light" | "dark" | undefined;
+let rendering: Promise<unknown> = Promise.resolve();
 
-export async function renderMermaid(def: string): Promise<string> {
+export function renderMermaid(def: string, theme: "light" | "dark" = "light"): Promise<string> {
+  // Mermaid configuration is global: serialize renders so a theme change cannot
+  // recolor another diagram midway through its asynchronous rendering.
+  const result = rendering.then(() => renderDiagram(def, theme));
+  rendering = result.catch(() => undefined);
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function renderDiagram(def: string, theme: "light" | "dark"): Promise<string> {
   const mermaid = (await import("mermaid")).default;
-  if (!_initialized) {
-    mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: false, theme: "default" });
-    _initialized = true;
+  if (initializedTheme !== theme) {
+    mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: false, theme: theme === "dark" ? "dark" : "default" });
+    initializedTheme = theme;
   }
   const id = `mermaid-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`;
   const container = document.createElement("div");
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.test.tsx
index 36071e15..efd0550d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.test.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,23 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { ArchiveRepairWidget } from "./ArchiveRepairWidget";
 
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+test("localizes repair recovery without changing the recorded choice or archive content", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  render(<ArchiveRepairWidget descriptor={{ id: "retry-it", widget: "archive-repair",
+    repair: { ...repair, choice: "e", saved: true, status: "pending_activation" } }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("status")).toHaveTextContent("L'attivazione dell'indice è incompleta");
+  expect(screen.getByText("Before memory")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("After evidence")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Conflicting order definitions")).toBeVisible();
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Riprova la correzione selezionata" }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "retry-it", choices: ["e"] });
+});
+
 const repair = { repair_id: "receipt", reason: "Conflicting order definitions", choice: null,
   status: "proposed", saved: false, indexed: false, can_apply: true, options: [
     { id: "m", label: "Correct Memory", archive: "memory", target_id: "mem-1",
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.tsx
index a4938ff4..0c393da7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/ArchiveRepairWidget.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
@@ -25,27 +26,35 @@ const fieldLabels: Record<string, string> = {
   language: "Language", purposes: "Purposes", applies_to: "Applies to", payload: "Content",
   provenance: "Source history", review_items: "Review items",
 };
+const nestedFieldLabels: Record<string, string> = {
+  ...fieldLabels,
+  database: "Database", schema_name: "Schema", table: "Table", column: "Column",
+  target_id: "Target", meaning: "Meaning", rule: "Rule", text: "Text", source: "Source",
+};
 
 function Value({ value }: { value: unknown }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   if (value == null) return null;
   if (Array.isArray(value)) return <ul className="space-y-1">{value.map((item, index) =>
     <li key={index}><Value value={item} /></li>)}</ul>;
   if (typeof value === "object") return <dl className="space-y-1">{Object.entries(value).map(([key, item]) =>
-    <div key={key}><dt className="text-xs capitalize">{key.replaceAll("_", " ")}</dt>
+    <div key={key}><dt className="text-xs capitalize">{nestedFieldLabels[key] ? translate(nestedFieldLabels[key]) : key.replaceAll("_", " ")}</dt>
       <dd className="pl-2"><Value value={item} /></dd></div>)}</dl>;
   return <span>{String(value)}</span>;
 }
 
 function Content({ value }: { value: Record<string, unknown> }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return <dl className="min-w-0 space-y-2 text-sm">{Object.entries(fieldLabels).map(([key, label]) => {
     const item = value[key];
     if (item == null || item === "" || (Array.isArray(item) && item.length === 0)) return null;
-    return <div key={key}><dt className="font-medium">{label}</dt>
+    return <div key={key}><dt className="font-medium">{translate(label)}</dt>
       <dd className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-muted-foreground"><Value value={item} /></dd></div>;
   })}</dl>;
 }
 
 export function ArchiveRepairWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const repair = descriptor.repair as Repair;
   const [submitted, setSubmitted] = useState(false);
   const send = (choice: string) => {
@@ -54,37 +63,35 @@ export function ArchiveRepairWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
     onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, choices: [choice] });
   };
   const pending = repair.status === "applying" || repair.status === "pending_activation";
-  return <section aria-label="Archive conflict repair" className="space-y-4 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card p-5">
-    <div><h3 className="font-semibold">Resolve archive conflict</h3>
+  return <section aria-label={translate("Archive conflict repair")} className="space-y-4 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card p-5">
+    <div><h3 className="font-semibold">{translate("Resolve archive conflict")}</h3>
       <p className="mt-1 whitespace-pre-wrap text-sm">{repair.reason}</p></div>
-    <p role="status" className="rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-sm">{statuses[repair.status] ?? repair.status}</p>
+    <p role="status" className="rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-sm">{statuses[repair.status] ? translate(statuses[repair.status]) : repair.status}</p>
     {Boolean(descriptor.error) && <p role="alert" className="text-sm text-destructive">{String(descriptor.error)}</p>}
-    {!repair.can_apply && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">An administrator must approve shared archive corrections.
-      You can reject the proposals or continue reviewing this question.</p>}
+    {!repair.can_apply && <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("An administrator must approve shared archive corrections. You can reject the proposals or continue reviewing this question.")}</p>}
     <fieldset disabled={submitted} className="min-w-0 space-y-4">
       {repair.options.map(option => <article key={option.id} className="space-y-3 border-t border-border pt-4">
         <div><h4 className="text-sm font-semibold">{option.label}</h4>
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{option.archive === "memory" ? "Memory" : "Evidence"} · {option.target_id}
-            {repair.choice === option.id ? " · Selected" : ""}</p></div>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{option.archive === "memory" ? translate("Memory") : translate("Evidence")} · {option.target_id}
+            {repair.choice === option.id && <> · {translate("Selected")}</>}</p></div>
         <div className="grid min-w-0 gap-4 md:grid-cols-2">
-          <div className="min-w-0 rounded-md bg-muted/50 p-3"><p className="mb-2 text-xs font-semibold">Before this proposal</p>
+          <div className="min-w-0 rounded-md bg-muted/50 p-3"><p className="mb-2 text-xs font-semibold">{translate("Before this proposal")}</p>
             <Content value={option.before} /></div>
-          <div className="min-w-0 rounded-md border border-border p-3"><p className="mb-2 text-xs font-semibold">Proposed result</p>
+          <div className="min-w-0 rounded-md border border-border p-3"><p className="mb-2 text-xs font-semibold">{translate("Proposed result")}</p>
             <Content value={option.content} /></div>
         </div>
         {repair.can_apply && !repair.choice && <button type="button" onClick={() => send(option.id)}
           className="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground">
-          Apply this correction to {option.archive === "memory" ? "Memory" : "Evidence"}
+          {translate("Apply this correction to {archive}", { archive: translate(option.archive === "memory" ? "Memory" : "Evidence") })}
         </button>}
       </article>)}
       <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-3 border-t border-border pt-4">
         {!repair.choice && <button type="button" onClick={() => send("reject")} className="rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm">
-          None are adequate — reformulate
-        </button>}
+          {translate("None are adequate — reformulate")}</button>}
         {pending && repair.can_apply && repair.choice && <button type="button" onClick={() => send(repair.choice!)}
-          className="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground">Retry selected correction</button>}
+          className="rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground">{translate("Retry selected correction")}</button>}
         {(repair.choice || !repair.can_apply) && <button type="button" onClick={() => send("continue")}
-          className="rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm">{pending ? "Continue with repair pending" : "Continue question review"}</button>}
+          className="rounded-md border border-border px-3 py-2 text-sm">{pending ? translate("Continue with repair pending") : translate("Continue question review")}</button>}
       </div>
       <ReservedControls reserved={descriptor.reserved} onControl={(control, text) => {
         if (!submitted) { setSubmitted(true); onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, control, text }); }
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/ArtifactGateWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/ArtifactGateWidget.tsx
index 4d9e5453..0a1815d2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/ArtifactGateWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/ArtifactGateWidget.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import type { UiResponse, WidgetDescriptor } from "../api/types";
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ import { LinkageHost } from "./LinkageHost";
  * out is an action or a reserved control, both of which call onRespond.
  */
 export function ArtifactGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond, sessionId }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [pendingLinkage, setPendingLinkage] = useState<{
     parentResponse: UiResponse;
     childDescriptor: WidgetDescriptor;
@@ -33,14 +35,14 @@ export function ArtifactGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond, sessionId }: WidgetP
         className="grid h-[70vh] w-[min(52rem,calc(var(--app-area-width,100vw)-3rem))] max-w-none grid-rows-[auto_1fr_auto] gap-3.5 sm:max-w-none"
       >
         <DialogTitle className="text-lg leading-snug">
-          {descriptor.title ?? "Artifact review"}
+          {descriptor.title ?? translate("Artifact review")}
         </DialogTitle>
 
         <div className="min-h-0 overflow-auto rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-background p-5">
           {descriptor.artifact ? (
             <GateArtifactBody artifact={descriptor.artifact} sessionId={sessionId} />
           ) : (
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No artifact available.</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("No artifact available.")}</p>
           )}
         </div>
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc16a92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import { FallbackWidget } from "./FallbackWidget";
+
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test("protects manual response drafts until cleared or unmounted, including after sending", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<FallbackWidget descriptor={{ id: "unknown", widget: "unknown" }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Manual answer");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.clear(screen.getByRole("textbox"));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Correction");
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "unknown", control: "freetext", text: "Correction" });
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), " updated");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.tsx
index 74fe00a0..566655d6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/FallbackWidget.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 
 export function FallbackWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [text, setText] = useState("");
+  useUnsavedDraft(text);
   return (
     <div className="rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-card p-3 shadow-sm space-y-2">
-      <p className="text-sm text-amber-600">Unsupported widget (kind: {descriptor.widget}) — respond manually</p>
+      <p className="text-sm text-amber-600">{translate("Unsupported widget (kind: {kind}) — respond manually", { kind: descriptor.widget })}</p>
       <pre className="text-xs font-mono overflow-auto max-h-48 rounded-lg bg-muted p-2">{JSON.stringify(descriptor, null, 2)}</pre>
-      <textarea className="w-full rounded-lg border border-input bg-card p-2 text-sm shadow-xs outline-none transition-[border-color,box-shadow] focus:border-primary/50 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring/20" value={text} onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)} />
-      <button className="rounded-md border border-border/70 px-2 py-1 text-sm shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-accent" onClick={() => onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, control: "freetext", text })}>Send</button>
+      <textarea aria-label={translate("Manual response")} className="w-full rounded-lg border border-input bg-card p-2 text-sm shadow-xs outline-none transition-[border-color,box-shadow] focus:border-primary/50 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring/20" value={text} onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)} />
+      <button className="rounded-md border border-border/70 px-2 py-1 text-sm shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-accent" onClick={() => {
+        onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, control: "freetext", text });
+      }}>{translate("Send")}</button>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.test.tsx
index 665ae121..0c8b8280 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.test.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,29 @@
 import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { FreetextWidget } from "./FreetextWidget";
+
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test("protects an answer draft until cleared or unmounted, including after sending", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<FreetextWidget descriptor={{ id: "u1", widget: "freetext" }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Draft answer");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.clear(screen.getByRole("textbox"));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Answer{Enter}");
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "u1", kind: "freetext", text: "Answer" });
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), " updated");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
 test("submits typed text", async () => {
   const onRespond = vi.fn();
   render(<FreetextWidget descriptor={{ id: "u1", widget: "freetext" }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.tsx
index b9040057..6dca05e6 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/FreetextWidget.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 
 export function FreetextWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [text, setText] = useState("");
+  useUnsavedDraft(text);
   function submit() {
-    if (text.trim()) onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, kind: "freetext", text });
+    if (text.trim()) {
+      onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, kind: "freetext", text });
+    }
   }
   return (
     <div className="space-y-3 rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-card p-4 shadow-sm">
@@ -19,14 +25,14 @@ export function FreetextWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
         value={text}
         onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
         onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" && !e.shiftKey) { e.preventDefault(); submit(); } }}
-        placeholder="Type your answer…"
+        placeholder={translate("Type your answer…")}
+        aria-label={translate("Your answer")}
       />
       <button
         className="rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-[oklch(var(--primary-hover))]"
         onClick={submit}
       >
-        Send
-      </button>
+        {translate("Send")}</button>
     </div>
   );
 }
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/GateArtifactBody.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/GateArtifactBody.tsx
index ae33d43b..e5202618 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/GateArtifactBody.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/GateArtifactBody.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import type { ReactElement } from "react";
 import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 import { getSessionDocuments } from "../api/sessions";
@@ -46,11 +47,12 @@ function ResolvedDoc({
   filename: string;
   fallback: ReactElement;
 }): ReactElement {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const { data: docs, isLoading, isError } = useQuery<SessionDocument[]>({
     queryKey: ["session-documents", sessionId],
     queryFn: () => getSessionDocuments(sessionId),
   });
-  if (isLoading) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading…</p>;
+  if (isLoading) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("Loading…")}</p>;
   const doc = docs?.find((d) => d.key === docKey);
   if (isError || !doc || doc.format !== "markdown") return fallback;
   return (
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/JoinReviewWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/JoinReviewWidget.tsx
index 88f18b50..919c55c7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/JoinReviewWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/JoinReviewWidget.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { Link2 } from "lucide-react";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
 
 export function JoinReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const options = descriptor.options ?? [];
 
   return (
@@ -14,9 +16,7 @@ export function JoinReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
           </p>
         )}
         <p className="text-sm leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
-          These joins are required by the selected tables and are shown for review.
-          To request a correction, use Other — specify.
-        </p>
+          {translate("These joins are required by the selected tables and are shown for review. To request a correction, use Other — specify.")}</p>
       </div>
 
       <div className="space-y-2.5">
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ export function JoinReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
                 {option.rationale && (
                   <div className="grid gap-1 sm:grid-cols-[5rem_minmax(0,1fr)] sm:gap-3">
                     <span className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-                      Rationale
-                    </span>
+                      {translate("Rationale")}</span>
                     <p className="text-sm leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">
                       {option.rationale}
                     </p>
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ export function JoinReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
           })
         }
       >
-        {descriptor.confirm_label ?? "Continue"}
+        {descriptor.confirm_label ?? translate("Continue")}
       </button>
 
       <ReservedControls
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.test.tsx
index dbffc7cb..b6cd037c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.test.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { MemoryReviewWidget } from "./MemoryReviewWidget";
 import type { MemoryInput } from "../api/memory";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
+
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
 
 const card: MemoryInput = { family: "domain_clarification", subject: "Active patients",
   detail: "Active means the flag is true", scope: "clinical", rationale: "Approved definition",
@@ -13,6 +16,53 @@ const descriptor = { id: "review", widget: "memory-review", summary: { summary_i
     reason: "Approved solution", source_seqs: [7], before: null, target_id: null },
 ] } };
 
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test.each(["subject", "scope", "detail", "rationale", "question", "concepts"])(
+  "protects unsaved Memory %s edits until the submitted widget unmounts",
+  async (field) => {
+    const onRespond = vi.fn();
+    const { unmount } = render(<MemoryReviewWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+    expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+    await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText(`domain ${field}`), " revised");
+    expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+    await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save selected and finish" }));
+    expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+    unmount();
+    expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  },
+);
+
+test("protects Memory selection, dependency and link drafts, including invalid edits, until reverted or unmounted", async () => {
+  const { unmount } = render(<MemoryReviewWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={vi.fn()} />);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Deselect all" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Select all" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: /Count active patients/ }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: /Count active patients/ }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole("button", { name: "Add dependency" })[0]);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save selected and finish" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true); // Required database is still empty.
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Remove dependency" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.selectOptions(screen.getByLabelText("domain add link"), "proposal:solved");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Remove link" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain detail"), " correction");
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
+
 test("sends only selected cards with reviewer edits and physical dependencies", async () => {
   const onRespond = vi.fn();
   render(<MemoryReviewWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={onRespond} />);
@@ -21,7 +71,7 @@ test("sends only selected cards with reviewer edits and physical dependencies",
   await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: /Count active patients/ }));
   await userEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole("button", { name: "Add dependency" })[0]!);
   await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dependency 1 database"), "warehouse");
-  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dependency 1 schema_name"), "clinical");
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dependency 1 schema"), "clinical");
   await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dependency 1 table"), "patients");
   await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Save selected and finish" }));
   expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
@@ -51,3 +101,28 @@ test("links selected proposals and keeps approved SQL read only", async () => {
   expect(JSON.parse(onRespond.mock.calls[0]![0].text).items[0].card.links)
     .toEqual([{ target_id: "proposal:solved", meaning: "Example using this definition" }]);
 });
+
+test("switches review chrome to Italian without changing edited cards, SQL or response identifiers", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  render(<MemoryReviewWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  await userEvent.clear(screen.getByLabelText("domain detail"));
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain detail"), "Reviewer correction {{scope}");
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+
+  expect(screen.getByRole("form", { name: "Riepilogo delle memorie" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByLabelText("domain dettaglio")).toHaveValue("Reviewer correction {scope}");
+  expect(screen.getByText("2 di 2 selezionate")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM patients WHERE active")).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByText("Approved clarification")).toBeVisible();
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getAllByRole("button", { name: "Aggiungi dipendenza" })[0]);
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dipendenza 1 database"), "warehouse");
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByLabelText("domain dipendenza 1 tabella"), "patients");
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Salva le selezionate e termina" }));
+
+  const response = onRespond.mock.calls[0][0];
+  expect(response).toMatchObject({ id: "review", kind: "memory-review" });
+  expect(JSON.parse(response.text).items[0]).toEqual({ id: "domain", card: { ...card,
+    detail: "Reviewer correction {scope}",
+    dependencies: [{ database: "warehouse", schema_name: "", table: "patients", column: "" }],
+  } });
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.tsx
index 75df44c3..4246aef2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/MemoryReviewWidget.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 import type { MemoryCard, MemoryInput } from "../api/memory";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
@@ -10,20 +12,24 @@ interface Proposal {
 interface Summary { summary_id: string; items: Proposal[] }
 const labels = { domain_clarification: "Domain clarification", sql_rule: "SQL rule",
   solved_question: "Solved question", explained_error: "Explained error" };
+const fieldLabels = { subject: "subject", detail: "detail", scope: "scope", rationale: "rationale",
+  question: "question", sql: "SQL", database: "database", schema_name: "schema", table: "table", column: "column" };
 const inputStyle = "min-w-0 w-full rounded-md border border-border bg-background p-2 text-sm text-foreground";
 
 export function MemoryReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const summary = descriptor.summary as Summary;
   const [items, setItems] = useState(summary.items);
   const [selected, setSelected] = useState(new Set(summary.items.map(p => p.id)));
   const [submitted, setSubmitted] = useState(false);
+  useUnsavedDraft(JSON.stringify({ items, selected: [...selected].sort() }));
   const patch = (id: string, changes: Partial<MemoryInput>) => setItems(current => current.map(
     item => item.id === id ? { ...item, card: { ...item.card, ...changes } } : item));
   const toggle = (id: string) => setSelected(current => {
     const next = new Set(current); if (next.has(id)) next.delete(id); else next.add(id); return next;
   });
 
-  return <form aria-label="Memory summary" className="space-y-5 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card p-5"
+  return <form aria-label={translate("Memory summary")} className="space-y-5 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card p-5"
     onSubmit={event => {
       event.preventDefault();
       if (submitted) return;
@@ -35,90 +41,88 @@ export function MemoryReviewWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
       }) });
     }}>
     <div>
-      <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground">Memory for future questions</h3>
-      <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Review the scope and wording, then choose what to save.
-        Only selected cards and their links will enter the shared archive.</p>
+      <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{translate("Memory for future questions")}</h3>
+      <p className="mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("Review the scope and wording, then choose what to save. Only selected cards and their links will enter the shared archive.")}</p>
     </div>
     <fieldset disabled={submitted} className="min-w-0 space-y-4">
       <button type="button" className="text-sm font-medium text-primary" onClick={() => setSelected(
         selected.size ? new Set() : new Set(items.map(item => item.id)))}>
-        {selected.size ? "Deselect all" : "Select all"}
+        {selected.size ? translate("Deselect all") : translate("Select all")}
       </button>
       {items.map(item => <section key={item.id} className="space-y-3 border-t border-border pt-4">
         <label className="flex items-start gap-3 text-sm font-medium">
           <input type="checkbox" className="mt-1 size-4" checked={selected.has(item.id)} onChange={() => toggle(item.id)} />
           <span>{item.card.subject}<span className="block text-xs font-normal text-muted-foreground">
-            {item.target_id ? "Update existing card" : "New card"} · {labels[item.card.family]}
+            {item.target_id ? translate("Update existing card") : translate("New card")} · {translate(labels[item.card.family])}
           </span></span>
         </label>
         <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{item.reason}</p>
-        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Approved decisions: {item.source_seqs.map(seq => `#${seq}`).join(", ")}</p>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{translate("Approved decisions: {decisions}", { decisions: item.source_seqs.map(seq => `#${seq}`).join(", ") })}</p>
         {item.before && <details className="rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-sm">
-          <summary className="cursor-pointer font-medium">Current card being replaced</summary>
+          <summary className="cursor-pointer font-medium">{translate("Current card being replaced")}</summary>
           <dl className="mt-2 space-y-2">
             {(["subject", "detail", "scope", "rationale", "question", "sql"] as const).map(key =>
-              <div key={key}><dt className="font-medium capitalize">{key}</dt>
+              <div key={key}><dt className="font-medium capitalize">{translate(fieldLabels[key])}</dt>
                 <dd className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">{item.before![key] || "—"}</dd></div>)}
           </dl>
         </details>}
         <fieldset disabled={!selected.has(item.id)} className="min-w-0 space-y-3 disabled:opacity-60">
           {(["subject", "scope", "detail", "rationale", "question"] as const).map(key => <label key={key} className="block text-xs font-medium capitalize">
-            {key}<textarea aria-label={`${item.id} ${key}`} className={`${inputStyle} mt-1`} rows={key === "detail" ? 3 : 2}
+            {translate(fieldLabels[key])}<textarea aria-label={translate("{id} {field}", { id: item.id, field: translate(fieldLabels[key]) })} className={`${inputStyle} mt-1`} rows={key === "detail" ? 3 : 2}
               required={key === "subject" || key === "scope" || (key === "rationale" && item.card.family === "explained_error")}
               value={item.card[key]} onChange={event => patch(item.id, { [key]: event.target.value })} />
           </label>)}
           {item.card.family === "solved_question" && <div className="text-sm">
-            <p className="font-medium">Approved SQL</p><pre className="mt-1 overflow-x-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs">{item.card.sql}</pre>
-            <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">To change the solution, return to SQL review.</p>
+            <p className="font-medium">{translate("Approved SQL")}</p><pre className="mt-1 overflow-x-auto rounded-md bg-muted p-3 text-xs">{item.card.sql}</pre>
+            <p className="mt-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">{translate("To change the solution, return to SQL review.")}</p>
           </div>}
-          <label className="block text-xs font-medium">Concepts, separated by commas
-            <input aria-label={`${item.id} concepts`} className={`${inputStyle} mt-1`} value={item.card.concepts.join(", ")}
+          <label className="block text-xs font-medium">{translate("Concepts, separated by commas")}<input aria-label={translate("{id} concepts", { id: item.id })} className={`${inputStyle} mt-1`} value={item.card.concepts.join(", ")}
               onChange={event => patch(item.id, { concepts: event.target.value.split(",").map(v => v.trim()) })} />
           </label>
-          <div className="space-y-2"><p className="text-xs font-medium">Physical dependencies</p>
+          <div className="space-y-2"><p className="text-xs font-medium">{translate("Physical dependencies")}</p>
             {item.card.dependencies.map((dependency, index) => <div key={index} className="grid gap-2 sm:grid-cols-2">
               {(["database", "schema_name", "table", "column"] as const).map(key => <input key={key}
-                className={inputStyle} aria-label={`${item.id} dependency ${index+1} ${key}`} placeholder={key}
+                className={inputStyle} aria-label={translate("{id} dependency {number} {field}", { id: item.id, number: index + 1, field: translate(fieldLabels[key]) })} placeholder={translate(fieldLabels[key])}
                 required={key === "database"} value={dependency[key]} onChange={event => patch(item.id, {
                   dependencies: item.card.dependencies.map((d, i) => i === index ? { ...d, [key]: event.target.value } : d),
                 })} />)}
               <button type="button" className="text-left text-xs text-muted-foreground" onClick={() => patch(item.id, {
                 dependencies: item.card.dependencies.filter((_, i) => i !== index),
-              })}>Remove dependency</button>
+              })}>{translate("Remove dependency")}</button>
             </div>)}
             <button type="button" className="text-xs text-primary" onClick={() => patch(item.id, {
               dependencies: [...item.card.dependencies, { database: "", schema_name: "", table: "", column: "" }],
-            })}>Add dependency</button>
+            })}>{translate("Add dependency")}</button>
           </div>
-          <div className="space-y-2"><p className="text-xs font-medium">Links to other cards</p>
+          <div className="space-y-2"><p className="text-xs font-medium">{translate("Links to other cards")}</p>
             {item.card.links.map((link, index) => <div key={index} className="space-y-2 rounded-md border border-border p-2">
-              <input aria-label={`${item.id} link ${index+1} target`} className={inputStyle} required
-                value={link.target_id} placeholder="Card ID or proposal reference" onChange={event => patch(item.id, {
+              <input aria-label={translate("{id} link {number} target", { id: item.id, number: index + 1 })} className={inputStyle} required
+                value={link.target_id} placeholder={translate("Card ID or proposal reference")} onChange={event => patch(item.id, {
                   links: item.card.links.map((l, i) => i === index ? { ...l, target_id: event.target.value } : l),
                 })} />
-              <input aria-label={`${item.id} link ${index+1} meaning`} className={inputStyle} required
-                value={link.meaning} placeholder="Why these cards are linked" onChange={event => patch(item.id, {
+              <input aria-label={translate("{id} link {number} meaning", { id: item.id, number: index + 1 })} className={inputStyle} required
+                value={link.meaning} placeholder={translate("Why these cards are linked")} onChange={event => patch(item.id, {
                   links: item.card.links.map((l, i) => i === index ? { ...l, meaning: event.target.value } : l),
                 })} />
               <button type="button" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground" onClick={() => patch(item.id, {
                 links: item.card.links.filter((_, i) => i !== index),
-              })}>Remove link</button>
+              })}>{translate("Remove link")}</button>
             </div>)}
-            <select aria-label={`${item.id} add link`} className={inputStyle} value="" onChange={event => {
+            <select aria-label={translate("{id} add link", { id: item.id })} className={inputStyle} value="" onChange={event => {
               if (event.target.value) patch(item.id, { links: [...item.card.links, { target_id: event.target.value, meaning: "" }] });
-            }}><option value="">Link to another proposed card…</option>
+            }}><option value="">{translate("Link to another proposed card…")}</option>
               {items.filter(p => p.id !== item.id).map(p => <option key={p.id} value={`proposal:${p.id}`}>{p.card.subject}</option>)}
             </select>
             <button type="button" className="text-xs text-primary" onClick={() => patch(item.id, {
               links: [...item.card.links, { target_id: "", meaning: "" }],
-            })}>Link to an existing card</button>
+            })}>{translate("Link to an existing card")}</button>
           </div>
         </fieldset>
       </section>)}
       <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 border-t border-border pt-4">
-        <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{selected.size} of {items.length} selected</span>
+        <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("{selected} of {total} selected", { selected: selected.size, total: items.length })}</span>
         <button type="submit" className="rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground">
-          {submitted ? "Saving…" : selected.size ? "Save selected and finish" : "Finish without saving Memory"}
+          {submitted ? translate("Saving…") : selected.size ? translate("Save selected and finish") : translate("Finish without saving Memory")}
         </button>
       </div>
       <ReservedControls reserved={descriptor.reserved} onControl={(control, text) => onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, control, text })} />
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.test.tsx
index ff441488..e95c007c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.test.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,52 @@
-import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { act, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { setLocale } from "../i18n";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { MultiselectWidget } from "./MultiselectWidget";
 
+afterEach(() => act(() => setLocale("en")));
+
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test("protects changed choices until reverted or unmounted, including after confirming", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<MultiselectWidget descriptor={{ id: "review", widget: "multiselect", options: [
+    { id: "a", label: "Alpha", selected: true }, { id: "b", label: "Beta", selected: true },
+  ] }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Alpha" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Alpha" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false); // Restoring a set in a different order is clean.
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Deselect all" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Confirm" }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "review", kind: "multiselect", choices: [] });
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Beta" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("keeps active choices and model labels unchanged across a locale switch", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  render(<MultiselectWidget descriptor={{ id: "review", widget: "multiselect", options: [
+    { id: "a", label: "Choose a workspace", detail: "SELECT id FROM patients", selected: true },
+    { id: "b", label: "Model-defined choice" },
+  ] }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Model-defined choice" }));
+  act(() => setLocale("it"));
+  expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Deseleziona tutto" })).toBeVisible();
+  expect(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: /Choose a workspace/ })).toBeChecked();
+  expect(screen.getByText("SELECT id FROM patients")).toBeVisible();
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Conferma" }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "review", kind: "multiselect", choices: ["a", "b"] });
+});
+
 test("confirms the checked ids including initially selected", async () => {
   const onRespond = vi.fn();
   render(
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.tsx
index 87e5749b..c86da5ba 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/MultiselectWidget.tsx
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 import ReactMarkdown from "react-markdown";
 import remarkGfm from "remark-gfm";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
 
 export function MultiselectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const options = descriptor.options ?? [];
   const initialChecked = new Set(options.filter((o) => o.selected).map((o) => o.id));
   const [checked, setChecked] = useState<Set<string>>(initialChecked);
+  useUnsavedDraft(JSON.stringify([...checked].sort()));
 
   const allChecked = options.length > 0 && options.every((o) => checked.has(o.id));
 
@@ -38,10 +42,10 @@ export function MultiselectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
               setChecked(allChecked ? new Set() : new Set(options.map((o) => o.id)))
             }
           >
-            {allChecked ? "Deselect all" : "Select all"}
+            {allChecked ? translate("Deselect all") : translate("Select all")}
           </button>
           <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
-            {checked.size} / {options.length} {descriptor.selection_label ?? "selected"}
+            {checked.size} / {options.length} {descriptor.selection_label ?? translate("selected")}
           </span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-1 pt-2">
@@ -68,8 +72,7 @@ export function MultiselectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
                 {o.rationale && (
                   <div className="mt-3 border-l-2 border-border/70 pl-3 text-xs text-foreground/80">
                     <div className="mb-1 font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
-                      Reason
-                    </div>
+                      {translate("Reason")}</div>
                     <div className="thot-prose leading-relaxed [&>p:first-child]:mt-0 [&>p:last-child]:mb-0">
                       <ReactMarkdown remarkPlugins={[remarkGfm]}>{o.rationale}</ReactMarkdown>
                     </div>
@@ -78,8 +81,7 @@ export function MultiselectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
                 {typeof o.meta?.question_context === "string" && o.meta.question_context && (
                   <div className="mt-3 border-l-2 border-border/50 pl-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                     <div className="mb-1 font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide">
-                      Context question
-                    </div>
+                      {translate("Context question")}</div>
                     <div className="thot-prose leading-relaxed [&>p:first-child]:mt-0 [&>p:last-child]:mb-0">
                       <ReactMarkdown remarkPlugins={[remarkGfm]}>
                         {o.meta.question_context}
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ export function MultiselectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
           disabled={isDisabled}
           onClick={() => onRespond({ id: descriptor.id, kind: "multiselect", choices: Array.from(checked) })}
         >
-          {descriptor.confirm_label ?? "Confirm"}
+          {descriptor.confirm_label ?? translate("Confirm")}
         </button>
       </div>
       <ReservedControls
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.test.tsx
index 98e35b19..149315bc 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.test.tsx
@@ -35,3 +35,38 @@ test("Send stays disabled until non-whitespace text is entered", async () => {
   await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "ok");
   expect(send).not.toBeDisabled();
 });
+
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test.each(["button", "Enter"])("protects Other drafts through %s submission until cleared or unmounted", async (method) => {
+  const onControl = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<ReservedControls reserved={["back", "exit", "other"]} onControl={onControl} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Other — specify" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  const input = screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Your alternative" });
+  await userEvent.type(input, "Alternative");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.clear(input);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.type(input, "Correction");
+  if (method === "Enter") await userEvent.keyboard("{Enter}");
+  else await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Send" }));
+  expect(onControl).toHaveBeenCalledWith("freetext", "Correction");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("removes an unsubmitted Other draft warning on unmount", async () => {
+  const { unmount } = render(<ReservedControls reserved={["other"]} onControl={vi.fn()} />);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Other — specify" }));
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Correction");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.tsx
index dc3b51b2..80ae9251 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/ReservedControls.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 
 const LABELS: Record<string, string> = { back: "Go back", exit: "Exit", other: "Other — specify" };
 
@@ -9,19 +11,26 @@ export function ReservedControls({
   reserved?: string[];
   onControl: (c: string, text?: string) => void;
 }) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [otherOpen, setOtherOpen] = useState(false);
   const [text, setText] = useState("");
+  useUnsavedDraft(text, otherOpen && Boolean(reserved?.length));
+  function submit() {
+    if (!text.trim()) return;
+    onControl("freetext", text);
+  }
   if (!reserved?.length) return null;
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-2 border-t border-border/60 pt-3">
       <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
         {reserved.map((c) => (
           <button
+            type="button"
             key={c}
             className="rounded-md border border-border/60 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground"
             onClick={() => (c === "other" ? setOtherOpen(true) : onControl(c))}
           >
-            {LABELS[c] ?? c}
+            {LABELS[c] ? translate(LABELS[c]) : c}
           </button>
         ))}
       </div>
@@ -32,16 +41,17 @@ export function ReservedControls({
             className="thot-awaiting-input min-h-20 w-full resize-y rounded-lg border p-3 text-sm shadow-xs outline-none transition-[border-color,box-shadow]"
             value={text}
             onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
-            onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" && !e.shiftKey && text.trim()) { e.preventDefault(); onControl("freetext", text); } }}
-            placeholder="Describe your alternative…"
+            onKeyDown={(e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" && !e.shiftKey && text.trim()) { e.preventDefault(); submit(); } }}
+            placeholder={translate("Describe your alternative…")}
+            aria-label={translate("Your alternative")}
           />
           <button
+            type="button"
             className="self-start rounded-md bg-primary px-3 py-1.5 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-[oklch(var(--primary-hover))] disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50"
             disabled={!text.trim()}
-            onClick={() => onControl("freetext", text)}
+            onClick={submit}
           >
-            Send
-          </button>
+            {translate("Send")}</button>
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaColumnsDialog.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaColumnsDialog.tsx
index 0084ae00..2fc75bd8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaColumnsDialog.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaColumnsDialog.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useMemo, useState, type ReactElement } from "react";
 import type { SchemaTable } from "../api/types";
 import { Dialog, DialogContent, DialogTitle } from "../components/ui/dialog";
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ export function SchemaColumnsDialog({
   onToggle: (column: string) => void;
   onClose: () => void;
 }): ReactElement {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
 
   // Suggested-first, then catalog order. Sorting on the descriptor's `suggested`
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ export function SchemaColumnsDialog({
             type="text"
             value={query}
             onChange={(e) => setQuery(e.target.value)}
-            aria-label="Filter columns"
-            placeholder="Filter columns…"
+            aria-label={translate("Filter columns")}
+            placeholder={translate("Filter columns…")}
             className="min-w-0 flex-1 rounded-md border border-input bg-card px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm shadow-xs outline-none transition-[border-color,box-shadow] focus:border-primary/50 focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring/20"
           />
           <span className="shrink-0 text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ export function SchemaColumnsDialog({
               );
             })}
             {displayed.length === 0 && (
-              <li className="py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">No columns match the filter.</li>
+              <li className="py-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{translate("No columns match the filter.")}</li>
             )}
           </ul>
         </div>
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.test.tsx
index 4650d586..0d5141b4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.test.tsx
@@ -33,6 +33,38 @@ const descriptor: WidgetDescriptor = {
   reserved: ["back", "exit", "other"],
 };
 
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+test("protects changed tables and columns until reverted or unmounted, including after confirming", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<SchemaLinkingGateWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "dim_patient" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "dim_patient" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Columns 1/2" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "nome" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "nome" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "nome" }));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: /close/i }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Confirm" }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ kind: "schema-linking" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "dim_patient" }));
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
+
 test("starts include rows checked and exclude rows unchecked even for legacy payloads", () => {
   render(<SchemaLinkingGateWidget descriptor={descriptor} onRespond={vi.fn()} />);
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.tsx
index 353facfd..c2241bf3 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/SchemaLinkingGateWidget.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import { useState } from "react";
+import { useUnsavedDraft } from "../hooks/useUnsavedDraft";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import type { SchemaTable } from "../api/types";
 import { SchemaColumnsDialog } from "./SchemaColumnsDialog";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
 
 export function SchemaLinkingGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   const tables: SchemaTable[] = descriptor.tables ?? [];
   const [enacted, setEnacted] = useState<Set<string>>(
     () => new Set(tables.filter((t) => t.kind === "promote" && t.recommended).map((t) => t.id))
@@ -20,6 +23,10 @@ export function SchemaLinkingGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps)
     return m;
   });
   const [openId, setOpenId] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  useUnsavedDraft(JSON.stringify({
+    enacted: [...enacted].sort(),
+    selected: [...selected].map(([id, columns]) => [id, [...columns].sort()]),
+  }));
 
   function toggleEnact(id: string) {
     setEnacted((prev) => {
@@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ export function SchemaLinkingGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps)
                 <div className="min-w-0 flex-1">
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <span className="font-mono text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t.name}</span>
-                    <span className="thot-label">{t.kind === "promote" ? "Promote" : "Exclude"}</span>
+                    <span className="thot-label">{t.kind === "promote" ? translate("Promote") : translate("Exclude")}</span>
                   </div>
                   {t.description && <p className="mt-0.5 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t.description}</p>}
                   {t.rationale && <p className="mt-0.5 text-sm text-foreground/80">{t.rationale}</p>}
@@ -90,7 +97,9 @@ export function SchemaLinkingGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps)
                   className="shrink-0 self-center rounded-md border border-border/60 px-2.5 py-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground"
                   onClick={() => setOpenId(t.id)}
                 >
-                  {t.kind === "promote" ? `Columns ${count}/${t.columns.length}` : `Columns ${t.columns.length}`}
+                  {t.kind === "promote"
+                    ? translate("Columns {selected}/{total}", { selected: count, total: t.columns.length })
+                    : translate("Columns {total}", { total: t.columns.length })}
                 </button>
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -114,8 +123,7 @@ export function SchemaLinkingGateWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps)
           className="rounded-md bg-primary px-4 py-2 text-sm font-semibold text-primary-foreground shadow-xs transition-colors hover:bg-[oklch(var(--primary-hover))]"
           onClick={confirm}
         >
-          Confirm
-        </button>
+          {translate("Confirm")}</button>
       </div>
 
       <ReservedControls
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/SelectWidget.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/SelectWidget.tsx
index 6a108ea5..c726da78 100644
--- a/frontend/src/widgets/SelectWidget.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/SelectWidget.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
 import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
 import { ReservedControls } from "./ReservedControls";
 import { IntroBody } from "./IntroBody";
 
 export function SelectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
+  const { t: translate } = useI18n();
   return (
     <div className="space-y-4 rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-card p-4 shadow-sm">
       {(descriptor.title || descriptor.intro) && (
@@ -25,8 +27,7 @@ export function SelectWidget({ descriptor, onRespond }: WidgetProps) {
             <span>{o.label}</span>
             {o.recommended && (
               <span className="shrink-0 rounded-md bg-[oklch(var(--success)/0.16)] px-2 py-0.5 text-[0.65rem] font-medium text-[oklch(0.5_0.13_165)]">
-                Recommended
-              </span>
+                {translate("Recommended")}</span>
             )}
           </button>
         ))}
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/WidgetDrafts.test.tsx b/frontend/src/widgets/WidgetDrafts.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f041f7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/WidgetDrafts.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import type { ComponentType } from "react";
+import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
+import type { WidgetDescriptor } from "../api/types";
+import type { WidgetProps } from "./types";
+import { SelectWidget } from "./SelectWidget";
+import { MultiselectWidget } from "./MultiselectWidget";
+import { JoinReviewWidget } from "./JoinReviewWidget";
+import { ArtifactGateWidget } from "./ArtifactGateWidget";
+import { SchemaLinkingGateWidget } from "./SchemaLinkingGateWidget";
+import { MemoryReviewWidget } from "./MemoryReviewWidget";
+import { ArchiveRepairWidget } from "./ArchiveRepairWidget";
+
+function reloadIsBlocked() {
+  const event = new Event("beforeunload", { cancelable: true });
+  window.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event.defaultPrevented;
+}
+
+const cases: [string, ComponentType<WidgetProps>, Partial<WidgetDescriptor>, string][] = [
+  ["select", SelectWidget, { options: [{ id: "a", label: "Accept" }] }, "Accept"],
+  ["multiselect", MultiselectWidget, { options: [{ id: "a", label: "Alpha" }] }, "Confirm"],
+  ["join-review", JoinReviewWidget, {}, "Continue"],
+  ["artifact-gate", ArtifactGateWidget, { options: [{ id: "a", label: "Accept" }] }, "Accept"],
+  ["schema-linking", SchemaLinkingGateWidget, {}, "Confirm"],
+  ["memory-review", MemoryReviewWidget, { summary: { summary_id: "summary", items: [] } }, "Finish without saving Memory"],
+  ["archive-repair", ArchiveRepairWidget, { repair: {
+    repair_id: "repair", reason: "Conflict", options: [], choice: null,
+    status: "proposed", saved: false, indexed: false, can_apply: true,
+  } }, "None are adequate — reformulate"],
+];
+
+test.each(cases)("%s protects Other drafts through submission until the host unmounts the widget", async (widget, Widget, extra, action) => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<Widget descriptor={{ id: "review", widget, reserved: ["other"], ...extra }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Other — specify" }));
+  expect(onRespond).not.toHaveBeenCalled(); // Opening Other inside a form must not submit it.
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox", { name: "Your alternative" }), "Alternative draft");
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: action }));
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
+
+test("submitting Other keeps changed main choices protected until unmount", async () => {
+  const onRespond = vi.fn();
+  const { unmount } = render(<MultiselectWidget descriptor={{ id: "review", widget: "multiselect", reserved: ["other"],
+    options: [{ id: "a", label: "Alpha" }],
+  }} onRespond={onRespond} />);
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("checkbox", { name: "Alpha" }));
+  await userEvent.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Other — specify" }));
+  await userEvent.type(screen.getByRole("textbox"), "Correction{Enter}");
+  expect(onRespond).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ id: "review", control: "freetext", text: "Correction" });
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(true);
+  unmount();
+  expect(reloadIsBlocked()).toBe(false);
+});
diff --git a/frontend/src/widgets/localize.ts b/frontend/src/widgets/localize.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64fd6bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/widgets/localize.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { WidgetDescriptor } from "../api/types";
+
+/** Translate only explicit deterministic chrome, never arbitrary model text or artifacts. */
+export function localizeWidget(descriptor: WidgetDescriptor, t: (message: string) => string): WidgetDescriptor {
+  const localized = { ...descriptor };
+  for (const field of ["title", "confirm_label", "selection_label", "prompt", "error"] as const) {
+    const message = descriptor[`${field}_i18n`];
+    if (typeof message === "string") localized[field] = t(message);
+  }
+  if (descriptor.options) localized.options = descriptor.options.map((option) => ({
+    ...option,
+    label: option.label_i18n ? t(option.label_i18n) : option.label,
+    ...(option.opens ? { opens: localizeWidget(option.opens, t) } : {}),
+  }));
+  return localized;
+}
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/archive_repair.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/archive_repair.test.js
index ba9e4e44..d16882a2 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/archive_repair.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/archive_repair.test.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 const test = require("node:test");
 const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
 const { installRepairGate } = require("../memory/repair.js");
+const { gateText } = require("../core/locale.js");
 
 function gate({ answers, fail = false, resume = false }) {
     let tool;
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ function gate({ answers, fail = false, resume = false }) {
     const repair = { repair_id: "receipt", choice: null, status: "proposed", can_apply: true,
         saved: false, indexed: false, options: [{ id: "fix", content: { detail: "Correction" } }] };
     installRepairGate({ registerTool: def => { tool = def; } }, {
+        languageFor: () => "en",
+        gateText,
         workflow: { activate() {}, phase: () => ({ id: "F4" }) },
         memory: { execute: (_ctx, args) => {
             calls.push(args);
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/builders.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/builders.test.js
index 64e7e32b..9b2ca95d 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/builders.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/builders.test.js
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ test("buildArtifactGate derives approve/reject options from action.kind", () =>
     action: { kind: "approve_reject" },
   });
   assert.deepEqual(w.options, [
-    { id: "approve", label: "Salva e procedi", recommended: true },
-    { id: "reject", label: "Rifiuta" },
+    { id: "approve", label: "Save and proceed", label_i18n: "Save and proceed", recommended: true },
+    { id: "reject", label: "Reject", label_i18n: "Reject" },
   ]);
 });
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ test("buildArtifactGate: confirm -> single approve; view_only -> no options", ()
   const confirm = buildArtifactGate({
     id: "u1", phase: "F1", title: "t", artifact: { kind: "phase", data: {} }, action: { kind: "confirm" },
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(confirm.options, [{ id: "approve", label: "Salva e procedi", recommended: true }]);
+  assert.deepEqual(confirm.options, [{ id: "approve", label: "Save and proceed", label_i18n: "Save and proceed", recommended: true }]);
   const viewOnly = buildArtifactGate({
     id: "u1", phase: "F1", title: "t", artifact: { kind: "phase", data: {} }, action: { kind: "view_only" },
   });
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/enrich.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/enrich.test.js
index 8a743a6d..ed4cfd48 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/enrich.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/enrich.test.js
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ test("appendLedgerSection appends only the phase's substantive decisions", () =>
   const out = appendLedgerSection(data, decisions, ["concept_clarified", "ambiguity_open"]);
   assert.equal(out.sections.length, 2);
   const ledger = out.sections[1];
-  assert.equal(ledger.title, "Decisioni registrate in questa fase (dal ledger)");
+  assert.equal(ledger.title, "Decisions recorded in this phase (from the ledger)");
   assert.equal(ledger.items.length, 1);
   assert.equal(ledger.items[0].label, "concept_clarified: ablazione");
   assert.equal(ledger.items[0].value, "solo transcatetere");
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_autoclose.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_autoclose.test.js
index 07508935..a8278fee 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_autoclose.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_autoclose.test.js
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ if (typeof globalThis.require === "undefined") {
 }
 
 const shell = { current: () => "" };
-cp.execFileSync = (file, args, opts) => shell.current(file, args, opts);
+cp.execFileSync = (file, args, opts) => args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language"
+  ? JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "it", workspace_language: "it" })
+  : shell.current(file, args, opts);
 
 const META = JSON.stringify({
   max_phase: 8,
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_cte_v2.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_cte_v2.test.js
index 53f2604f..b3b7251d 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_cte_v2.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_confirm_cte_v2.test.js
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ if (typeof globalThis.require === "undefined") {
 // swap `activeStub` instead of clobbering the dispatcher. Each test's existing
 // `cp.execFileSync = fn` / restore-in-finally then Just Works.
 let activeStub = cp.execFileSync;
-const dispatcher = (...args) => activeStub(...args);
+const dispatcher = (...args) => args[1]?.[1] === "ensure-interaction-language"
+  ? JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "it", workspace_language: "it" })
+  : activeStub(...args);
 Object.defineProperty(cp, "execFileSync", {
   configurable: true,
   get: () => dispatcher,
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_datamart_choice.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_datamart_choice.test.js
index a7b1b88c..b2931316 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_datamart_choice.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_datamart_choice.test.js
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ async function loadGate() {
 function phase8Stub(calls) {
   return (_file, args) => {
     calls.push(args);
+    if (args[0] === "session" && args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language")
+      return JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "it", workspace_language: "it" });
     if (args[0] === "phase" && args[1] === "meta") {
       return JSON.stringify({
         max_phase: 8,
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_interaction_language.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_interaction_language.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1e10d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_interaction_language.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+const test = require("node:test");
+const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
+const cp = require("node:child_process");
+const { createRequire } = require("node:module");
+const path = require("node:path");
+const { createFakePi } = require("./fake_pi_runtime.js");
+const GATE = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "tht-gate.js");
+if (!globalThis.require) globalThis.require = createRequire(GATE);
+let activeStub = cp.execFileSync;
+const dispatcher = (...args) => activeStub(...args);
+Object.defineProperty(cp, "execFileSync", {
+  configurable: true, get: () => dispatcher, set: fn => { activeStub = fn; },
+});
+
+for (const [language, workspaceLanguage, entry, title, yes, no] of [
+  ["en", "it", "/riprendi-sessione s1", "Generate a datamart?", "Yes, generate the datamart", "No, skip the datamart"],
+  ["it", "en", '/nuova-domanda "Pazienti"', "Vuoi generare un datamart?", "Sì, genera il datamart", "No, salta il datamart"],
+  ["fr-FR", "it", "/riprendi-sessione s1", "Generate a datamart?", "Yes, generate the datamart", "No, skip the datamart"],
+]) test(`manifest language ${language} governs every model turn and generated gate chrome`, async () => {
+  const previous = { exec: cp.execFileSync, session: process.env.THT_SESSION,
+    language: process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE, profile: process.env.THT_PROFILE };
+  process.env.THT_SESSION = "s1";
+  process.env.THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE = workspaceLanguage; // stale launch hints have no authority
+  process.env.THT_PROFILE = "server";
+  cp.execFileSync = (_file, args) => {
+    if (args[0] === "session" && args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language")
+      return JSON.stringify({ id: "s1", interaction_language: language, workspace_language: workspaceLanguage });
+    if (args[0] === "session" && args[1] === "retrieval-pack") return "Pazienti: età > 65";
+    if (args[0] === "phase" && args[1] === "meta")
+      return JSON.stringify({ max_phase: 8, phases: [{ num: 8, id: "F8", name: "datamart",
+        emits: ["datamart_requested", "datamart_declined"] }] });
+    if (args[0] === "phase" && args[1] === "show") return "Fase corrente: 8\n";
+    return "";
+  };
+  try {
+    const { default: installGate } = await import(GATE);
+    const { pi, ctx, tools } = createFakePi();
+    ctx.cwd = "/nonexistent-language-test";
+    installGate(pi);
+    await pi.emit("input", { text: entry, source: "rpc" });
+    for (let turn = 0; turn < 2; turn++) {
+      const injected = await pi.emit("before_agent_start", { systemPrompt: "BASE" });
+      assert.ok(injected.systemPrompt.includes(`interaction_language=${language}`));
+      assert.ok(injected.systemPrompt.includes(`workspace_language=${workspaceLanguage}`));
+      assert.match(injected.systemPrompt, /reviewer questions, explanations, and choices/);
+    }
+    let widget;
+    ctx.ui.input = async title => {
+      widget = JSON.parse(title);
+      return JSON.stringify({ id: widget.id, choices: ["skip"] });
+    };
+    await tools.get("reviewer_datamart").def.execute("call", { session: "s1" }, null, null, ctx);
+    assert.equal(widget.title, title);
+    assert.equal(widget.title_i18n, "Generate a datamart?");
+    assert.deepEqual(widget.options.map(o => [o.id, o.label]), [
+      ["generate", yes], ["skip", no],
+    ]);
+  } finally {
+    cp.execFileSync = previous.exec;
+    for (const [key, value] of [["THT_SESSION", previous.session],
+      ["THT_INTERACTION_LANGUAGE", previous.language], ["THT_PROFILE", previous.profile]]) {
+      if (value === undefined) delete process.env[key]; else process.env[key] = value;
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test("an unavailable manifest blocks model startup instead of trusting a launch hint", async () => {
+  const originalExec = cp.execFileSync;
+  const previousSession = process.env.THT_SESSION;
+  process.env.THT_SESSION = "unavailable";
+  cp.execFileSync = () => { throw new Error("storage unavailable"); };
+  try {
+    const { default: installGate } = await import(GATE);
+    const { pi, ctx } = createFakePi();
+    ctx.cwd = "/nonexistent-language-test";
+    installGate(pi);
+    await pi.emit("input", { text: "/riprendi-sessione unavailable", source: "rpc" });
+    await assert.rejects(pi.emit("before_agent_start", { systemPrompt: "BASE" }), /storage unavailable/);
+  } finally {
+    cp.execFileSync = originalExec;
+    if (previousSession === undefined) delete process.env.THT_SESSION;
+    else process.env.THT_SESSION = previousSession;
+  }
+});
+
+test("artifact and join chrome localize while SQL, decisions and generated text remain verbatim", () => {
+  const { buildArtifactGate, buildJoinReviewRequest } = require("../core/builders.js");
+  const artifact = { kind: "sql", data: "SELECT nome FROM pazienti WHERE stato = 'attivo'" };
+  const options = [{ id: "join-1", label: "Collega pazienti", detail: "p.id = v.id" }];
+  for (const [locale, save, reject, next] of [
+    ["en", "Save and proceed", "Reject", "Continue"],
+    ["it", "Salva e procedi", "Rifiuta", "Continua"],
+    ["fr", "Save and proceed", "Reject", "Continue"],
+  ]) {
+    const gate = buildArtifactGate({ id: "u1", phase: "F7", title: "SQL finale",
+      artifact, action: { kind: "approve_reject" }, locale });
+    assert.deepEqual(gate.options.map(o => [o.id, o.label]), [["approve", save], ["reject", reject]]);
+    assert.deepEqual(gate.artifact, artifact);
+    assert.equal(gate.title, "SQL finale");
+    const joins = buildJoinReviewRequest({ id: "u2", phase: "F4", title: "Join", options, locale });
+    assert.equal(joins.confirm_label, next);
+    assert.deepEqual(joins.options, options);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_join_review.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_join_review.test.js
index 617d1af0..5b717407 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_join_review.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_join_review.test.js
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ const JOIN_OPTIONS = [
 function shellStub(calls, inputs = []) {
   return (_file, args, options = {}) => {
     calls.push(args.join(" "));
+    if (args[0] === "session" && args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language")
+      return JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "en", workspace_language: "it" });
     if (options.input) inputs.push(options.input);
     if (args[0] === "phase" && args[1] === "meta") {
       return JSON.stringify({ phases: [{ num: 4, id: "F4" }] });
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_promote.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_promote.test.js
index 32cba9b7..8aabebc0 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_promote.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_promote.test.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 const test = require("node:test");
 const assert = require("node:assert/strict");
 const { createMemoryGate } = require("../memory/index.js");
+const { gateText } = require("../core/locale.js");
 const { createFakePi } = require("./fake_pi_runtime.js");
 
 function setup({ phase = 8, response, failure = null } = {}) {
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ function setup({ phase = 8, response, failure = null } = {}) {
   const calls = [];
   const summary = { summary_id: "summary", items: [{ id: "rule", card: { subject: "Rule" } }] };
   createMemoryGate({
+    languageFor: () => "en",
+    gateText,
     workflow: { activate() {}, phase: () => ({ number: phase, id: "F" + phase }),
       close: () => { calls.push("close"); return "closed"; } },
     memory: { execute: () => JSON.stringify(summary),
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_selection.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_selection.test.js
index 499e0bb2..a105a4f5 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_selection.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_memory_selection.test.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 const test = require("node:test");
 const assert = require("node:assert");
 const { createMemoryGate } = require("../memory/index.js");
+const { gateText } = require("../core/locale.js");
 const { buildMultiselectRequest } = require("../core/builders.js");
 const { isReserved } = require("../core/reserved-labels.mjs");
 const { createFakePi } = require("./fake_pi_runtime.js");
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ const MEMORY_OPTIONS = [
 ];
 
 
-function setupRecall(choices) {
+function setupRecall(choices, language = "it") {
   const { pi, tools, ctx } = createFakePi();
   const calls = [];
   let descriptor;
@@ -53,6 +54,8 @@ function setupRecall(choices) {
     return JSON.stringify({ id: descriptor.id, choices });
   };
   const memoryGate = createMemoryGate({
+    languageFor: () => language,
+    gateText,
     workflow: {
       activate: () => calls.push(["activate"]),
       phase: () => ({ number: 8, id: "F8" }),
@@ -117,6 +120,19 @@ test("the Memory facade normalizes search hits and applies only the selected F2
   assert.match(result.content[0].text, /1 decisioni.*La fase resta aperta/s);
 });
 
+test("English Memory chrome preserves Italian content and carries UI translation keys", async () => {
+  const { ctx, memoryGate, descriptor } = setupRecall(["first"], "en");
+  await memoryGate.reviewRecall(ctx, {
+    session: "s1", title: "Memory", options: MEMORY_OPTIONS, allow_empty: true, advance: false,
+  }, "F2");
+  assert.equal(descriptor().title, "Select memories to apply to the question");
+  assert.equal(descriptor().confirm_label, "Apply selected memories");
+  assert.equal(descriptor().confirm_label_i18n, "Apply selected memories");
+  assert.equal(descriptor().options[0].label, "Regola paziente attivo");
+  assert.equal(descriptor().options[0].detail, MEMORY_OPTIONS[0].description);
+  assert.equal(descriptor().options[0].label_i18n, undefined);
+});
+
 test("authoritative UUID card identities survive normalization into the reviewer widget", async () => {
   const { ctx, memoryGate, descriptor } = setupRecall(["first"]);
   const id = "mem-11111111-1111-4111-8111-111111111111";
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_promote_autoclose.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_promote_autoclose.test.js
index dd85682b..1d0fa979 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_promote_autoclose.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_promote_autoclose.test.js
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ case "$1 $2" in
   "phase show") echo "Fase corrente: ${phase}";;
   "phase meta") echo '{"max_phase":8,"phases":[{"num":2,"id":"F2","emits":[]},{"num":8,"id":"F8","emits":[]}]}';;
   "memory summary") echo '{"summary_id":"saved-review","reviewed":true}';;
-  "session show") echo '{"status":"${status}"}';;
+  "session show"|"session ensure-interaction-language") echo '{"id":"s1","status":"${status}","interaction_language":"it","workspace_language":"it"}';;
   *) echo "OK";;
 esac
 `;
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_provided_session.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_provided_session.test.js
index 0d96f346..826ab417 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_provided_session.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_provided_session.test.js
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ test("con THT_SESSION il kickoff usa l'id fornito e NON crea la sessione", async
   const bin = path.join(tmp, "bin");
   fs.mkdirSync(bin);
   const tht = path.join(bin, "tht");
-  fs.writeFileSync(tht, "#!/bin/sh\nexit 1\n", { mode: 0o755 });
+  fs.writeFileSync(tht, '#!/bin/sh\nif [ "$2" = "ensure-interaction-language" ]; then\n' +
+    'echo \'{"interaction_language":"it","workspace_language":"it"}\'\nelse\nexit 1\nfi\n', { mode: 0o755 });
   const oldPath = process.env.PATH;
   process.env.PATH = bin + ":" + oldPath;
   process.env.THT_SESSION = "2026-06-27-100000-test";
   try {
     const { pi, ctx } = createFakePi();
+    ctx.cwd = tmp;
     installGate(pi);
     await pi.emit("input", { source: "rpc", text: '/nuova-domanda "x"' });
     const injected = await pi.emit("before_agent_start", { systemPrompt: "" });
@@ -56,7 +58,9 @@ test("con retrieval pack persistito lo inietta senza chiedere tool call ridondan
   fs.writeFileSync(
     tht,
     "#!/bin/sh\n" +
-      "printf \"# Retrieval pack\\n\\nTABELLA_CANDIDATA\\n\"\n",
+      'if [ "$2" = "ensure-interaction-language" ]; then\n' +
+      'echo \'{"interaction_language":"it","workspace_language":"it"}\'\nelse\n' +
+      "printf \"# Retrieval pack\\n\\nTABELLA_CANDIDATA\\n\"\nfi\n",
     { mode: 0o755 },
   );
   const oldPath = process.env.PATH;
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_resume_kickoff.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_resume_kickoff.test.js
index cac6f3ff..a8fa297a 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_resume_kickoff.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_resume_kickoff.test.js
@@ -1,5 +1,15 @@
 const test = require("node:test");
 const assert = require("node:assert");
+const cp = require("node:child_process");
+const { syncBuiltinESMExports } = require("node:module");
+const originalExec = cp.execFileSync;
+cp.execFileSync = (_file, args) => {
+  if (args[0] === "session" && args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language")
+    return JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "it", workspace_language: "it" });
+  throw new Error("No retrieval pack in this fixture");
+};
+syncBuiltinESMExports();
+test.after(() => { cp.execFileSync = originalExec; syncBuiltinESMExports(); });
 const { createFakePi } = require("./fake_pi_runtime.js");
 const installGate = require("../../tht-gate.js").default ?? require("../../tht-gate.js");
 
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_roundtrip.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_roundtrip.test.js
index c8d717ef..d9ecbaa6 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_roundtrip.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_roundtrip.test.js
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@ test("no-limbo: undefined (cancel) ri-presenta lo stesso widget", async () => {
   const resp = await emitAndWait(ctx, descriptor);
   assert.deepEqual(resp, { id: "u1", choices: ["a"] });
   assert.equal(ctx.uiCalls.length, 2);                    // ri-presentato una volta
-  assert.ok(ctx.notifications.some((n) => /Esc non chiude/.test(n.message)));
+  assert.ok(ctx.notifications.some((n) => /Esc does not close/.test(n.message)));
 });
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_workflow_observable_contract.test.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_workflow_observable_contract.test.js
index 50c84d68..bbea7a75 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_workflow_observable_contract.test.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/__tests__/gate_workflow_observable_contract.test.js
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ const GATE = path.join(__dirname, "..", "..", "tht-gate.js");
 globalThis.require = createRequire(GATE);
 
 const shell = { current: () => "" };
-cp.execFileSync = (file, args, options) => shell.current(file, args, options);
+cp.execFileSync = (file, args, options) => args[1] === "ensure-interaction-language"
+  ? JSON.stringify({ interaction_language: "it", workspace_language: "it" })
+  : shell.current(file, args, options);
 
 const installGate = require(GATE).default ?? require(GATE);
 
@@ -541,7 +543,7 @@ test("F8 warns about pending indexing but preserves the saved review and finaliz
   const { ctx, tools, calls } = await setupGate({ phase: 8, preview: [PROMOTION_CANDIDATE], indexed: false });
   answerReview(ctx, [PROMOTION_CANDIDATE]);
   await tools.get("reviewer_memory_promote").def.execute("pending", { session: "s1" }, null, null, ctx);
-  assert(ctx.notifications.some(({ message, level }) => level === "warning" && message.includes("Memory saved")));
+  assert(ctx.notifications.some(({ message, level }) => level === "warning" && message.includes("Memory salvata")));
   assert(memoryPromotionMutationArgs(calls).some(args => args.includes("memory_summary_reviewed")));
 });
 test("F8 recovers a saved review without asking again or saving cards again", async () => {
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/builders.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/builders.js
index e6532706..5594f5ff 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/builders.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/builders.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 const SCHEMA_VERSION = 1;
 const RESERVED = ["back", "exit", "other"];
+const { gateText } = require("./locale.js");
 
 const VALID_ACTION_KINDS = new Set(["confirm", "approve_reject", "view_only"]);
 const VALID_INFO_LEVELS = new Set(["info", "warning", "error"]);
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ function requireArray(value, name, ctx) {
 // highlight as "(consigliato)".
 function buildSelectRequest({
   id, phase, title, options, intro = null, recommended = null,
+  titleI18n,
 }) {
   requireString(title, "title", "select");
   const opts = requireArray(options, "options", "select");
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ function buildSelectRequest({
     schema_version: SCHEMA_VERSION,
     widget: "select",
     title,
+    ...(titleI18n ? { title_i18n: titleI18n } : {}),
     intro,
     recommended,
     options: [...opts],
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ function buildSelectRequest({
 // `allowEmpty:false` with zero options is a broken widget and throws.
 function buildMultiselectRequest({
   id, phase, title, options, content = null, selected = [], allowEmpty = false,
-  selectionLabel, confirmLabel,
+  selectionLabel, confirmLabel, titleI18n, selectionLabelI18n, confirmLabelI18n,
 }) {
   requireString(title, "title", "multiselect");
   const opts = requireArray(options, "options", "multiselect");
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@ function buildMultiselectRequest({
     schema_version: SCHEMA_VERSION,
     widget: "multiselect",
     title,
+    ...(titleI18n ? { title_i18n: titleI18n } : {}),
     allow_empty: allowEmpty,
     options: opts.map((option) => ({ ...option, selected: selected.includes(option.id) })),
     selected: [...selected],
@@ -84,13 +88,15 @@ function buildMultiselectRequest({
     reserved: RESERVED,
     ...(selectionLabel ? { selection_label: selectionLabel } : {}),
     ...(confirmLabel ? { confirm_label: confirmLabel } : {}),
+    ...(selectionLabelI18n ? { selection_label_i18n: selectionLabelI18n } : {}),
+    ...(confirmLabelI18n ? { confirm_label_i18n: confirmLabelI18n } : {}),
   };
 }
 
 // Build an `artifact-gate` ui_request: a rendered artifact + a disposition list
 // (confirm / approve_reject / view_only). The decision is load-bearing on the
 // document, so the artifact is never shown alone (spec §4.1).
-function buildArtifactGate({ id, phase, title, artifact, action }) {
+function buildArtifactGate({ id, phase, title, artifact, action, locale = "en" }) {
   requireString(title, "title", "artifact-gate");
   if (!artifact || typeof artifact !== "object") {
     throw new Error("builders: artifact-gate requires an artifact object");
@@ -105,10 +111,10 @@ function buildArtifactGate({ id, phase, title, artifact, action }) {
   }
   const ACTION_OPTIONS = {
     approve_reject: [
-      { id: "approve", label: "Salva e procedi", recommended: true },
-      { id: "reject", label: "Rifiuta" },
+      { id: "approve", label: gateText(locale, "save"), label_i18n: gateText("en", "save"), recommended: true },
+      { id: "reject", label: gateText(locale, "reject"), label_i18n: gateText("en", "reject") },
     ],
-    confirm: [{ id: "approve", label: "Salva e procedi", recommended: true }],
+    confirm: [{ id: "approve", label: gateText(locale, "save"), label_i18n: gateText("en", "save"), recommended: true }],
     view_only: [],
   };
   return {
@@ -180,7 +186,7 @@ function buildSchemaLinkingRequest({ id, phase, title, tables }) {
 // Build a blocking, read-only join review. The reviewer can accept the complete
 // proposal or use Other to request a textual correction; individual joins are
 // deliberately not selectable because omitting one could create a Cartesian product.
-function buildJoinReviewRequest({ id, phase, title, options }) {
+function buildJoinReviewRequest({ id, phase, title, options, locale = "en" }) {
   requireString(title, "title", "join-review");
   const opts = requireArray(options, "options", "join-review");
   if (opts.length === 0) {
@@ -194,7 +200,8 @@ function buildJoinReviewRequest({ id, phase, title, options }) {
     widget: "join-review",
     title,
     options: [...opts],
-    confirm_label: "Continue",
+    confirm_label: gateText(locale, "continue"),
+    confirm_label_i18n: gateText("en", "continue"),
     reserved: RESERVED,
   };
 }
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/enrich.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/enrich.js
index ca73035b..70707e9d 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/enrich.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/enrich.js
@@ -156,12 +156,14 @@ function enrichCteResultColumns(payload, planTables, getColumns) {
 // comes from persisted state, not model prose). `decisions` is session-show's ledger
 // dump; `emits` is the phase's substantive decision-type list from workflow.yaml.
 // No matching decisions -> data returned unchanged. Pure: returns a NEW object.
-function appendLedgerSection(data, decisions, emits) {
+function appendLedgerSection(data, decisions, emits, locale = "en") {
+	const { gateText } = require("./locale.js");
 	const emitSet = new Set(emits || []);
 	const rows = (decisions || []).filter((d) => d && emitSet.has(d.type));
 	if (rows.length === 0) return data;
 	const section = {
-		title: "Decisioni registrate in questa fase (dal ledger)",
+		title: gateText(locale, "ledgerTitle"),
+		title_i18n: gateText("en", "ledgerTitle"),
 		items: rows.map((d) => ({
 			label: `${d.type}: ${d.subject}`,
 			value: d.detail || "",
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/locale.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/locale.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0089e4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/core/locale.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Only deterministic chrome is translated. Model prose and domain payloads are opaque.
+const en = {
+  save: "Save and proceed", reject: "Reject", continue: "Continue",
+  approvalPrompt: "Approve or reject?", chooseApproval: "Choose Save and proceed or Reject.",
+  datamartTitle: "Generate a datamart?", datamartYes: "Yes, generate the datamart",
+  datamartNo: "No, skip the datamart",
+  memoryTitle: "Select memories to apply to the question", memorySelection: "memories to apply",
+  memoryApply: "Apply selected memories", memoryEmpty: "No reusable memories for this question; continuing to the next phase.",
+  memorySummary: "Memory for future questions", archiveRepair: "Resolve archive conflict",
+  repairError: "The correction could not complete. Review the current archive state before retrying.",
+  ledgerTitle: "Decisions recorded in this phase (from the ledger)",
+  escapeHelp: "Esc does not close the gate: use Back / Exit / Other.",
+  inputHelp: "Answer through the gate widgets. To send free text to the model, start the line with '!'.",
+  memoryIndexWarning: "Memory saved. Index update is incomplete; an administrator can retry it in Memory management.",
+  backUsage: "Usage: /torna <session_id> [N]",
+  backInvalid: "Invalid target (current phase {phase}).",
+  decision: "Decision",
+};
+const it = {
+  save: "Salva e procedi", reject: "Rifiuta", continue: "Continua",
+  approvalPrompt: "Approvi o rifiuti?", chooseApproval: "Scegli «Salva e procedi» o «Rifiuta».",
+  datamartTitle: "Vuoi generare un datamart?", datamartYes: "Sì, genera il datamart",
+  datamartNo: "No, salta il datamart",
+  memoryTitle: "Seleziona le memory da applicare alla domanda", memorySelection: "memory da applicare",
+  memoryApply: "Applica le memory selezionate", memoryEmpty: "Nessuna memory riutilizzabile per questa domanda — passo alla fase successiva.",
+  memorySummary: "Memory per le domande future", archiveRepair: "Risolvi il conflitto negli archivi",
+  repairError: "La correzione non è stata completata. Verifica lo stato attuale degli archivi prima di riprovare.",
+  ledgerTitle: "Decisioni registrate in questa fase (dal ledger)",
+  escapeHelp: "Esc non chiude il gate: usa Torna indietro / Esci / Altro dalle opzioni.",
+  inputHelp: "Durante la sessione rispondi con i widget del gate. Per inviare testo libero al modello inizia la riga con '!'.",
+  memoryIndexWarning: "Memory salvata. L'aggiornamento dell'indice è incompleto; un amministratore può riprovarlo da Gestione Memory.",
+  backUsage: "Uso: /torna <session_id> [N]",
+  backInvalid: "Target non valido (fase corrente {phase}).",
+  decision: "Decisione",
+};
+const catalogs = { en, it };
+function gateText(locale, key) {
+  const language = String(locale || "en").toLowerCase().split("-")[0];
+  return catalogs[language]?.[key] ?? en[key];
+}
+module.exports = { gateText };
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/index.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/index.js
index e95313ed..69b1b6a1 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/index.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/index.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 import { installRepairGate } from "./repair.js";
 
-// Compatibility note: reviewer labels move verbatim from the composition root.
-// Tickets #22 and #23 require observable parity; translating existing chrome is a
-// separate product behavior change rather than part of these extractions.
+// The composition root supplies manifest language; only deterministic chrome is localized.
 
 function normalizedText(value) {
 	return String(value ?? "").trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ").toLowerCase();
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ function memoryOptionKey(option) {
 }
 
 
-function normalizeMemoryOptions(options) {
+function normalizeMemoryOptions(options, locale, gateText) {
 	const seen = new Set();
 	const out = [];
 	for (const option of options) {
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ function normalizeMemoryOptions(options) {
 		].join(" ").match(MEMORY_ID_RE)?.[0]?.toLowerCase();
 		const fallbackDetail = [
 			option.decision?.type && option.decision?.subject
-				? `Decisione ${option.decision.type}: ${option.decision.subject}`
+				? `${gateText(locale, "decision")} ${option.decision.type}: ${option.decision.subject}`
 				: "",
 			option.decision?.detail ?? "",
 		].filter(Boolean).join("\n");
@@ -62,12 +60,15 @@ function normalizeMemoryOptions(options) {
 }
 
 
-function memorySelectionWidgetProps(options) {
+function memorySelectionWidgetProps(options, locale, gateText) {
 	return {
-		title: "Seleziona le memory da applicare alla domanda",
+		title: gateText(locale, "memoryTitle"),
+		titleI18n: gateText("en", "memoryTitle"),
 		selected: options.filter((option) => option.recommended).map((option) => option.id),
-		selectionLabel: "memory da applicare",
-		confirmLabel: "Applica le memory selezionate",
+		selectionLabel: gateText(locale, "memorySelection"),
+		confirmLabel: gateText(locale, "memoryApply"),
+		selectionLabelI18n: gateText("en", "memorySelection"),
+		confirmLabelI18n: gateText("en", "memoryApply"),
 	};
 }
 
@@ -78,10 +79,11 @@ function shouldSkipEmptyRecall({ meritCount, allowEmpty, advance }) {
 
 
 async function reviewRecall(ctx, params, phase, dependencies) {
-	const { workflow, ledger, reviewer, waitForReviewer, toTextResult } = dependencies;
+	const { workflow, ledger, reviewer, waitForReviewer, toTextResult, languageFor, gateText } = dependencies;
 	try {
 		const { session, advance } = params;
-		const options = normalizeMemoryOptions(params.options);
+		const locale = languageFor(ctx, session);
+		const options = normalizeMemoryOptions(params.options, locale, gateText);
 		const typeError = ledger.validate(ctx, options, session);
 		if (typeError) return toTextResult(typeError);
 		const meritOptions = options
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ async function reviewRecall(ctx, params, phase, dependencies) {
 			advance,
 		})) {
 			await ctx.ui.notify(
-				"Nessuna memory riutilizzabile per questa domanda — passo alla fase successiva.",
+				gateText(locale, "memoryEmpty"),
 				"info",
 			);
 			workflow.advance(ctx, session);
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ async function reviewRecall(ctx, params, phase, dependencies) {
 			phase,
 			allowEmpty: params.allow_empty ?? false,
 			options: meritOptions,
-			...memorySelectionWidgetProps(options),
+			...memorySelectionWidgetProps(options, locale, gateText),
 		});
 		const response = await waitForReviewer(ctx, widget);
 		if (response.control === "freetext") {
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ async function reviewRecall(ctx, params, phase, dependencies) {
 }
 
 
-function installMemoryGate(pi, { workflow, memory, ledger, waitForReviewer, toTextResult }) {
+function installMemoryGate(pi, { workflow, memory, ledger, waitForReviewer, toTextResult, languageFor, gateText }) {
     pi.registerTool({
         name: "reviewer_memory_promote",
         label: "Review Memory summary",
@@ -188,7 +190,8 @@ function installMemoryGate(pi, { workflow, memory, ledger, waitForReviewer, toTe
                 }
                 const response = await waitForReviewer(ctx, {
                     id: `u${Date.now()}`, schema_version: 1, phase: phase.id,
-                    widget: "memory-review", title: "Memory for future questions",
+                    widget: "memory-review", title: gateText(languageFor(ctx, session), "memorySummary"),
+                    title_i18n: gateText("en", "memorySummary"),
                     summary, reserved: ["other", "back", "exit"],
                 });
                 if (response.control) return toTextResult(
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/repair.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/repair.js
index 8968fa32..946005fd 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/repair.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/gate/memory/repair.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 
-export function installRepairGate(pi, { workflow, memory, waitForReviewer, toTextResult }) {
+export function installRepairGate(pi, { workflow, memory, waitForReviewer, toTextResult, languageFor, gateText }) {
     pi.registerTool({
         name: "reviewer_archive_repair",
         label: "Resolve Memory / Evidence conflict",
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export function installRepairGate(pi, { workflow, memory, waitForReviewer, toTex
             try {
                 if (!!params.repair_id === !!params.proposal)
                     return toTextResult("Supply either a new proposal or an existing repair_id.");
+                const locale = languageFor(ctx, params.session);
                 const run = args => JSON.parse(memory.execute(ctx,
                     [...args, "--session", params.session, "--json"]));
                 let repair = params.repair_id
@@ -36,7 +37,9 @@ export function installRepairGate(pi, { workflow, memory, waitForReviewer, toTex
                     const response = await waitForReviewer(ctx, {
                         id: `u${Date.now()}`, schema_version: 1,
                         phase: workflow.phase(ctx, params.session).id,
-                        widget: "archive-repair", title: "Resolve archive conflict",
+                        widget: "archive-repair", title: gateText(locale, "archiveRepair"),
+                        title_i18n: gateText("en", "archiveRepair"),
+                        ...(error ? { error_i18n: gateText("en", "repairError") } : {}),
                         repair, error, reserved: ["other", "back", "exit"],
                     });
                     if (response.control) return toTextResult(response.control === "freetext"
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ export function installRepairGate(pi, { workflow, memory, waitForReviewer, toTex
                             return toTextResult("All repair proposals were rejected as inadequate. " +
                                 "No archive was changed. Reformulate the options for the reviewer.");
                     } catch (failure) {
-                        error = "The correction could not complete. Review the current archive state before retrying.";
+                        error = gateText(locale, "repairError");
                         repair = run(["repair-show", "--repair-id", repair.repair_id]);
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/harness/.pi/extensions/tht-gate.js b/harness/.pi/extensions/tht-gate.js
index 116c7d00..29f72387 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/extensions/tht-gate.js
+++ b/harness/.pi/extensions/tht-gate.js
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 import { execFileSync } from "node:child_process";
 import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { join } from "node:path";
 import { Type } from "typebox";
 import {
 	buildSelectRequest,
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ import {
 	NEW_SESSION_CLARIFICATION_KICKOFF,
 } from "./gate/disambiguation/index.js";
 import { isReserved } from "./gate/core/reserved-labels.mjs";
+import { gateText } from "./gate/core/locale.js";
 
 // Machine-readable RPC notification consumed by SessionBridge. Pi's extension API
 // exposes notify/input but no custom client-event emitter, so this reserved prefix is
@@ -190,6 +192,8 @@ const NUOVA_DOMANDA_KICKOFF =
 	"orchestri, il reviewer decide, la CLI `tht` persiste; NON sei in modalita' autonoma).\n" +
 	'1. Esegui `tht session new "<la domanda dell\'utente nel messaggio sopra>"` e annota ' +
 	"l'id stampato nell'ultima riga.\n" +
+	"Leggi subito `tht session show <id> --json`: usa interaction_language del manifest " +
+	"per ogni domanda, spiegazione e scelta al reviewer, prima della prima interazione.\n" +
 	"2. Segui il workflow dalla Fase 1 (Chiarimento), usando l'id di sessione in ogni " +
 	"comando `tht`.\n" +
 	"Regole non negoziabili (valgono SEMPRE, anche senza la skill):\n" +
@@ -249,11 +253,9 @@ function textResult(text) {
 
 // Load THT_* env vars from .env (project root = ctx.cwd).
 function loadEnvFromDotenv(ctx) {
-	const fs = require("node:fs");
-	const path = require("node:path");
-	const envPath = path.join(ctx.cwd, ".env");
+	const envPath = join(ctx.cwd, ".env");
 	try {
-		const raw = fs.readFileSync(envPath, "utf8");
+		const raw = readFileSync(envPath, "utf8");
 		for (const line of raw.split("\n")) {
 			const trimmed = line.trim();
 			if (!trimmed || trimmed.startsWith("#")) continue;
@@ -262,7 +264,8 @@ function loadEnvFromDotenv(ctx) {
 			const key = trimmed.slice(0, idx).trim();
 			const value = trimmed.slice(idx + 1).trim();
 			if (key.startsWith("THT_") || key.startsWith("PSD_")) {
-				process.env[key] = value;
+				// Managed runtime configuration/principal values select the authoritative repository.
+				process.env[key] ??= value;
 			}
 		}
 	} catch {
@@ -276,6 +279,30 @@ function tht(ctx, args, input) {
 	return execFileSync("tht", args, { cwd: ctx.cwd, encoding: "utf8", input });
 }
 
+const contextLanguages = new WeakMap();
+
+function sessionLanguage(ctx, sessionId) {
+	const manifest = JSON.parse(tht(ctx, ["session", "ensure-interaction-language", sessionId, "--json"]));
+	// Fail closed: an unreadable manifest must not silently select a browser/env default.
+	if (typeof manifest.interaction_language !== "string" || !manifest.interaction_language)
+		throw new Error("Session interaction language is unavailable");
+	new Intl.Locale(manifest.interaction_language);
+	new Intl.Locale(manifest.workspace_language);
+	contextLanguages.set(ctx, manifest.interaction_language);
+	return manifest;
+}
+
+function languageContext(manifest) {
+	return "\n\n<session-language>\n" +
+		`interaction_language=${manifest.interaction_language}\n` +
+		`workspace_language=${manifest.workspace_language}\n` +
+		"Use interaction_language for all newly generated reviewer questions, explanations, and choices. " +
+		"This persisted session setting is authoritative on every turn, including resume and steering. " +
+		"Preserve workspace documents, quoted sources, prior decisions, SQL, identifiers and literal values. " +
+		"Interpret domain terms in workspace_language. Instruction/example language does not change these settings.\n" +
+		"</session-language>";
+}
+
 // Runs a privileged tht call; converts any failure into an actionable textResult
 // (never propagates a raw "Command failed" to the model).
 function relayIfThtFails(ctx, args, recovery, input) {
@@ -589,7 +616,7 @@ async function reLoop(ctx) {
 	// hasUI is true in RPC too, so this warning would leak to the frontend.
 	if (ctx.mode === "tui")
 		await ctx.ui.notify(
-			"Esc non chiude il gate: usa Torna indietro / Esci / Altro dalle opzioni.",
+			gateText(contextLanguages.get(ctx), "escapeHelp"),
 			"warning",
 		);
 }
@@ -601,6 +628,10 @@ export default function (pi) {
 	let lastSteered = false;
 	let pendingKickoff = null;
 	let activeSessionId = null;
+	const languageFor = (ctx, session) => {
+		activeSessionId = session;
+		return sessionLanguage(ctx, session).interaction_language;
+	};
 	const announcedPhases = new Map();
 	const announceCurrentPhase = async (ctx, session) => {
 		if (ctx.mode !== "rpc" || typeof session !== "string" || !session.trim()) return;
@@ -614,6 +645,8 @@ export default function (pi) {
 		}
 	};
 	const memoryGate = createMemoryGate({
+		languageFor,
+		gateText,
 		workflow: {
 			activate: () => {
 				lockActive = true;
@@ -631,7 +664,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 				try {
 					const result = JSON.parse(tht(ctx, ["memory", ...args]));
 					if (result.indexed === false) {
-						await ctx.ui.notify("Memory saved. Index update is incomplete; an administrator can retry it in Memory management.", "warning");
+						await ctx.ui.notify(gateText(contextLanguages.get(ctx), "memoryIndexWarning"), "warning");
 					}
 					return null;
 				} catch (error) {
@@ -743,6 +776,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 		const raw = (event.text ?? "").trimStart();
 		// entry detection: workflow-start funziona sia da TUI sia da comando RPC `prompt`.
 		if (/^\/(nuova-domanda|riprendi-sessione)\b/.test(raw)) {
+			activeSessionId = /^\/riprendi-sessione\s+(\S+)/.exec(raw)?.[1] ?? process.env.THT_SESSION ?? null;
 			// NOTE: the source runs an ollama preflight here; ThothII defers embeddings
 			// readiness to the session's first vector op. Entry detection only:
 			lockActive = true;
@@ -763,8 +797,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 			return { action: "transform", text: trimmed.slice(1).trimStart() };
 		if (ctx.mode === "tui") {
 			await ctx.ui.notify(
-				"Durante la sessione rispondi con i widget del gate. " +
-					"Per inviare testo libero al modello inizia la riga con '!'.",
+				gateText(contextLanguages.get(ctx), "inputHelp"),
 				"warning",
 			);
 		}
@@ -774,9 +807,10 @@ export default function (pi) {
 	// 3) BEFORE_AGENT_START: one-shot kickoff injection (appends the operational
 	//    instructions to the system prompt on the turn that starts/resumes a session).
 	pi.on("before_agent_start", async (event, ctx) => {
-		await announceCurrentPhase(ctx, process.env.THT_SESSION);
-		if (!pendingKickoff) return undefined;
-		const sessionId = process.env.THT_SESSION;
+		const sessionId = activeSessionId ?? process.env.THT_SESSION;
+		await announceCurrentPhase(ctx, sessionId);
+		const language = sessionId ? languageContext(sessionLanguage(ctx, sessionId)) : "";
+		if (!pendingKickoff) return language ? { systemPrompt: event.systemPrompt + language } : undefined;
 		const isProvidedNewSession =
 			Boolean(sessionId) && pendingKickoff === NUOVA_DOMANDA_KICKOFF_PROVIDED(sessionId);
 		const isResumeSession = pendingKickoff === RIPRENDI_KICKOFF();
@@ -802,7 +836,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 				inject +
 				(retrievalPack
 					? "\n\n<retrieval-pack>\n" + retrievalPack + "\n</retrieval-pack>"
-					: ""),
+					: "") + language,
 		};
 	});
 
@@ -814,7 +848,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 			lockActive = false;
 			lastSteered = false;
 		}
-		activeSessionId = null;
+		if (!pendingKickoff) activeSessionId = null;
 		announcedPhases.clear();
 		_phaseMetaCache = null;
 	});
@@ -824,7 +858,10 @@ export default function (pi) {
 	// completes, including auto-approved phases that never open a human widget.
 	pi.on("tool_result", async (event, ctx) => {
 		const session = typeof event.input?.session === "string" ? event.input.session : null;
-		if (session) await announceCurrentPhase(ctx, session);
+		if (session) {
+			activeSessionId = session;
+			await announceCurrentPhase(ctx, session);
+		}
 	});
 
 	// 5) AGENT_END prose safety net: if the model emits prose instead of a reviewer_*
@@ -936,15 +973,18 @@ export default function (pi) {
 					);
 				}
 
+				const locale = languageFor(ctx, session);
 				const options = [
 					{
 						id: "generate",
-						label: "Sì, genera il datamart",
+						label: gateText(locale, "datamartYes"),
+						label_i18n: gateText("en", "datamartYes"),
 						decision: { type: "datamart_requested", subject },
 					},
 					{
 						id: "skip",
-						label: "No, salta il datamart",
+						label: gateText(locale, "datamartNo"),
+						label_i18n: gateText("en", "datamartNo"),
 						decision: { type: "datamart_declined", subject },
 						recommended: true,
 					},
@@ -952,10 +992,13 @@ export default function (pi) {
 				const widget = buildSelectRequest({
 					id: `u${Date.now()}`,
 					phase: phaseId(ctx, curNum),
-					title: "Vuoi generare un datamart?",
+					title: gateText(locale, "datamartTitle"),
+					titleI18n: gateText("en", "datamartTitle"),
 					intro: null,
 					recommended: "skip",
-					options: options.map((option) => ({ id: option.id, label: option.label })),
+					options: options.map((option) => ({
+						id: option.id, label: option.label, label_i18n: option.label_i18n,
+					})),
 				});
 				const resp = await emitAndWait(ctx, widget);
 				const outcome = resolveSelectOutcome(options, resp);
@@ -1037,6 +1080,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 				.every((o) => o.decision.type === "join_modified");
 			const widget = joinOnly
 				? buildJoinReviewRequest({
+					locale: languageFor(ctx, session),
 					id: `u${Date.now()}`,
 					phase,
 					title,
@@ -1293,6 +1337,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 			lockActive = true;
 			try {
 			const { session, kind, title } = params;
+			const locale = languageFor(ctx, session);
 			let artifact = params.artifact;
 			const curNum = currentPhase(ctx, session);
 			const phase = phaseId(ctx, curNum);
@@ -1428,6 +1473,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 						enriched,
 						show.decisions,
 						meta ? meta.emits : [],
+						locale,
 					);
 				} catch {
 					// ledger non leggibile: il riepilogo resta quello del modello
@@ -1436,18 +1482,22 @@ export default function (pi) {
 			}
 
 			const widget = buildArtifactGate({
+				locale,
 				id: `u${Date.now()}`,
 				phase,
 				title,
 				artifact,
-				action: { kind: "approve_reject", prompt: "Approvi o rifiuti?" },
+				action: {
+					kind: "approve_reject", prompt: gateText(locale, "approvalPrompt"),
+					prompt_i18n: gateText("en", "approvalPrompt"),
+				},
 			});
 			let outcome;
 			for (;;) {
 				const resp = await emitAndWait(ctx, widget);
 				outcome = resolveConfirmOutcome(resp);
 				if (outcome.kind !== "unknown") break;
-				await ctx.ui.notify("Scegli «Salva e procedi» o «Rifiuta».", "warning");
+				await ctx.ui.notify(gateText(locale, "chooseApproval"), "warning");
 			}
 			if (outcome.kind === "freetext")
 				return textResult(
@@ -1729,7 +1779,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 						: parts[0];
 			const sid = sessionId ?? activeSessionId ?? process.env.THT_SESSION;
 			if (!sid) {
-				await ctx.ui.notify("Uso: /torna <session_id> [N]", "warning");
+				await ctx.ui.notify(gateText(contextLanguages.get(ctx), "backUsage"), "warning");
 				return;
 			}
 			const cur = currentPhase(ctx, sid);
@@ -1737,7 +1787,7 @@ export default function (pi) {
 			const target = targetArg ? parseInt(targetArg, 10) : cur - 1;
 			if (target < 1 || target >= cur) {
 				await ctx.ui.notify(
-					`Target non valido (fase corrente ${cur}).`,
+					gateText(contextLanguages.get(ctx), "backInvalid").replace("{phase}", String(cur)),
 					"warning",
 				);
 				return;
diff --git a/harness/.pi/prompts/nuova-domanda.md b/harness/.pi/prompts/nuova-domanda.md
index b157d675..6db7f0ee 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/prompts/nuova-domanda.md
+++ b/harness/.pi/prompts/nuova-domanda.md
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ argument-hint: "<domanda>"
 ---
 Nuova domanda ThothII: "$@"
 
+Use the session manifest's interaction_language for reviewer dialogue. Workspace
+content and SQL retain their original language and values. A managed session already
+has its language pinned; standalone `tht session new` defaults to workspace language.
diff --git a/harness/.pi/prompts/riprendi-sessione.md b/harness/.pi/prompts/riprendi-sessione.md
index 2dcdf034..b2776180 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/prompts/riprendi-sessione.md
+++ b/harness/.pi/prompts/riprendi-sessione.md
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ argument-hint: "<session-id>"
 ---
 Riprendi la sessione ThothII "$1".
 
+Use the persisted interaction_language. For a legacy manifest without it, run
+`tht session ensure-interaction-language "$1" --json` before interacting. Resume
+accepts no language override. Preserve workspace content, SQL and prior decisions.
diff --git a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/SKILL.md b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/SKILL.md
index 7ca1ee2d..c82fa298 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/SKILL.md
+++ b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/SKILL.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: tht-sessione
-description: Orchestrator of the Thoth NL->SQL workflow, phases 1-8 (question clarification, memories, rewriting, schema linking, synthesis, CTE plan, final SQL, datamart). Use when working a natural-language question inside a Thoth session.
+description: Orchestrator of the Thoth NL-to-SQL workflow, phases 1-8 (question clarification, memories, rewriting, schema linking, synthesis, CTE plan, final SQL, datamart). Use when working a natural-language question inside a Thoth session.
 ---
 
 # Thoth session workflow (phases 1-8)
@@ -17,11 +17,19 @@ confirmation and is persisted directly — an option without a payload only asks
 Continue records the complete join set), `reviewer_confirm` (gate on an artifact / phase transition). Free text
 arrives via the "Altro/Other" option or by prefixing `!` in chat.
 
-**Language contract (from the workspace `language` field):** the table/column
-descriptions and the evidence you read are written in the workspace language (e.g.
-`it` for PSD). **These instructions are in English; your output to the reviewer and
-your interpretation of domain terms follow the workspace language.** When in doubt
-about a domain term, ask the reviewer.
+**Language contract:** the session manifest's `interaction_language` controls all
+new reviewer questions, explanations, option labels and rationales, including prose
+you generate inside review artifacts. It remains authoritative throughout the session,
+including resume and steering from a browser using a different UI locale. The gate
+injects this persisted language into each model turn; the language of these instructions
+and examples does not select the output language.
+
+`workspace.language` controls workspace-owned documents, catalog descriptions, Evidence
+and interpretation of domain terms. Preserve quoted source content and prior decisions
+verbatim. Keep SQL, identifiers, literal values and workspace artifacts unchanged by
+the interaction preference. Ask about ambiguous domain terms in the interaction language.
+For a legacy manifest without the field, run `tht session ensure-interaction-language
+<id> --json` before interacting: it pins workspace language once and accepts no override.
 
 ## Phase map (advance cheat-sheet)
 
@@ -153,7 +161,8 @@ When launched with `/riprendi-sessione <id>` you have NO prior conversation —
 persisted state is your only context. Bootstrap before doing anything else:
 
 1. `tht session show <id> --json` → read `phase` (the current phase N), `status`, and
-   the manifest (`question`, `database`, `schema`).
+   the manifest (`question`, `database`, `schema`, `interaction_language`). If language
+   is absent, run `tht session ensure-interaction-language <id> --json` and use its value.
 2. Load the artifacts produced so far with `tht session documents <id> --json`, which
    returns their keys and contents directly: `question.md` (revised question),
    `schema_linking.json` (F4 output), `ctes/*.sql` + `cte_tests.json` (F6),
diff --git a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/projection.md.tmpl b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/projection.md.tmpl
index 0d5791d9..01adf777 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/projection.md.tmpl
+++ b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/projection.md.tmpl
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ---
 name: tht-sessione
-description: Orchestrator of the Thoth NL->SQL workflow, phases 1-8 (question clarification, memories, rewriting, schema linking, synthesis, CTE plan, final SQL, datamart). Use when working a natural-language question inside a Thoth session.
+description: Orchestrator of the Thoth NL-to-SQL workflow, phases 1-8 (question clarification, memories, rewriting, schema linking, synthesis, CTE plan, final SQL, datamart). Use when working a natural-language question inside a Thoth session.
 ---
 
 # Thoth session workflow (phases 1-8)
@@ -17,11 +17,19 @@ confirmation and is persisted directly — an option without a payload only asks
 Continue records the complete join set), `reviewer_confirm` (gate on an artifact / phase transition). Free text
 arrives via the "Altro/Other" option or by prefixing `!` in chat.
 
-**Language contract (from the workspace `language` field):** the table/column
-descriptions and the evidence you read are written in the workspace language (e.g.
-`it` for PSD). **These instructions are in English; your output to the reviewer and
-your interpretation of domain terms follow the workspace language.** When in doubt
-about a domain term, ask the reviewer.
+**Language contract:** the session manifest's `interaction_language` controls all
+new reviewer questions, explanations, option labels and rationales, including prose
+you generate inside review artifacts. It remains authoritative throughout the session,
+including resume and steering from a browser using a different UI locale. The gate
+injects this persisted language into each model turn; the language of these instructions
+and examples does not select the output language.
+
+`workspace.language` controls workspace-owned documents, catalog descriptions, Evidence
+and interpretation of domain terms. Preserve quoted source content and prior decisions
+verbatim. Keep SQL, identifiers, literal values and workspace artifacts unchanged by
+the interaction preference. Ask about ambiguous domain terms in the interaction language.
+For a legacy manifest without the field, run `tht session ensure-interaction-language
+<id> --json` before interacting: it pins workspace language once and accepts no override.
 
 ## Phase map (advance cheat-sheet)
 
@@ -151,7 +159,8 @@ When launched with `/riprendi-sessione <id>` you have NO prior conversation —
 persisted state is your only context. Bootstrap before doing anything else:
 
 1. `tht session show <id> --json` → read `phase` (the current phase N), `status`, and
-   the manifest (`question`, `database`, `schema`).
+   the manifest (`question`, `database`, `schema`, `interaction_language`). If language
+   is absent, run `tht session ensure-interaction-language <id> --json` and use its value.
 2. Load the artifacts produced so far with `tht session documents <id> --json`, which
    returns their keys and contents directly: `question.md` (revised question),
    `schema_linking.json` (F4 output), `ctes/*.sql` + `cte_tests.json` (F6),
diff --git a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/rewriting.md b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/rewriting.md
index e0df40dc..8d53b10e 100644
--- a/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/rewriting.md
+++ b/harness/.pi/skills/tht-sessione/rewriting.md
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ The rewritten question must:
 3. Replace ambiguous terms with the concepts clarified in Phase 1, citing the
    evidence that defines them when it exists (evidence id in parentheses).
 4. Make the expected output explicit: count, list, aggregate, trend.
-5. Stay in the workspace language, in a form a second reviewer would understand
-   without having seen the conversation.
+5. Write the persisted question document in the workspace language, in a form a second
+   reviewer would understand without having seen the conversation. Explanations and
+   choices addressed to the reviewer use the manifest's interaction_language; preserve
+   domain terms, identifiers and quoted values in either presentation.
 
 Format of the proposal to the reviewer:
 
diff --git a/harness/tests/fixtures/approved_cli_surface.json b/harness/tests/fixtures/approved_cli_surface.json
index e435a887..cda41be1 100644
--- a/harness/tests/fixtures/approved_cli_surface.json
+++ b/harness/tests/fixtures/approved_cli_surface.json
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@
     "memory rules",
     "memory retry",
     "memory show",
-    "memory update"
+    "memory update",
+    "session ensure-interaction-language"
   ],
   "erased": [
     "cte list",
diff --git a/harness/tests/test_cli_surface.py b/harness/tests/test_cli_surface.py
index d0fcb9e3..135edd1e 100644
--- a/harness/tests/test_cli_surface.py
+++ b/harness/tests/test_cli_surface.py
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ def test_typer_tree_matches_the_approved_command_surface():
     expected = set(approved["maintained"]) | set(approved["enhanced"])
 
     assert len(approved["maintained"]) == 61
-    assert len(approved["enhanced"]) == 21
+    # Approved shell spec (2026-09-13), session ticket #35: backend/Pi use the
+    # public harness operation to pin legacy language through either repository.
+    assert len(approved["enhanced"]) == 22
     assert len(approved["erased"]) == 14
     assert not (expected & set(approved["erased"]))
     assert _leaf_paths(get_command(app)) == expected
diff --git a/harness/tests/test_pi_skill_projection.py b/harness/tests/test_pi_skill_projection.py
index 4b7b7b18..1e9705f0 100644
--- a/harness/tests/test_pi_skill_projection.py
+++ b/harness/tests/test_pi_skill_projection.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ from tht.pi_skill_projection import (
     render_projection,
 )
 
-BASELINE_SHA256 = "314d5e62eecda59dc16f00946d1f814829a326e7b117e102fd03c61f1f00a1a1"
+# Approved session-language contract (#35); unrelated workflow fragments stay byte-identical.
+BASELINE_SHA256 = "a2e6608e1aa07735ef92d96b3a87fca3bfbe3636754330ff6749178c87a37493"
 
 
 def test_modular_pi_skill_renders_the_byte_identical_approved_projection():
diff --git a/harness/tests/test_postgres_session_repository.py b/harness/tests/test_postgres_session_repository.py
index b46b4a70..91e2ac13 100644
--- a/harness/tests/test_postgres_session_repository.py
+++ b/harness/tests/test_postgres_session_repository.py
@@ -64,6 +64,69 @@ def test_owner_can_read_own_snapshot_but_not_another_owners(database_url):
         bob.get(session_id)
 
 
+def test_legacy_interaction_language_is_atomic_idempotent_and_owner_scoped(database_url):
+    session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    owner = _repository(database_url, "language-owner")
+    foreign = _repository(database_url, "language-foreign")
+    owner.create(_manifest(session_id))
+    owner.write_artifact(session_id, "sql_final", "SELECT 'paziente' AS nome")
+    with pytest.raises(SessionError, match="Sessione non trovata"):
+        foreign.ensure_interaction_language(session_id, "en")
+
+    barrier = Barrier(2)
+
+    def pin(language):
+        barrier.wait()
+        return owner.ensure_interaction_language(session_id, language).manifest.interaction_language
+
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as pool:
+        results = list(pool.map(pin, ["it", "en"]))
+    assert results[0] == results[1]
+    saved = owner.get(session_id)
+    repeated = owner.ensure_interaction_language(session_id, "fr")
+    assert repeated == saved
+    assert saved.artifacts["sql_final"] == "SELECT 'paziente' AS nome"
+
+
+def test_cli_creation_and_resume_use_postgres_language_authority(database_url, monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    import json
+    from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+    from typer.testing import CliRunner
+
+    from tht.cli import session_cmd
+    from tht.config import DatabaseConfig
+
+    url = make_url(database_url)
+    connection = SimpleNamespace(user=url.username, password=url.password, host=url.host,
+                                 port=url.port, database=url.database, sslmode="disable",
+                                 sslrootcert=None)
+    cfg = SimpleNamespace(language="it", session_storage=SimpleNamespace(connection=connection),
+                          database=DatabaseConfig(database="testdb", user="u", password="p",
+                                                  schema="public"),
+                          paths=SimpleNamespace(sessions=tmp_path / "unused"))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(session_cmd, "_load_config_or_exit", lambda _: cfg)
+    monkeypatch.setenv("THT_PRINCIPAL_ISSUER", "portal")
+    monkeypatch.setenv("THT_PRINCIPAL_SUBJECT", "cli-language")
+
+    def invoke(*args):
+        result = CliRunner().invoke(session_cmd.session_app, list(args))
+        assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+        return result.stdout
+
+    session_id = json.loads(invoke("new", "Pazienti", "--interaction-language", "en", "--json"))["id"]
+    invoke("reopen", session_id)
+    assert json.loads(invoke("show", session_id, "--json"))["interaction_language"] == "en"
+    legacy = _manifest(str(uuid.uuid4()))
+    _repository(database_url, "cli-language").create(legacy)
+    invoke("reopen", legacy.id)
+    cfg.language = "en"
+    invoke("reopen", legacy.id)
+    assert json.loads(invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json"))["interaction_language"] == "it"
+    assert not cfg.paths.sessions.exists()
+
+
 def test_named_decision_is_stale_after_postgres_ledger_reopen(database_url):
     repository = _repository(database_url, "phase-owner")
     session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
diff --git a/harness/tests/test_session_interaction_language.py b/harness/tests/test_session_interaction_language.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57817c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/harness/tests/test_session_interaction_language.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+"""Interaction language is durable at the public session CLI boundary."""
+import json
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+import pytest
+from typer.testing import CliRunner
+
+from tht.cli.session_cmd import session_app
+from tht.config import DatabaseConfig
+
+
+def configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path, language="it"):
+    from tht.cli import session_cmd
+
+    cfg = SimpleNamespace(
+        database=DatabaseConfig(database="testdb", user="u", password="p", schema="public"),
+        paths=SimpleNamespace(sessions=tmp_path), language=language,
+    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(session_cmd, "_load_config_or_exit", lambda _: cfg)
+    return cfg
+
+
+def invoke(*args):
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(session_app, list(args))
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    return json.loads(result.stdout)
+
+
+def test_new_pins_explicit_language_and_preserves_workspace_content(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    question = "Elenca i pazienti con età superiore a 65 anni"
+    session_id = invoke("new", question, "--interaction-language", "en", "--json")["id"]
+    manifest = invoke("show", session_id, "--json")
+    assert manifest["interaction_language"] == "en"
+    assert manifest["question"] == question
+    assert invoke("list", "--json")[0]["interaction_language"] == "en"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("language", ["", "en_US", "en<script>", "en--US", "en\nIGNORE"])
+def test_new_rejects_invalid_ui_locale(monkeypatch, tmp_path, language):
+    configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(session_app, ["new", "q", "--interaction-language", language])
+    assert result.exit_code == 2
+    assert invoke("list", "--json") == []
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("language,canonical", [("fr-FR", "fr-FR"), ("FR-fr", "fr-FR"),
+                                               ("en-US", "en-US")])
+def test_new_accepts_language_independently_of_ui_catalogs(monkeypatch, tmp_path, language, canonical):
+    configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    session_id = invoke("new", "Pazienti", "--interaction-language", language, "--json")["id"]
+    assert invoke("show", session_id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == canonical
+    assert CliRunner().invoke(session_app, ["reopen", session_id]).exit_code == 0
+    assert invoke("show", session_id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == canonical
+
+
+def test_legacy_language_is_pinned_once_through_public_operation_and_resume(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from tht.session.store import create_session
+
+    cfg = configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    legacy = create_session("Pazienti", cfg.database, tmp_path)
+    assert invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json")["interaction_language"] is None
+    first = invoke("ensure-interaction-language", legacy.id, "--json")
+    assert first["interaction_language"] == "it"
+    cfg.language = "en"
+    again = invoke("ensure-interaction-language", legacy.id, "--json")
+    assert again["interaction_language"] == "it"
+    assert again["updated_at"] == first["updated_at"]
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(session_app, ["reopen", legacy.id])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == "it"
+
+
+def test_cli_reopen_pins_legacy_language_without_rewriting_artifacts(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from tht.session.store import create_session
+
+    cfg = configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    legacy = create_session("Pazienti", cfg.database, tmp_path)
+    before = invoke("documents", legacy.id, "--json")
+    result = CliRunner().invoke(session_app, ["reopen", legacy.id])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0, result.output
+    assert invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == "it"
+    assert invoke("documents", legacy.id, "--json") == before
+
+
+def test_cli_defaults_to_workspace_and_canonicalizes_explicit_ui_language(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    default_id = invoke("new", "Pazienti", "--json")["id"]
+    assert invoke("show", default_id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == "it"
+    explicit_id = invoke("new", "Pazienti", "--interaction-language", "EN", "--json")["id"]
+    assert invoke("show", explicit_id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == "en"
+
+
+def test_archived_legacy_session_is_not_pinned_or_reopened(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from tht.session.store import create_session
+
+    cfg = configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    legacy = create_session("Pazienti", cfg.database, tmp_path)
+    assert CliRunner().invoke(session_app, ["archive", legacy.id]).exit_code == 0
+    for command in ("reopen", "ensure-interaction-language"):
+        result = CliRunner().invoke(session_app, [command, legacy.id])
+        assert result.exit_code == 1
+    assert invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json")["interaction_language"] is None
+
+
+def test_language_pin_race_on_file_repository_keeps_one_value(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+    from threading import Barrier
+
+    from tht.cli.session_cmd import session_repository
+    from tht.session.store import create_session
+
+    cfg = configure(monkeypatch, tmp_path)
+    legacy = create_session("Pazienti", cfg.database, tmp_path)
+    repository = session_repository(cfg)
+    barrier = Barrier(2)
+
+    def pin(language):
+        barrier.wait()
+        return repository.ensure_interaction_language(legacy.id, language).manifest.interaction_language
+
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2) as pool:
+        languages = list(pool.map(pin, ["it", "en"]))
+    assert languages[0] == languages[1]
+    assert invoke("show", legacy.id, "--json")["interaction_language"] == languages[0]
diff --git a/harness/tht/cli/session_cmd.py b/harness/tht/cli/session_cmd.py
index 1956b1d1..833fbfde 100644
--- a/harness/tht/cli/session_cmd.py
+++ b/harness/tht/cli/session_cmd.py
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ def _list_sessions(sessions_root: Path) -> list[dict]:
             "archived": m.archived,
             "workspace_id": m.workspace_id,
             "workspace_revision": m.workspace_revision,
+            "interaction_language": m.interaction_language,
         })
     out.sort(key=lambda r: r["created_at"], reverse=True)
     return out
@@ -162,7 +163,8 @@ def list_cmd(
          "updated_at": s.manifest.updated_at.isoformat() if s.manifest.updated_at else None,
          "author": s.manifest.author, "name": s.manifest.name, "group": s.manifest.group,
          "archived": s.manifest.archived, "workspace_id": s.manifest.workspace_id,
-         "workspace_revision": s.manifest.workspace_revision}
+         "workspace_revision": s.manifest.workspace_revision,
+         "interaction_language": s.manifest.interaction_language}
         for s in session_repository(cfg).list()
     ]
     if json_out:
@@ -175,6 +177,9 @@ def list_cmd(
 @session_app.command("new")
 def new_cmd(
     question: str = typer.Argument(..., help="La domanda in linguaggio naturale."),
+    interaction_language: str = typer.Option(
+        None, "--interaction-language", help="BCP-47 interaction language; defaults to workspace language."
+    ),
     provider: str = typer.Option(None, "--provider", help="Provider LLM (es. zai, anthropic)."),
     model: str = typer.Option(None, "--model", help="Modello LLM (es. glm-5.2)."),
     thinking: str = typer.Option(None, "--thinking", help="Livello di thinking (es. medium)."),
@@ -188,10 +193,18 @@ def new_cmd(
     from tht.session.store import _extract_name, new_session_manifest, render_question_md
 
     cfg = _load_config_or_exit(config)
+    from tht.session.language import validate_language_tag
+
+    try:
+        language = validate_language_tag(
+            interaction_language if interaction_language is not None else getattr(cfg, "language", "en")
+        )
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise typer.BadParameter(str(exc), param_hint="--interaction-language") from None
     manifest = new_session_manifest(question, cfg.database,
                               provider=provider, model=model, thinking=thinking,
                               workspace_id=workspace_id, workspace_revision=workspace_revision,
-                              name=name or _extract_name(question))
+                              name=name or _extract_name(question), interaction_language=language)
     repository = session_repository(cfg)
     repository.create(manifest)
     repository.write_artifact(manifest.id, "question", render_question_md(question))
@@ -306,6 +319,7 @@ def show_cmd(
     typer.echo(f"stato    : {manifest.status}")
     typer.echo(f"domanda  : {manifest.question}")
     typer.echo(f"target   : {manifest.database} / {manifest.db_schema}")
+    typer.echo(f"interaction_language: {manifest.interaction_language or '(legacy: not pinned)'}")
     typer.echo(f"decisioni: {len(decisions)}")
     for d in decisions[-10:]:
         typer.echo(f"  [{d.seq}] {d.type}: {d.subject}" + (f" — {d.detail}" if d.detail else ""))
@@ -352,11 +366,44 @@ def fail_cmd(session_id: str = typer.Argument(...), config: Path = CONFIG_OPT) -
     session_repository(cfg).save_manifest(snapshot.manifest)
     typer.secho(f"OK: sessione {session_id} marcata failed.", fg=typer.colors.RED)
 
+def ensure_session_language_or_exit(cfg, session_id: str):
+    from tht.session.store import SessionError
+
+    try:
+        return session_repository(cfg).ensure_interaction_language(
+            session_id, getattr(cfg, "language", "en")
+        ).manifest
+    except (SessionError, ValueError) as exc:
+        typer.echo(f"ERROR: {exc}", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1) from None
+
+
+@session_app.command("ensure-interaction-language")
+def ensure_interaction_language_cmd(
+    session_id: str = typer.Argument(...),
+    json_out: bool = typer.Option(False, "--json", help="Emit pristine JSON."),
+    config: Path = CONFIG_OPT,
+) -> None:
+    """Pin a missing legacy language from the workspace; never override a saved value."""
+    cfg = _load_config_or_exit(config)
+    manifest = ensure_session_language_or_exit(cfg, session_id)
+    if json_out:
+        payload = manifest.model_dump(by_alias=True, mode="json")
+        payload["workspace_language"] = getattr(cfg, "language", "en")
+        typer.echo(json.dumps(payload, ensure_ascii=False))
+    else:
+        typer.echo(manifest.interaction_language)
+
+
 @session_app.command("reopen")
 def reopen_cmd(session_id: str = typer.Argument(...), config: Path = CONFIG_OPT) -> None:
     """Riapre una sessione per una ripresa manuale."""
     cfg = _load_config_or_exit(config)
-    load_session_or_exit(cfg, session_id)
+    manifest = load_session_or_exit(cfg, session_id)
+    if manifest.status == "finalized" or manifest.archived:
+        typer.echo("ERROR: Session is read-only (finalized or archived)", err=True)
+        raise typer.Exit(code=1)
+    ensure_session_language_or_exit(cfg, session_id)
     snapshot = load_snapshot_or_exit(cfg, session_id)
     snapshot.manifest.status = "open"
     session_repository(cfg).save_manifest(snapshot.manifest)
diff --git a/harness/tht/config.py b/harness/tht/config.py
index d0569b1e..b871ede0 100644
--- a/harness/tht/config.py
+++ b/harness/tht/config.py
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ class Config(BaseModel):
     # richiedono vector_write_rest, mentre init/clear/rebuild restano solo-server.
     profile: Literal["server", "workstation"] = "server"
     # Language in which table/column descriptions and evidence are written. The skill
-    # instructions stay in English; only content/output follow this language. Default
+    # instructions stay in English; session dialogue uses interaction_language. Default
     # 'en' so Thoth is not bound to any customer's language.
     language: str = "en"
     paths: PathsConfig = PathsConfig()
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/filesystem_repository.py b/harness/tht/session/filesystem_repository.py
index 9cfaa5f5..f48b81dc 100644
--- a/harness/tht/session/filesystem_repository.py
+++ b/harness/tht/session/filesystem_repository.py
@@ -106,6 +106,19 @@ class FilesystemSessionRepository:
         path = self._artifact_path(session_dir, key)
         return path.read_text() if path.exists() else None
 
+    def ensure_interaction_language(
+        self, session_id: str, workspace_language: str
+    ) -> SessionSnapshot:
+        from tht.session.store import pin_interaction_language
+
+        session_dir = self._session_dir(session_id)
+        with self._lock(session_dir):
+            self._require_existing(session_dir, session_id)
+            manifest = SessionManifest.from_yaml(session_dir / MANIFEST)
+            if pin_interaction_language(manifest, workspace_language):
+                self._write_manifest(session_dir, manifest)
+        return self.get(session_id)
+
     def write_artifact(self, session_id: str, key: str, content: str) -> None:
         session_dir = self._session_dir(session_id)
         with self._lock(session_dir):
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/language.py b/harness/tht/session/language.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f944334e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/harness/tht/session/language.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Session language policy, independent of workspace document content."""
+import re
+
+_LANGUAGE_TAG = re.compile(
+    r"(?P<language>[A-Za-z]{2,8})(?:-(?P<script>[A-Za-z]{4}))?"
+    r"(?:-(?P<region>[A-Za-z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?"
+    r"(?P<rest>(?:-(?:[A-Za-z0-9]{5,8}|[0-9][A-Za-z0-9]{3}))*"
+    r"(?:-[0-9A-WY-Za-wy-z](?:-[A-Za-z0-9]{2,8})+)*"
+    r"(?:-[xX](?:-[A-Za-z0-9]{1,8})+)?)"
+)
+
+
+def validate_language_tag(value: str) -> str:
+    """Validate syntax and normalize casing without depending on UI catalogs."""
+    match = _LANGUAGE_TAG.fullmatch(value) if isinstance(value, str) else None
+    if match is None:
+        raise ValueError("interaction_language must be a BCP-47 language tag")
+    parts = [match["language"].lower()]
+    if match["script"]:
+        parts.append(match["script"].title())
+    if match["region"]:
+        parts.append(match["region"].upper())
+    return "-".join(parts) + match["rest"].lower()
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/models.py b/harness/tht/session/models.py
index f0e3f998..87f262d1 100644
--- a/harness/tht/session/models.py
+++ b/harness/tht/session/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from typing import Literal, Self
 
 import portalocker
 import yaml
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
 
 from tht.decisions import DecisionRecord
 
@@ -119,10 +119,18 @@ class SessionManifest(_YamlModel):
     thinking: str | None = None
     workspace_id: str | None = None
     workspace_revision: str | None = None
+    interaction_language: str | None = None
     name: str | None = None
     archived: bool = False
     group: str | None = None
 
+    @field_validator("interaction_language")
+    @classmethod
+    def valid_interaction_language(cls, value: str | None) -> str | None:
+        from tht.session.language import validate_language_tag
+
+        return validate_language_tag(value) if value is not None else None
+
 
 class SessionSnapshot(BaseModel):
     """The current persisted session state, excluding the non-persistent chat stream."""
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/postgres_repository.py b/harness/tht/session/postgres_repository.py
index 37174dfa..fdf04424 100644
--- a/harness/tht/session/postgres_repository.py
+++ b/harness/tht/session/postgres_repository.py
@@ -306,6 +306,31 @@ class PostgresSessionRepository:
                 raise SessionError(f"Sessione non trovata: {manifest.id}")
         return self.get(manifest.id)
 
+    def ensure_interaction_language(
+        self, session_id: str, workspace_language: str
+    ) -> SessionSnapshot:
+        from tht.session.store import pin_interaction_language
+
+        self._require_uuid4(session_id)
+        with self._transaction() as connection:
+            self._lock_session(connection, session_id)
+            row = connection.execute(
+                text("SELECT manifest FROM thoth_sessions.sessions WHERE id = :id FOR UPDATE"),
+                {"id": session_id},
+            ).mappings().first()
+            if row is None:
+                raise SessionError(f"Sessione non trovata: {session_id}")
+            manifest = SessionManifest.model_validate(row["manifest"])
+            if pin_interaction_language(manifest, workspace_language):
+                connection.execute(
+                    text("UPDATE thoth_sessions.sessions "
+                         "SET manifest = CAST(:manifest AS jsonb), updated_at = pg_catalog.now() "
+                         "WHERE id = :id"),
+                    {"id": session_id,
+                     "manifest": json.dumps(manifest.model_dump(by_alias=True, mode="json"))},
+                )
+        return self.get(session_id)
+
     def read_artifact(self, session_id: str, key: str) -> str | None:
         self._require_uuid4(session_id)
         self._require_artifact_key(key)
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/repository.py b/harness/tht/session/repository.py
index 279c5db5..85e63530 100644
--- a/harness/tht/session/repository.py
+++ b/harness/tht/session/repository.py
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ class SessionRepository(Protocol):
 
     def save_manifest(self, manifest: SessionManifest) -> SessionSnapshot: ...
 
+    def ensure_interaction_language(
+        self, session_id: str, workspace_language: str
+    ) -> SessionSnapshot: ...
+
     def read_artifact(self, session_id: str, key: str) -> str | None: ...
 
     def write_artifact(self, session_id: str, key: str, content: str) -> None: ...
diff --git a/harness/tht/session/store.py b/harness/tht/session/store.py
index 699de7cd..fa935d1c 100644
--- a/harness/tht/session/store.py
+++ b/harness/tht/session/store.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def create_session(
 
 def new_session_manifest(
     question: str, db: DatabaseConfig, *, provider=None, model=None, thinking=None,
-    workspace_id=None, workspace_revision=None, name=None,
+    workspace_id=None, workspace_revision=None, name=None, interaction_language=None,
 ) -> SessionManifest:
     """Create an unsaved UUIDv4 manifest for a repository-owned session."""
     now = datetime.now(UTC)
@@ -145,9 +145,24 @@ def new_session_manifest(
         summary=_summarize(question), updated_at=now, updated_by=current_author(),
         provider=provider, model=model, thinking=thinking, workspace_id=workspace_id,
         workspace_revision=workspace_revision, name=name,
+        interaction_language=interaction_language,
     )
 
 
+def pin_interaction_language(manifest: SessionManifest, workspace_language: str) -> bool:
+    """Apply legacy compatibility once, while the repository holds its writer lock."""
+    from tht.session.language import validate_language_tag
+
+    if manifest.interaction_language is not None:
+        return False
+    if manifest.status == "finalized" or manifest.archived:
+        raise SessionError("Session is read-only (finalized or archived)")
+    manifest.interaction_language = validate_language_tag(workspace_language)
+    manifest.updated_at = datetime.now(UTC)
+    manifest.updated_by = current_author()
+    return True
+
+
 _ASSUMPTIONS_HEADING = re.compile(
     r"^#{1,6}\s+(?:assunzioni|assumptions)\s*$", re.IGNORECASE | re.MULTILINE
 )
diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml
index dadc1bb9..77cc1cd2 100644
--- a/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/mkdocs.yml
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ nav:
   - Generic OIDC: install/authentication-oidc.md
   - Authentik: install/authentik.md
   - Workspace operations: operations/workspaces.md
+  - Shell and localization: operations/shell-and-localization.md
+  - Full shell verification: reports/2026-09-13-full-shell-implementation.md
   - Local sensitivity analysis: operations/sensitivity-analysis.md
   - Pi model configuration: general/pi-configuration.md
   - Docker installation contexts: installazione-docker-4-contesti.md
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ nav:
   - Components, modules, and flows: architecture/components.md
   - Authentication and authorization: architecture/authentication.md
 - Contracts and integration:
+  - Portal Shell Adapter v1: contracts/portal-shell-adapter-v1.md
   - Catalog schema snapshot RPC: contracts/catalog-schema-snapshot.md
   - Workspace preprocessing CLI: contracts/workspace-preprocessing-cli.md
   - tht–DWH contract: contracts/tht-dwh.md
@@ -98,6 +101,8 @@ nav:
     - 0017 Separate reference vectors from runtime memory: adr/0017-separate-reference-vectors-from-runtime-memory.md
     - 0018 PostgreSQL Memory authority and Qdrant retrieval: adr/0018-use-postgres-for-memory-and-qdrant-for-retrieval.md
     - 0019 Evidence editing and manual consolidation: adr/0019-author-evidence-in-app-with-automatic-activation.md
+    - 0021 Shell modes and replaceable portal adapter: adr/0021-separate-shell-modes-and-replaceable-portal-adapter.md
+    - 0022 UI locale and session interaction language: adr/0022-separate-ui-locale-from-session-interaction-language.md
   - AI catalog description acceptance: testing/2026-08-29-ai-catalog-description-generation-acceptance.md
   - Sensitivity NER license inventory: reports/2026-09-02-sensitivity-ner-license-inventory.md
   - PSD sensitivity shadow evaluation: reports/2026-09-02-psd-sensitivity-shadow.md
@@ -118,3 +123,5 @@ nav:
     - Metadata catalog design: plans/2026-08-26-metadata-catalog-from-thothai.md
     - Description generation design: plans/2026-08-28-ai-catalog-description-generation.md
     - Description generation specification: plans/2026-08-28-ai-catalog-description-generation-spec.md
+    - Full shell and portal integration: plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-and-portal-integration.md
+    - Full shell specification: plans/2026-09-13-full-shell-spec.md
diff --git a/tools/tht/README.md b/tools/tht/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96e6ed62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Native installation CLI
+
+## Shell configuration
+
+The schema-v2 `thothii-installation.yaml` accepts this optional section:
+
+```yaml
+shell:
+  mode: full
+  defaultLocale: en
+```
+
+Omitted shell settings resolve to `mode: embedded`, `defaultLocale: en`, and
+`adapter: omics-portal`. Supported modes are `full` and `embedded`. The default
+locale accepts well-formed BCP47 language tags, including tags without a UI catalog
+(for example `fr-CA` or `sr-Latn-RS`). Syntax follows
+[RFC 5646](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5646.html#section-2.1), including private
+use and grandfathered tags; duplicate variants and extension singletons are rejected.
+The installation preserves the supplied tag; the frontend resolves available
+translations and falls back to English. No catalog or language-registry allowlist
+is imposed by the installer. The only supported adapter is `omics-portal`.
+Invalid values and unknown descriptor fields are rejected. In full mode, a known
+adapter setting is ignored and omitted from the resolved public configuration.
+Shell selection is independent of `profile` and authentication.
+
+New installations can select these values with `tht setup --shell-mode full
+--shell-default-locale en`. The optional `--shell-adapter omics-portal` selects the
+embedded adapter explicitly. Corresponding environment answers are
+`THT_SETUP_SHELL_MODE`, `THT_SETUP_SHELL_DEFAULT_LOCALE`, and
+`THT_SETUP_SHELL_ADAPTER`; explicit flags take precedence. Omitting all three
+preserves the existing setup descriptor format and uses the defaults at load time.
+Setup does not overwrite an existing descriptor with different settings.
+
+## Public runtime projection
+
+The installation generation workflow (`modelprojection.Generate`, used
+by setup, lifecycle operations, and `installation generate`) publishes `generated/frontend/config.js` next
+to the model artifacts, relative to the descriptor directory. It contains only:
+
+```js
+window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = {
+  "backendBaseUrl": "/api",
+  "shell": {
+    "mode": "embedded",
+    "defaultLocale": "en",
+    "adapter": "omics-portal"
+  }
+};
+```
+
+For full mode, `shell.adapter` is absent. No secret values, model configuration,
+authentication configuration, or host filesystem paths enter this JavaScript.
+The standalone browser API address remains same-origin `/api`; it never uses
+the private nginx upstream `http://core:8787`. The Omics document must continue
+to supply its same-origin `/datamart-builder/api` override when mounting the
+application under that prefix; selecting an adapter does not infer API routing.
+
+The automatically included `generated/compose.models.yaml` adds a read-only file
+bind from `generated/frontend/config.js` to `/usr/share/nginx/html/config.js` on
+the frontend service. Missing sources fail instead of becoming directories
+(`bind.create_host_path: false`). The frontend receives
+`THT_FRONTEND_CONFIG_REVISION=sha256:<hash-of-config.js-bytes>` so Compose recreates
+it when public settings change. Shell changes do not revise core's model settings.
+Only the public file is mounted into the frontend, not the generated directory.
+
+Publication retains the existing whole-generation replacement and rollback
+behavior. Identical outputs keep file identities; projection drift checks include
+the public file, Compose definition, and POSIX read permissions. Candidate directories
+are explicitly set to `0755` and files to `0644`, independent of the host umask, so
+nginx and core can read their file mounts under different UIDs. The enclosing private
+installation directory is not made public. Existing permission drift is repaired by
+publishing a new complete generation, using the same rollback path as content changes.
+A running container requires the normal
+Compose lifecycle step to pick up a changed file bind. No image rebuild is needed.
+The generic image retains its empty fallback config, and nginx already serves
+`/config.js` with `no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate`.
+
+`docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh` checks both the generic image fallback and the
+installed public projection. Its optional file argument permits the same check
+against generated output in targeted host tests.
+
+To generate files before rebuilding or launching containers, use the upgraded CLI:
+
+```sh
+/usr/local/bin/tht --installation /Users/mp/projects/ThothII/deploy/psd/thothii-installation.yaml installation generate
+```
+
+This command validates the installation and publishes the common runtime generation.
+It invokes no Docker commands and does not modify the descriptor, authored model
+catalog, environment, or authentication configuration. A shell-only descriptor change
+preserves model projection contents, while the common generation may replace their
+file identities. It is not a shell-only writer: model projections are always derived
+from the current descriptor. Run the existing preview rebuild after this command to
+replace containers with the upgraded images and updated projection mounts.
diff --git a/tools/tht/cmd/tht/installation_generate_test.go b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/installation_generate_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3dec1902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/installation_generate_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/aritmolab/thothii/tools/tht/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestInstallationGeneratePublishesShellWithoutDockerOrModelChanges(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := newCLIFixture(t, "")
+	fixture.setEnvironment(t)
+	fixture.generateModelProjection(t)
+	descriptor, err := os.ReadFile(fixture.installationPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	descriptor = append(descriptor, []byte("shell:\n  mode: full\n  defaultLocale: fr-CA\n")...)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(fixture.installationPath, descriptor, 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	installation, err := config.Load(fixture.installationPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	preserved := make(map[string][]byte)
+	for _, path := range []string{fixture.installationPath, fixture.envFile, installation.GeneratedModelCatalogPath(), installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath(), installation.GeneratedPiSettingsPath()} {
+		preserved[path], err = os.ReadFile(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	args := []string{"--installation", fixture.installationPath, "installation", "generate"}
+	if code := run(context.Background(), args, &stdout, &stderr); code != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("installation generate exit = %d: %s", code, stderr.String())
+	}
+	public, err := os.ReadFile(installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath())
+	if err != nil || !bytes.Contains(public, []byte(`"mode": "full"`)) || !bytes.Contains(public, []byte(`"defaultLocale": "fr-CA"`)) || bytes.Contains(public, []byte(`"adapter"`)) {
+		t.Fatalf("generated public shell = %s, %v", public, err)
+	}
+	for path, before := range preserved {
+		after, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+		if err != nil || !bytes.Equal(before, after) {
+			t.Fatalf("installation generate changed authored configuration or model projection %s: %v", path, err)
+		}
+	}
+	before, err := os.Stat(installation.GeneratedDirectory())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if code := run(context.Background(), args, &stdout, &stderr); code != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("repeated installation generate exit = %d: %s", code, stderr.String())
+	}
+	after, err := os.Stat(installation.GeneratedDirectory())
+	if err != nil || !os.SameFile(before, after) {
+		t.Fatalf("identical installation generate replaced the generation: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(fixture.argsFile); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("installation generate invoked Docker: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInstallationGenerateRejectsArgumentsBeforePublication(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := newCLIFixture(t, "")
+	fixture.setEnvironment(t)
+	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
+	if code := run(context.Background(), []string{"--installation", fixture.installationPath, "installation", "generate", "--build"}, &stdout, &stderr); code != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("exit = %d, want 2: %s", code, stderr.String())
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(fixture.root, "generated")); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid arguments published projections: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main.go b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main.go
index 97169c0e..0c506618 100644
--- a/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main.go
+++ b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main.go
@@ -41,10 +41,13 @@ descriptor in the current project tree.
 
 Commands:
   setup [--configure-only] [--installation-id ID] [--profile local|server]
+      [--shell-mode full|embedded] [--shell-default-locale BCP47-TAG] [--shell-adapter omics-portal]
                       Create or validate the local non-secret installation configuration.
   installation migrate --output PATH --session-default PROVIDER/MODEL
       --embedding-id PROVIDER/MODEL --embedding-dimensions N
                       Create a review-only schema-v2 candidate from all three legacy model sources.
+  installation generate
+                      Publish runtime projections from the descriptor without invoking Docker.
   version [--json]    Show the host CLI build identity.
   auth configure --mode local|oidc ...
                       Configure local users or OIDC group mapping; see tht auth for exact options.
@@ -127,6 +130,9 @@ func run(ctx context.Context, args []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
 			return versionCommand(commandArgs, stdout, stderr)
 		}
 		if command == "installation" {
+			if len(commandArgs) > 0 && commandArgs[0] == "generate" {
+				return installationGenerationCommand(installationPath, commandArgs[1:], stdout, stderr)
+			}
 			return installationMigrationCommand(installationPath, commandArgs, stdout, stderr)
 		}
 		return commandUsageError(stderr, fmt.Sprintf("unknown command %q", command))
@@ -258,6 +264,32 @@ func isBootstrapCommand(command string) bool {
 	return command == "help" || command == "setup" || command == "version" || command == "installation"
 }
 
+func installationGenerationCommand(installationPath string, args []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
+	if len(args) != 0 {
+		return commandUsageError(stderr, "installation generate does not accept arguments")
+	}
+	workingDirectory, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		return commandUsageError(stderr, "current directory is unavailable")
+	}
+	installationPath, err = config.Resolve(installationPath, os.Getenv, workingDirectory)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "tht: %s\n", output.Sanitize(err.Error(), nil))
+		return 2
+	}
+	installation, err := config.Load(installationPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "tht: %s\n", output.Sanitize(err.Error(), nil))
+		return 2
+	}
+	if err := modelprojection.Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(stderr, "tht: %s\n", output.Sanitize(err.Error(), nil))
+		return 2
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Runtime projections generated in %s.\n", installation.GeneratedDirectory())
+	return 0
+}
+
 func installationMigrationCommand(installationPath string, args []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
 	if installationPath == "" {
 		return commandUsageError(stderr, "installation migrate requires --installation with the legacy descriptor")
@@ -395,6 +427,12 @@ func parseSetupArgs(args []string) (setup.Request, error) {
 				target = &request.InstallationID
 			case "--profile":
 				target = &request.Profile
+			case "--shell-mode":
+				target = &request.Answers.ShellMode
+			case "--shell-default-locale":
+				target = &request.Answers.ShellDefaultLocale
+			case "--shell-adapter":
+				target = &request.Answers.ShellAdapter
 			case "--workspace-remote":
 				target = &request.Answers.WorkspaceRemote
 			case "--workspace-branch":
diff --git a/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main_test.go b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main_test.go
index 87ff9b70..a2b43eaa 100644
--- a/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main_test.go
+++ b/tools/tht/cmd/tht/main_test.go
@@ -362,6 +362,7 @@ func TestParseSetupArgsAcceptsExplicitNonInteractiveAnswers(t *testing.T) {
 		"--workspace-remote", "https://git.example.invalid/workspaces.git", "--workspace-branch", "release",
 		"--workspace-access", "https", "--secrets-file", "/tmp/thothii.secrets", "--pi-auth-file", "/tmp/pi-auth.json",
 		"--git-credentials-file", "/tmp/git-credentials", "--git-ca-file", "/tmp/git-ca.pem",
+		"--shell-mode", "full", "--shell-default-locale", "it", "--shell-adapter", "omics-portal",
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -372,6 +373,9 @@ func TestParseSetupArgsAcceptsExplicitNonInteractiveAnswers(t *testing.T) {
 	if request.Answers.WorkspaceBranch != "release" || request.Answers.GitCAFile != "/tmp/git-ca.pem" {
 		t.Fatalf("setup answers = %#v", request.Answers)
 	}
+	if request.Answers.ShellMode != "full" || request.Answers.ShellDefaultLocale != "it" || request.Answers.ShellAdapter != "omics-portal" {
+		t.Fatalf("setup shell answers = %#v", request.Answers)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestRunPiStatusUsesInstallationEnvironmentWithoutFlag(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/config/installation.go b/tools/tht/internal/config/installation.go
index 0b26bca7..a942861a 100644
--- a/tools/tht/internal/config/installation.go
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/config/installation.go
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ type descriptor struct {
 	WorkspaceRepository workspaceRepositoryDescriptor `yaml:"workspaceRepository"`
 	Authentication      authenticationDescriptor      `yaml:"authentication"`
 	ModelCatalog        ModelCatalog                  `yaml:"modelCatalog"`
+	Shell               Shell                         `yaml:"shell"`
 	Overrides           []string                      `yaml:"overrides"`
 }
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ type Installation struct {
 	WorkspaceRepository WorkspaceRepository
 	Authentication      Authentication
 	ModelCatalog        ModelCatalog
+	Shell               Shell
 	Overrides           []string
 }
 
@@ -128,6 +130,9 @@ func Load(path string) (Installation, error) {
 	if err := raw.ModelCatalog.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
 		return Installation{}, err
 	}
+	if err := raw.Shell.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
+		return Installation{}, err
+	}
 
 	if raw.SchemaVersion != 2 {
 		return Installation{}, errors.New("migration_required: installation schemaVersion must be 2")
@@ -176,6 +181,7 @@ func Load(path string) (Installation, error) {
 		},
 		Authentication: authentication,
 		ModelCatalog:   raw.ModelCatalog,
+		Shell:          raw.Shell,
 		Overrides:      make([]string, 0, len(raw.Overrides)),
 	}
 	values, err := installation.environmentValues()
@@ -435,7 +441,7 @@ func (i Installation) ComposeFiles() []string {
 	return files
 }
 
-// GeneratedDirectory contains disposable runtime adapters derived from modelCatalog.
+// GeneratedDirectory contains disposable model and public frontend runtime projections.
 func (i Installation) GeneratedDirectory() string {
 	return filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(i.Path), "generated")
 }
@@ -452,6 +458,10 @@ func (i Installation) GeneratedPiSettingsPath() string {
 	return filepath.Join(i.GeneratedDirectory(), "pi", "settings.json")
 }
 
+func (i Installation) GeneratedFrontendConfigPath() string {
+	return filepath.Join(i.GeneratedDirectory(), "frontend", "config.js")
+}
+
 func (i Installation) ModelProjectionComposePath() string {
 	return filepath.Join(i.GeneratedDirectory(), "compose.models.yaml")
 }
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/config/installation_shell_test.go b/tools/tht/internal/config/installation_shell_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd1c4a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/config/installation_shell_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLoadDefaultsLegacyInstallationToEmbeddedShell(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, profile := range []string{"local", "server"} {
+		t.Run(profile, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, _, _, _ := writeInstallation(t, profile)
+			installation, err := Load(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if got, want := installation.Shell, (Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "en", Adapter: "omics-portal"}); got != want {
+				t.Fatalf("Shell = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadResolvesExplicitShell(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name, yaml string
+		want       Shell
+	}{
+		{"empty mapping", "shell: {}\n", Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "en", Adapter: "omics-portal"}},
+		{"embedded Italian", "shell:\n  mode: embedded\n  defaultLocale: it\n", Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "it", Adapter: "omics-portal"}},
+		{"full defaults", "shell:\n  mode: full\n", Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "en"}},
+		{"full ignores known adapter", "shell:\n  mode: full\n  defaultLocale: it\n  adapter: omics-portal\n", Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "it"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, _, _, _ := writeInstallation(t, "local")
+			appendShellDescriptor(t, path, test.yaml)
+			installation, err := Load(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if installation.Shell != test.want {
+				t.Fatalf("Shell = %#v, want %#v", installation.Shell, test.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadRejectsInvalidShell(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range []struct{ name, yaml, errorPart string }{
+		{"unknown mode", "shell:\n  mode: fullscreen\n", "shell.mode"},
+		{"mode whitespace", "shell:\n  mode: ' full '\n", "shell.mode"},
+		{"malformed locale separator", "shell:\n  defaultLocale: en_US\n", "shell.defaultLocale"},
+		{"malformed locale", "shell:\n  defaultLocale: 'en;alert(1)'\n", "shell.defaultLocale"},
+		{"unknown adapter", "shell:\n  adapter: other-portal\n", "shell.adapter"},
+		{"unknown adapter in full", "shell:\n  mode: full\n  adapter: other-portal\n", "shell.adapter"},
+		{"wrong shape", "shell: []\n", "cannot unmarshal"},
+		{"wrong field type", "shell:\n  mode: [full]\n", "cannot unmarshal"},
+		{"unknown field", "shell:\n  theme: light\n", "field theme not found"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, _, _, _ := writeInstallation(t, "local")
+			appendShellDescriptor(t, path, test.yaml)
+			if _, err := Load(path); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), test.errorPart) {
+				t.Fatalf("Load() error = %v, want %q", err, test.errorPart)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadPreservesWellFormedShellLocalesWithoutCatalogLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, locale := range []string{
+		"fr", "de-DE", "en-US", "sr-Latn-RS", "es-419", "zh-cmn-Hans-CN",
+		"sl-rozaj-biske", "de-CH-1901", "en-US-u-ca-gregory", "en-a-foo-b-bar-x-private",
+		"x-clinical", "en-x-a-a", "qaa-Qaaa-QM", "zzzz", "abcde", "EN-us",
+		"en-GB-oed", "i-klingon", "sgn-BE-FR", "zh-min-nan",
+	} {
+		t.Run(locale, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, _, _, _ := writeInstallation(t, "local")
+			appendShellDescriptor(t, path, "shell:\n  mode: full\n  defaultLocale: "+locale+"\n")
+			installation, err := Load(path)
+			if err != nil || installation.Shell.DefaultLocale != locale {
+				t.Fatalf("Load() locale = %q, %v; want preserved %q", installation.Shell.DefaultLocale, err, locale)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadRejectsMalformedShellLocales(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, locale := range []string{
+		"en_US", "en--US", "-en", "en-", "e", "123", "en-1234a5678", "en-12",
+		"en-US-Latn", "en-u", "en-x", "x", "a-foo", "i-unknown", "en-äbc", "en-Kaaa",
+		"en US", " en", "en;alert(1)", "sl-rozaj-ROZAJ", "en-a-foo-A-bar",
+	} {
+		t.Run(locale, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, _, _, _ := writeInstallation(t, "local")
+			appendShellDescriptor(t, path, "shell:\n  defaultLocale: '"+locale+"'\n")
+			if _, err := Load(path); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "shell.defaultLocale") {
+				t.Fatalf("Load() error = %v; want invalid locale %q rejected", err, locale)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func appendShellDescriptor(t *testing.T, path, shell string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	contents, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, append(contents, []byte(shell)...), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/config/shell.go b/tools/tht/internal/config/shell.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47f22b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/config/shell.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Shell is the public presentation configuration, independent of deployment topology and auth.
+type Shell struct {
+	Mode          string `yaml:"mode" json:"mode"`
+	DefaultLocale string `yaml:"defaultLocale" json:"defaultLocale"`
+	Adapter       string `yaml:"adapter,omitempty" json:"adapter,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// NormalizeDefaults resolves omitted installation settings before projecting them to the browser.
+func (s *Shell) NormalizeDefaults() error {
+	if s.Mode == "" {
+		s.Mode = "embedded"
+	}
+	if s.DefaultLocale == "" {
+		s.DefaultLocale = "en"
+	}
+	if s.Mode != "embedded" && s.Mode != "full" {
+		return errors.New("shell.mode must be full or embedded")
+	}
+	if !wellFormedLocale(s.DefaultLocale) {
+		return errors.New("shell.defaultLocale must be a well-formed BCP47 language tag")
+	}
+	if s.Adapter != "" && s.Adapter != "omics-portal" {
+		return errors.New("shell.adapter must be omics-portal")
+	}
+	if s.Mode == "full" {
+		s.Adapter = ""
+		return nil
+	}
+	if s.Adapter == "" {
+		s.Adapter = "omics-portal"
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RFC 5646 section 2.1 grammar. Capture variants and extensions to reject duplicates.
+// Validate syntax without consulting a language registry or the frontend's available catalogs.
+var localePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:` +
+	`(?:[a-z]{2,3}(?:-[a-z]{3}){0,3}|[a-z]{4}|[a-z]{5,8})` + // language / extlang
+	`(?:-[a-z]{4})?(?:-(?:[a-z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?` + // script / region
+	`((?:-(?:[a-z0-9]{5,8}|[0-9][a-z0-9]{3}))*)` + // variants
+	`((?:-[0-9a-wy-z](?:-[a-z0-9]{2,8})+)*)` + // extensions
+	`(?:-x(?:-[a-z0-9]{1,8})+)?` + // private use after a language
+	`|x(?:-[a-z0-9]{1,8})+)$`) // private use alone
+
+func wellFormedLocale(locale string) bool {
+	// BCP47 is ASCII. Check before case folding, which could otherwise map Unicode to ASCII.
+	for _, character := range locale {
+		if character > 127 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	tag := strings.ToLower(locale)
+	// These grandfathered irregular tags do not match the normal language-tag grammar.
+	switch tag {
+	case "en-gb-oed", "i-ami", "i-bnn", "i-default", "i-enochian", "i-hak", "i-klingon",
+		"i-lux", "i-mingo", "i-navajo", "i-pwn", "i-tao", "i-tay", "i-tsu",
+		"sgn-be-fr", "sgn-be-nl", "sgn-ch-de":
+		return true
+	}
+	parts := localePattern.FindStringSubmatch(tag)
+	if parts == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	variants := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, variant := range strings.Split(strings.TrimPrefix(parts[1], "-"), "-") {
+		if variants[variant] {
+			return false
+		}
+		variants[variant] = true
+	}
+	singletons := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, subtag := range strings.Split(parts[2], "-") {
+		if len(subtag) != 1 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if singletons[subtag] {
+			return false
+		}
+		singletons[subtag] = true
+	}
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection.go b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection.go
index b7b779ca..853477ad 100644
--- a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection.go
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Package modelprojection renders disposable runtime adapters from the installation model catalog.
+// Package modelprojection renders disposable model and public frontend installation projections.
 package modelprojection
 
 import (
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	CatalogFile    = "catalog.json"
-	PiModelsFile   = "pi/models.json"
-	PiSettingsFile = "pi/settings.json"
-	ComposeFile    = "compose.models.yaml"
+	CatalogFile        = "catalog.json"
+	PiModelsFile       = "pi/models.json"
+	PiSettingsFile     = "pi/settings.json"
+	ComposeFile        = "compose.models.yaml"
+	FrontendConfigFile = "frontend/config.js"
 )
 
 var renameProjectionDirectory = os.Rename
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ func Render(installation config.Installation) (map[string][]byte, error) {
 	if err := installation.ModelCatalog.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if err := installation.Shell.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	models := installation.ModelCatalog.RuntimeModels()
 	hasMetadata := false
 	for _, model := range models {
@@ -146,10 +150,21 @@ func Render(installation config.Installation) (map[string][]byte, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("render Pi settings projection: %w", err)
 	}
 	fingerprint := sha256.Sum256(bytes.Join([][]byte{catalogBytes, piModelsBytes, piSettingsBytes}, nil))
-	composeBytes := renderCompose(installation, fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", fingerprint))
+	publicJSON, err := marshalJSON(struct {
+		BackendBaseURL string       `json:"backendBaseUrl"`
+		Shell          config.Shell `json:"shell"`
+	}{BackendBaseURL: "/api", Shell: installation.Shell})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("render public frontend configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+	publicJS := append([]byte("window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = "), bytes.TrimSpace(publicJSON)...)
+	publicJS = append(publicJS, ';', '\n')
+	publicFingerprint := sha256.Sum256(publicJS)
+	composeBytes := renderCompose(installation, fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", fingerprint), fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", publicFingerprint))
 	return map[string][]byte{
 		CatalogFile: catalogBytes, PiModelsFile: piModelsBytes,
 		PiSettingsFile: piSettingsBytes, ComposeFile: composeBytes,
+		FrontendConfigFile: publicJS,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -210,10 +225,14 @@ func Generate(installation config.Installation) error {
 }
 
 func projectionMatches(directory string, artifacts map[string][]byte) bool {
+	if !projectionModeMatches(directory, 0o755) {
+		return false
+	}
 	for _, relative := range sortedArtifactPaths(artifacts) {
 		path := filepath.Join(directory, filepath.FromSlash(relative))
 		info, err := os.Lstat(path)
-		if err != nil || !info.Mode().IsRegular() {
+		if err != nil || !info.Mode().IsRegular() || !projectionModeMatches(path, 0o644) ||
+			!projectionModeMatches(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755) {
 			return false
 		}
 		actual, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@@ -224,6 +243,14 @@ func projectionMatches(directory string, artifacts map[string][]byte) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func projectionModeMatches(path string, mode os.FileMode) bool {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		return true // POSIX mode bits do not represent Windows access controls.
+	}
+	info, err := os.Lstat(path)
+	return err == nil && info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink == 0 && info.Mode().Perm() == mode
+}
+
 func writeProjectionCandidate(directory string, artifacts map[string][]byte) error {
 	if err := os.Chmod(directory, 0o755); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("protect model projection candidate: %w", err)
@@ -233,9 +260,16 @@ func writeProjectionCandidate(directory string, artifacts map[string][]byte) err
 		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(destination), 0o755); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create model projection directory: %w", err)
 		}
+		if err := os.Chmod(filepath.Dir(destination), 0o755); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("set runtime projection directory permissions: %w", err)
+		}
 		if err := os.WriteFile(destination, artifacts[relative], 0o644); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("write model projection candidate: %w", err)
 		}
+		// Creation modes are filtered by the host umask; container readers have another UID.
+		if err := os.Chmod(destination, 0o644); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("set runtime projection file permissions: %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -251,7 +285,7 @@ func absentTemporaryPath(parent string) (string, error) {
 	return path, nil
 }
 
-// Check returns relative artifact names whose current bytes differ from the catalog projection.
+// Check returns relative artifact names whose bytes or POSIX modes differ from the projection.
 func Check(installation config.Installation) ([]string, error) {
 	artifacts, err := Render(installation)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -259,8 +293,11 @@ func Check(installation config.Installation) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 	drift := make([]string, 0)
 	for _, relative := range sortedArtifactPaths(artifacts) {
-		actual, readErr := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), filepath.FromSlash(relative)))
-		if readErr != nil || !bytes.Equal(actual, artifacts[relative]) {
+		path := filepath.Join(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), filepath.FromSlash(relative))
+		actual, readErr := os.ReadFile(path)
+		if readErr != nil || !bytes.Equal(actual, artifacts[relative]) ||
+			!projectionModeMatches(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), 0o755) ||
+			!projectionModeMatches(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755) || !projectionModeMatches(path, 0o644) {
 			drift = append(drift, relative)
 		}
 	}
@@ -275,9 +312,19 @@ func marshalJSON(value any) ([]byte, error) {
 	return append(contents, '\n'), nil
 }
 
-func renderCompose(installation config.Installation, fingerprint string) []byte {
+func renderCompose(installation config.Installation, fingerprint, publicFingerprint string) []byte {
 	embedding := installation.ModelCatalog.Embedding
 	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`services:
+  frontend:
+    environment:
+      THT_FRONTEND_CONFIG_REVISION: %s
+    volumes:
+      - type: bind
+        source: %s
+        target: /usr/share/nginx/html/config.js
+        read_only: true
+        bind:
+          create_host_path: false
   core:
     environment:
       THT_HOST_PLATFORM: %s
@@ -308,7 +355,8 @@ func renderCompose(installation config.Installation, fingerprint string) []byte
   embedding-model-init:
     environment:
       OLLAMA_MODEL: %s
-`, strconv.Quote(runtime.GOOS), strconv.Quote(fingerprint), strconv.Quote(installation.ModelCatalog.Defaults.Interaction),
+`, strconv.Quote(publicFingerprint), strconv.Quote(installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath()),
+		strconv.Quote(runtime.GOOS), strconv.Quote(fingerprint), strconv.Quote(installation.ModelCatalog.Defaults.Interaction),
 		strconv.Quote(embedding.ID), strconv.Quote(embeddingModelName(embedding.ID)), strconv.Quote(strconv.Itoa(embedding.Dimensions)),
 		strconv.Quote(installation.GeneratedModelCatalogPath()), strconv.Quote(installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath()),
 		strconv.Quote(installation.GeneratedPiSettingsPath()), strconv.Quote(embedding.ID),
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_permissions_unix_test.go b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_permissions_unix_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abb81300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_permissions_unix_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//go:build linux || darwin
+
+package modelprojection
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/aritmolab/thothii/tools/tht/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestGenerateKeepsProjectionsContainerReadableWithRestrictiveUmask(t *testing.T) {
+	installation := projectionFixture(t)
+	parentBefore, err := os.Stat(filepath.Dir(installation.Path))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// This test must remain sequential: umask is process-wide.
+	previous := syscall.Umask(0o077)
+	defer syscall.Umask(previous)
+	if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	assertContainerProjectionModes(t, installation)
+	parentAfter, err := os.Stat(filepath.Dir(installation.Path))
+	if err != nil || parentAfter.Mode().Perm() != parentBefore.Mode().Perm() {
+		t.Fatalf("generation changed private installation directory permissions: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateRepairsUnreadableProjectionAsANewGeneration(t *testing.T) {
+	installation := projectionFixture(t)
+	if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	before, err := os.Stat(installation.GeneratedDirectory())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for path, mode := range map[string]os.FileMode{
+		installation.GeneratedDirectory():                  0o700,
+		filepath.Dir(installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath()): 0o700,
+		installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath():         0o600,
+	} {
+		if err := os.Chmod(path, mode); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if drift, err := Check(installation); err != nil || len(drift) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unreadable projection drift = %v, %v", drift, err)
+	}
+	if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	assertContainerProjectionModes(t, installation)
+	after, err := os.Stat(installation.GeneratedDirectory())
+	if err != nil || os.SameFile(before, after) {
+		t.Fatalf("permissions were not repaired through candidate publication: %v", err)
+	}
+	if drift, err := Check(installation); err != nil || len(drift) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("repaired projection drift = %v, %v", drift, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func assertContainerProjectionModes(t *testing.T, installation config.Installation) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for path, mode := range map[string]os.FileMode{
+		installation.GeneratedDirectory():                        0o755,
+		filepath.Dir(installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath()): 0o755,
+		filepath.Dir(installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath()):       0o755,
+		installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath():               0o644,
+		installation.GeneratedModelCatalogPath():                 0o644,
+		installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath():                     0o644,
+		installation.GeneratedPiSettingsPath():                   0o644,
+		installation.ModelProjectionComposePath():                0o644,
+	} {
+		info, err := os.Stat(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if info.Mode().Perm() != mode {
+			t.Errorf("%s mode = %04o, want %04o for container readers", path, info.Mode().Perm(), mode)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_test.go b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_test.go
index 62533557..bc098095 100644
--- a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_test.go
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/projection_test.go
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ func TestRenderProducesDeterministicCatalogPiAndComposeProjections(t *testing.T)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Render() second error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if len(first) != 4 {
-		t.Fatalf("artifact count = %d, want 4", len(first))
+	if len(first) != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("artifact count = %d, want 5", len(first))
 	}
 	for path, contents := range first {
 		if !bytes.Equal(contents, second[path]) {
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ func TestGenerateDoesNotReplaceUnchangedProjection(t *testing.T) {
 		installation.GeneratedModelCatalogPath(),
 		installation.GeneratedPiModelsPath(),
 		installation.GeneratedPiSettingsPath(),
+		installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath(),
 		installation.ModelProjectionComposePath(),
 	}
 	before := make(map[string]os.FileInfo, len(paths))
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ func TestGenerateRestoresWholePreviousGenerationWhenPublishFails(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Generate() initial error = %v", err)
 	}
 	before := make(map[string][]byte)
-	for _, path := range []string{CatalogFile, PiModelsFile, PiSettingsFile, ComposeFile} {
+	for _, path := range []string{CatalogFile, PiModelsFile, PiSettingsFile, ComposeFile, FrontendConfigFile} {
 		contents, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), filepath.FromSlash(path)))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/shell_projection_test.go b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/shell_projection_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e875871f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/modelprojection/shell_projection_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+package modelprojection
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/aritmolab/thothii/tools/tht/internal/config"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+func TestRenderPublicShellConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		shell config.Shell
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"legacy", config.Shell{}, `{"backendBaseUrl":"/api","shell":{"mode":"embedded","defaultLocale":"en","adapter":"omics-portal"}}`},
+		{"full", config.Shell{Mode: "full", Adapter: "omics-portal"}, `{"backendBaseUrl":"/api","shell":{"mode":"full","defaultLocale":"en"}}`},
+		{"Italian", config.Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "it"}, `{"backendBaseUrl":"/api","shell":{"mode":"embedded","defaultLocale":"it","adapter":"omics-portal"}}`},
+		{"locale without catalog", config.Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "fr-CA"}, `{"backendBaseUrl":"/api","shell":{"mode":"full","defaultLocale":"fr-CA"}}`},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			installation := projectionFixture(t)
+			installation.Shell = test.shell
+			files, err := Render(installation)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			// The entire public payload is an allowlist: no model endpoints, auth or host paths.
+			js := string(files["frontend/config.js"])
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(js, "window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = ") || !strings.HasSuffix(js, ";\n") {
+				t.Fatalf("invalid public config script: %q", js)
+			}
+			payload := strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(js, "window.__THOTHII_CONFIG__ = "), ";\n")
+			var got, want any
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(payload), &got); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(test.want), &want); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+				t.Fatalf("public config = %s, want %s", payload, test.want)
+			}
+			var compose struct {
+				Services map[string]struct {
+					Volumes []struct {
+						Type     string `yaml:"type"`
+						Source   string `yaml:"source"`
+						Target   string `yaml:"target"`
+						ReadOnly bool   `yaml:"read_only"`
+					} `yaml:"volumes"`
+				} `yaml:"services"`
+			}
+			if err := yaml.Unmarshal(files[ComposeFile], &compose); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			mounts := compose.Services["frontend"].Volumes
+			if len(mounts) != 1 || mounts[0].Type != "bind" || !mounts[0].ReadOnly ||
+				mounts[0].Source != filepath.Join(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), "frontend", "config.js") ||
+				mounts[0].Target != "/usr/share/nginx/html/config.js" {
+				t.Fatalf("frontend mounts = %#v; want only public config.js, read-only", mounts)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenerateRefreshesPublicShellConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
+	installation := projectionFixture(t)
+	if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	publicPath := filepath.Join(installation.GeneratedDirectory(), "frontend", "config.js")
+	before, err := os.ReadFile(publicPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	composeBefore, err := os.ReadFile(installation.ModelProjectionComposePath())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	installation.Shell = config.Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "it"}
+	drift, err := Check(installation)
+	if err != nil || !reflect.DeepEqual(drift, []string{"compose.models.yaml", "frontend/config.js"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("shell drift = %v, %v", drift, err)
+	}
+	if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	after, err := os.ReadFile(publicPath)
+	if err != nil || bytes.Equal(before, after) || !bytes.Contains(after, []byte(`"mode": "full"`)) || bytes.Contains(after, []byte(`"adapter"`)) {
+		t.Fatalf("updated public config = %s, %v", after, err)
+	}
+	composeAfter, err := os.ReadFile(installation.ModelProjectionComposePath())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// A config revision changes Compose's service definition, ensuring active bind mounts refresh.
+	var oldCompose, newCompose map[string]map[string]map[string]any
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(composeBefore, &oldCompose); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(composeAfter, &newCompose); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if reflect.DeepEqual(oldCompose["services"]["frontend"]["environment"], newCompose["services"]["frontend"]["environment"]) {
+		t.Fatal("shell change did not revise the frontend service")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(oldCompose["services"]["core"], newCompose["services"]["core"]) {
+		t.Fatal("shell-only change revised core configuration")
+	}
+	if drift, err := Check(installation); err != nil || len(drift) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("fresh generation drift = %v, %v", drift, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGeneratedPublicShellPassesFrontendImageSmoke(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("frontend image smoke requires a POSIX host shell")
+	}
+	for _, shell := range []config.Shell{{}, {Mode: "full"}, {Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "it"}, {Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "it"}, {Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "fr-CA"}, {Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "zh-Hant-TW-u-nu-hanidec"}} {
+		installation := projectionFixture(t)
+		installation.Shell = shell
+		if err := Generate(installation); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		command := exec.Command("sh", "../../../../docker/smoke/frontend-smoke.sh", installation.GeneratedFrontendConfigPath())
+		if output, err := command.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("frontend smoke for %#v: %v\n%s", shell, err, output)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/setup/files.go b/tools/tht/internal/setup/files.go
index de1fadcf..8e521d3e 100644
--- a/tools/tht/internal/setup/files.go
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/setup/files.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ var atomicWriteNewFile = writeNewFileAtomically
 var effectiveUID = currentEffectiveUID
 
 type answers struct {
+	shell                            config.Shell
 	installationID, profile          string
 	workspaceRemote, workspaceBranch string
 	workspaceAccess                  string
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ type generatedDescriptor struct {
 		} `yaml:"runtimeProjection,omitempty"`
 	} `yaml:"authentication"`
 	ModelCatalog config.ModelCatalog `yaml:"modelCatalog"`
+	Shell        config.Shell        `yaml:"shell,omitempty"`
 	Overrides    []string            `yaml:"overrides"`
 }
 
@@ -226,6 +228,11 @@ func collectAnswers(request Request, input io.Reader, output io.Writer, root str
 func answersFromRequest(request Request) answers {
 	answer := request.Answers
 	return answers{
+		shell: config.Shell{
+			Mode:          firstNonEmpty(answer.ShellMode, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_MODE")),
+			DefaultLocale: firstNonEmpty(answer.ShellDefaultLocale, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_DEFAULT_LOCALE")),
+			Adapter:       firstNonEmpty(answer.ShellAdapter, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_ADAPTER")),
+		},
 		workspaceRemote:       firstNonEmpty(answer.WorkspaceRemote, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_WORKSPACE_REMOTE")),
 		workspaceBranch:       firstNonEmpty(answer.WorkspaceBranch, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_WORKSPACE_BRANCH")),
 		workspaceAccess:       firstNonEmpty(answer.WorkspaceAccess, os.Getenv("THT_SETUP_WORKSPACE_ACCESS")),
@@ -272,6 +279,9 @@ func prompt(scanner *bufio.Scanner, output io.Writer, question, defaultValue str
 }
 
 func validateAnswers(value answers) error {
+	if err := value.shell.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if !installationIDPattern.MatchString(value.installationID) {
 		return errors.New("installation ID must contain only letters, numbers, dashes, and underscores")
 	}
@@ -322,6 +332,13 @@ func installationDirectory(root, id string) (string, error) {
 
 func render(root, descriptorPath string, value answers) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
 	descriptor := generatedDescriptor{SchemaVersion: 2, Profile: value.profile, ProjectDirectory: root, EnvFile: filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(descriptorPath), environmentName), ModelCatalog: defaultModelCatalog()}
+	// Preserve the legacy descriptor bytes when no shell setting was requested.
+	if value.shell != (config.Shell{}) {
+		if err := value.shell.NormalizeDefaults(); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		descriptor.Shell = value.shell
+	}
 	descriptor.Workspace.Remote, descriptor.Workspace.Branch, descriptor.Workspace.Access = value.workspaceRemote, value.workspaceBranch, value.workspaceAccess
 	descriptor.Authentication.ConfigDirectory = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(descriptorPath), "auth")
 	if value.profile == "server" {
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/setup/files_shell_test.go b/tools/tht/internal/setup/files_shell_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66eb4e3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/setup/files_shell_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package setup
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/aritmolab/thothii/tools/tht/internal/config"
+)
+
+func TestEnsureFilesProjectsShellAnswersThroughInstallationLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name    string
+		answers Answers
+		want    config.Shell
+	}{
+		{"defaults", Answers{}, config.Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "en", Adapter: "omics-portal"}},
+		{"full", Answers{ShellMode: "full"}, config.Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "en"}},
+		{"locale without UI catalog", Answers{ShellMode: "full", ShellDefaultLocale: "fr-CA"}, config.Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "fr-CA"}},
+		{"embedded Italian", Answers{ShellMode: "embedded", ShellDefaultLocale: "it", ShellAdapter: "omics-portal"}, config.Shell{Mode: "embedded", DefaultLocale: "it", Adapter: "omics-portal"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			root := newProject(t, "shell setup")
+			setNonInteractiveAnswers(t, newExternalSecrets(t, root))
+			for _, key := range []string{"THT_SETUP_SHELL_MODE", "THT_SETUP_SHELL_DEFAULT_LOCALE", "THT_SETUP_SHELL_ADAPTER"} {
+				t.Setenv(key, "")
+			}
+			request := Request{ProjectRoot: root, InstallationID: "shell", Profile: "local", NonInteractive: true, Answers: test.answers}
+			result, err := EnsureFiles(request, strings.NewReader(""), ioDiscard{})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			installation, err := config.Load(result.DescriptorPath)
+			if err != nil || installation.Shell != test.want {
+				t.Fatalf("Load() shell = %#v, %v, want %#v", installation.Shell, err, test.want)
+			}
+			if repeated, err := EnsureFiles(request, strings.NewReader(""), ioDiscard{}); err != nil || len(repeated.Created) != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("repeated setup = %#v, %v", repeated, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureFilesAcceptsShellEnvironmentAndExplicitPrecedence(t *testing.T) {
+	root := newProject(t, "shell environment")
+	setNonInteractiveAnswers(t, newExternalSecrets(t, root))
+	t.Setenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_MODE", "embedded")
+	t.Setenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_DEFAULT_LOCALE", "it")
+	t.Setenv("THT_SETUP_SHELL_ADAPTER", "omics-portal")
+	result, err := EnsureFiles(Request{
+		ProjectRoot: root, InstallationID: "shell", Profile: "local", NonInteractive: true,
+		Answers: Answers{ShellMode: "full"},
+	}, strings.NewReader(""), ioDiscard{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	installation, err := config.Load(result.DescriptorPath)
+	if err != nil || installation.Shell != (config.Shell{Mode: "full", DefaultLocale: "it"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() shell = %#v, %v", installation.Shell, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureFilesRejectsInvalidShellBeforeWritingInstallation(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, answers := range []Answers{{ShellMode: "fullscreen"}, {ShellDefaultLocale: "de_DE"}, {ShellAdapter: "unknown"}} {
+		root := newProject(t, "invalid shell")
+		setNonInteractiveAnswers(t, newExternalSecrets(t, root))
+		_, err := EnsureFiles(Request{
+			ProjectRoot: root, InstallationID: "shell", Profile: "local", NonInteractive: true, Answers: answers,
+		}, strings.NewReader(""), ioDiscard{})
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "shell.") {
+			t.Fatalf("EnsureFiles() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(root, "deploy", "shell")); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			t.Fatalf("invalid shell created installation directory: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tools/tht/internal/setup/request.go b/tools/tht/internal/setup/request.go
index 4099c83c..13f6b833 100644
--- a/tools/tht/internal/setup/request.go
+++ b/tools/tht/internal/setup/request.go
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ type Request struct {
 // Answers are optional explicit answers supplied by command flags. Empty values may be supplied
 // through THT_SETUP_* environment variables or collected interactively.
 type Answers struct {
+	ShellMode             string
+	ShellDefaultLocale    string
+	ShellAdapter          string
 	WorkspaceRemote       string
 	WorkspaceBranch       string
 	WorkspaceAccess       string